TIIB OREGON STATESMAN SALEM, OREGON
THURSDAY? MORNING. JANUARY 5. 1922
3
WlevMoiorm
i
FILBERT CULTURE U
SPOTS COMIBCIIL . PRODUCTION
. ;. ; ..
In Immunity to Insect and Fungus Pests and to4Dam-
age from Weather Conditions the Filbert Enjoys
: ; Decided Advantages, and the Crop Is Easily Harvest
ed and Compact; and the Area Where It Can Be
Grown Is Limited The Varieties Recommended.
. (The following mofrt Interesting
and Instructive article appears in
the January issue of the Oregon
Crowe , the magazine published
by; tne: Oregon Growers Cooper
ative association. SI It will have a
vide distribution In that ! maga
tine, but It contains information
that ought to be In the hands of
every farmer In the .whole Wil
lamette valley. The author is a
young man of both education and
practical experience, and his ex-
' jriraentatlon has been 'In the
groves of the pioneer in that in
dustry in this part of the coun
try; himself a man of culture, in'
addition to being a real "dirt far
mer." M:i ' -.iii ' j
Sit is fortunatestlfor those en
gaging In the filbert industry now
- -'""!; - '
r : ;:V . ...... .....7" ..... T
Sever year otd Barcelona filbert tree on the Stolz-McNary
- farm near Salem: (Walter
that they have the advantage of
the knowledge ' gained through
hard knocks and at large expense
' of time and money by such pio
neers. Following is? the. article: )
By BEN F. DOimiS
' " Bprinjrf lipid, Ore&on
The great interest in i filberts
that his been) shown throughout
the Willamette Talley during the
past, year : has resulted -In. an in
sistent demandfor Jlterature on
the, subject. Among Vothers, the
writer, wha is associated with
his uncle. , George A. . Dorris of
Springfield, has been subjected to
a barrage during the summer and
fallj and, particularly; since the
state fair.' which has almost
caused his collapse from writer's
cramp. ., . : ; ., .
'- The impression seems to pre
vail tht the filbert requires a
culture peculiarly 'its own. On
the one hand, it is credited with
being a very difficult and hazar
dous crop to . raise when, as , a
matter of fact, quite the reverse
. t-- , ,, .... ; '
Hp- '
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4
v,-r:- a
".AT -
.-if. '.
If
L O
urn
tk ; i' t tjiAr.k filhert tree in the United' States, for its age. fThe photograph from
The largestt Barcdona f wbert tre n , th fall of 1920 by a member! of the photo
vhichUhfl above cut was ..made .-.was taken n .tne iau oi k - - 7 VPfl nM
of rwi Ha North Summer streets, Salem.
of Center Imd North Summer
IE HIGH
Is true; on the other hand, that
it requires practically no cultiva
tion whatever, which is likewise
erroneous. The fact is that out
side of certain traits which are
more noticeable in the filbert
tnan in most orchard trees and
which require rather different
methods of handling, it doe3 not
differ fundamentally from the
other, nuts and fruits grown in
Oregon, and any other type of
orchard should make a success of
filberts.
Know Your Crop
As I regard it. the key to any
orchard success is to know the
peculiarities of the crop you grow
and; adapt your orchard practices
to them rather than buck them
in other words, get Nature on
l. btoiz in tne ioregrouna.;
your side rather than try to fight
her. And I also believe that in
no other case will Nature aid.you
In the Willamette valley as she
will with the lilbert, the first
cousin of the wild hazel, which
is the only nut indigenous to Or
egon. ! There are two periods in tha
life of an orchard when mistakes
can be made, namely, before it is
planted a.nd afterwards. Mis
takes -of the first class may be
expensive but they can be recti
fied. Those made after the plant
ing are very often impossible to
correct and almost always erceed
ingly expensive. And nowhere is
this more the case than with the
filbert. In fact, outside of dis
regarding common sense altogetn-
er.
it Is practically impoesiDie to
make a serious mistake with a
filbert orchard after it is one
year old. If this were not the
case, there would be no filbert
groves iu the state . today, for
every conceivable kind of mistake
bas been made tluring the period
mm
A
' , - ' -
Jm.
of experimentation, both before
and after the orchards were
planted.
This was inevitable at the be
ginning because no one knew any
thing about the filbert, even the
size it attained. This situation
no longer exists. There Is yet a
great deal to be learned about
filbert culture, but enough knowl
edge has been gained by those
who pioneered the way -to bring
out the peculiarities of tha crop
and to lay out a simple, rational
culture of the same. To give the
writer's impression of this culture
is the purpose of this article.
Peculiarities of the Filbert
Bear in mind that the filbert
is a cultivated relation of the wild
hazel, one ot the varieties of
which grows profusely In western
Oregon, and possesses many of its
traits. j ,
Its disposition is to throw
suckers and to grow in a hush
form, with luxuriant wood growth
at the expense of the crop. In
this one item, we must combat
nature and by the removal of the
suckers force the lilbert to as
sume a tree; form which it will
readily do. I
It has a distaste for wet feet
and should never be planted in
wet land.
It requires cro3s pollination for
commercial I crops. This may
seem at variance with the hazel
but remember that most wild haz
els are seedlings, and it will be
seen that this is not the caBe.
It Is divided into three general
classes which may be designated
as self-husking, partially sell-
husking and: non self-huSking. As
the nuts must be husked before
marketing, other things being
equal, a filbert which husks itself
is to be desired, thus eliminating
the cost of husking which runs at
the very least calculation two
cents a pound.
Advantages Am Many
It also possesses certain other
characteristics which are a decid
ed advantage to us in Oregon.
namely: an immunity to Insect
and fungoui pests and to weather
conditions which Is enjoyed by no
other crop raised here; an ability
.to yield heavy and regular crops;
of a compact, non-perishable pro
duct; easily and cheaply harvest
ed, transported and stored, for
which there is a wide demand;
and the area where they can be
grown Is limited to that part of
the Pacific Northwest similar la
climate to the Willamette valley.
ot itself an insurance against
over-production.
Thus, the problems to be solv
ed by the prospective planter are
simple, but they are exceedingly
important, .and failure in filbert
culture should be laid to lgnor
ance or carelessness rather than
to any difficulty inherent In the
Industry. A common sense Ob
servance of the following rules is
a guarantee of success; soil must
be suitable,, proper varieties used
for the main crop, pollination pro
vlded, suckers removed promptly,
and adequate cultivation given
The remainder of this article
will be devoted to a more com
plete exposition of these rules.
'- "Location and Soil
The filbert is not particular as
to exposure, slope or elevation
within reasonable limits, but it
does demand good drainage and
should never be planted in wet
land. Any good, well drained soil
hill or bottom, is suitable, from
an extremely sandy boU to a
heavy clay, as has been demon
Btrated in the groves of George A
Dorris of Springfield. The soil is
but an Incident, the future cultl
vation and care of that soil every
thing. ; ,
The filbert will do well at as
great an elevation as the hazel
will mature nuts, possibly a great
deal higher than a commercial or
chard will ever be planted. Na
ture, in making the filbert, surely
had our misty climate with Its oc
casional spring frosts in mind. In
the 18 years of, the Dorris experi
ments, during which time every
other crop has had complete fail
ures, the filbert has always pro
duced a paying crop. The writer
would never bother about expo
sure or elevation if i the soil was
reasonably rich and the drainage
good. Out do not plant in ground
1 where the water level rises close
to the surface and stands all win
ter. Varieties
There ape probably as many va
rieties of filberts as there are of
apples, but only a very few have
........ ,
I ! ; '
been tried out in a commercial
way in Oregon. It is probable that
outside, of the Barcelona. Du
Chiny. Daviana, White Aveline
and Red Aveline, there are no va
rieties available in sufficient
quantities to plant two acre?,
however desirable they might be,
so this heading will ve,confined to
a discussion of the above varieties
and devoted to the main crop and
not to the pollenizers which fol
low. The Barcelona Is the only rep
resentative of the self-husking
type, the Du Chilly and Daviana
are of the partially self-husking
type, while the two Avelines rep
resent the non self-hUskers.
The Barcelona is a vigorous
tree, and a regular and heavy
bearer of a large, good quality
nut; shell of- medium thickness
and well filled. ; It is admitted by
practically every filbert authority
as the only filbert worthy of con
sideration at present as the main
crop variety.
The Du Chilly is a very fine
nut but is not as vigorous a grow
er, nor as heavy or regular a bear
er as the Barcelona; The Daviana
is a very light bearer.
Neither is self-husking and
neither is as profitable as the
Barcelona.
The White Aveline is an excep
tionally fine, paper shell nuti one
of the best. The tre? is small but
a prolific bearer. But it is nop
self-husking and in no sense a
main crop variety. The Red Ave
line is similar : to the White in
most rspects, but it is not a vigor
ous tree, and has absolutely no
place in the commercial grove.
The Barcelona should therefore
comprise 85 to 90 per cent of the
planting, the exact percentage be
ing governed by the number of
pollinizers it .is desired to use,
there being different opinions on
this subject.
Pollination is Necessary
Horticulturists generally, parti-.
cularly cherry men. hav recog
nized of lata years lhat cross pol
lination is necessary for best re
sults. It Ls so necessary in fil
berts that without it a commercial
crop is an impossibility. There
are isolated cases, usually of one
or two trees.: when? fairly good
yields have been obtained, seem
ingly without cross pollination
But the writer has yet to see
solid Barcelona planting, or eny
other for that matter, which has
produced 10 per csnt of what It
normally should, and all experi
ments on hand pollination have
failed to yield' even a sigle nut as
the result of self-pollination. The
writer' feels! he is standing on
firm ground.; with the best of
scientific support, in making this
sUtcment, and can not urga too
strongly upon! prospective plant
ers the necessity or cross pollin
ation. It should be borne -' In
mind, however,, that not every
variety of filbert will pollenlze
every other variety. -There tre
a number of varieties whi;vi will
pollenize ths' Barcelona . to
greater or lesser extent, conse
quently the selection should he
made wih an; rye to the adequate
sure pollination of the grove, un
der all coaditiona, and with the
greatest possible yield from tho
pollenizers s tbems-jlve?, which
must also be cross pollinated.
Plant Sufficient l'ollenlzers
. Recent experiments in ' hand;
pollination by-Prof, C. E. Schuster
of - the horticultural department
of the Oregon agricultural college
have brought to light a number
of good pollenizers for the Kar
celona. However, It is useless to
dwell upon those varieties which
are not available in commercl.il
quantities, and only the Du t.-hil
iy, Daviana, White Aveline. Chap
eron and Clackamas will be con
sidered.
Because of the difference in ap
pear a nee of pollen, and in order
to cross pollenize the pollenizers
themselves and thin secure
yield from them, it is preferred
to use more tian one variety for
this purpose. Our experience
both in the field and in an exper
lmentai way. has confirmed my
previous belief in the I)u Chilly
Daviana and: White Aveline: and
it is recommended that about .1 u
per cent of the planting be te-
voted to pollenizers, in the pro
portion of 6 per cent Du Chilly
and 2 per cent each of Daviana
and White Avelin-3. . the balance
of the planting bmg Barcelona
rrobably any. of th? above varie
ties used alone would produce
fair results but for the reasons
stated above; the combination is
preferred. i .
The writer: Is not familiar with
either the Chaperon or Clackamas
except in an experimental wav.
and hesitates! to recommend them
for the Barcelona, although both.
particularly the Clackamas, seem
very effective on the Du Chilly.
Where the Daviana is not avail
able they might be substituted
therefor.
THE VARIETIES RECOM
MENDED. HOWEVER. WILL, DO"
THE WORK. IN THE QUANTI
TIES GIVEN,
The writer! has seen a numhet
of small groves during the past
year In different parts of the val
ley which should be of the vari
eties indicated for main planting
and pollenizer, but which actually
range from seedlings to the Turk
ish tree filbert, slightly larger
-than a pine nut. The planter
must be sure that he gets what
he orders. 'Don't look for bar
ga'n trees, j
Ruckering
The filbert has a tendency to
throw suckers and these suckers
rob the main tree. Theyshould
therefore be removed as they ap
pear each, spring. If this work
Is properly done the tree will out
grow the habit, but if not done
the tree will become a bush, to
the detriment of the yield. There
is an impression that these suck
era are very numerous. Such Is not
the ease, and in the work of re -
moving the (tuckers so much street
has been : laid upon it thaV th'a
1
WteS .... .r& v
even year old DuChilly filberts on the Stolz-IcNary farm
near Salem.v (United States Senator Chas. IX McNary in
' the foreground.) f '
idea has arisen. The sucker should
be removed from the point it or
iginates and no stub left. If this
necessitates removing a little
earth, do so. and do a good job,
because if will pay you large re
turns, while neglect will cost you
money in the shape of delayed and
ecreased yields.
Cultivation and General Practice
The tree should be headed from
two to three feet high, and held
o one trunk, to facilitate machine
cultivation. More than one trunk
is not particularly objectionable,
but has no advantaga, and the
higher headed, single trunk tree
is cheaper to take care of.
Planting should be at not leas
than 20 feet, and on rich soil a
slightly larger distance may be
preferable. Remember, the fil
bert is a long lived tree; there
fore, do not crowd. Jt is trus
the yield during the first few
years of the orchard's bearing life
will be greater from a close plant
ing, but as time goes on, the
crowded planting will fall be
hind. A f'lbert is like any other tree
in demanding food and drink, and
it is up to the grower to supply
these. If you figure that culti
vation and good cultivation is not
necessary or is foolishness, do not
plant an orchard but go back to
he ribbon counter and sava
money. There is nothing that
pays so well as intelligent culti
vation and no period so important
as m the nrst years.
There is no tree that responds
to a pat on the head and a well
lined bone, only instead of affec
tion the filbert gives you a boun
tiful harvest of fine nuts which
are readily convertible into coin
or the realm, at about the same
value per pound as a Ford.
TO Pitt YIELD
The Experience of a Prom
inent Lane County Grow
er in an Old Orchard ,
The fololwing is from the Jan
nary number of the Oregon Grow
er, official magazine of the Ore
gon Growers' Cooperative" associa
tion:
Mr. I. N. Miller, member of the
Oregon Growers Cooperative asso
ciation in Lane county, seven
years ago purchased a prune Or
chard near Lasen Station on the
Oregon Electric. This orchard
covers 12 acres, but actually con
sists, after counting out missing
trees, of four acres of 40 year old
orchard, and five acres of 20. year
old orchard. Mr. Miller has har
vested a erop every year, averag
ing about 17 tons of dried fruit
per year. The smallest crop was
14 tons, and the largest 25 tons.
The treatment given this or
chard by Mr. Miller is interesting.
Prior to the fall of 1919 he had
never planted a cover crop or ap
plied commercial fertilizer. He
had, however, spread about 25
loads of manure per acre every
other year, applying it Irom time
Buy Your
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and building material in
Salem., and.: keep., your
money at home. ...
We can furnish all your
requirements except
Builders' Hardware.
Courteous treatment and
prompt delivery. ,
Spaulding
Logging
; Co.
Foot Ferry Street
j
mm
to time durjng the Winter months,
and turning it under in the
spring.
In the fall eff 19ia he planted a
cover crop of vetch and rye which
be' plowed under n April, plow
ing to the depth often inches. Be.
fore turning this under he applied
live pounds per tree-of Swift and
Company's Balanced Orchard Fer
tilizer to half of the 20 year old
trees, and five pounds per tree of
another brand of similar fertilizer
to the other half of the 20 year
old trees. He did not notice any
particular i benefit .from tnis ferti-
(Continued on page 4.1
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Salem, Oregon
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'" if - . ! '
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