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About The Oregon statesman. (Salem, Or.) 1916-1980 | View Entire Issue (April 28, 1921)
; T1IE OREGON STATESMAN.-SALEM. OREGON THURSDAY iSi'-AviiiMKL L No Better Grapes Can Be Grown in the World, Nor More Grapes to the Acre, in me ruira aii v ai icues, wan re ana an ce rown in tne oaiem district flff. 1101 SAYS F IB MORE We Should Produce Them for Our Own Home Consump tion Instead of Importing Them from California, and There is a Splendid Opportunity to Develop a Grape I juice Trade of Considerable Magnitude. Editor Statesman: (jrapes, chiefly - of American varieties, can be found growing lo almost sny pardon in the wes' ern part of Oregon and along the Columbia basin, but there are few places in the state where grapes re grown commercially. Around Grants Pans. In the Garden Val ley Bear Roseburg and in the vi floity o( The Dalles, are found the commercial planting) of Eur opean grapes. There have ben quite-a numbier of American grapes planted in the vicinity ot Forest Grove, where they are grown very successfully. ' There Is no doubt that we have not come up to our possibilities In the growing of grapes in this rountry. Tho writer has had the opportunity o( Judging exhibits at The Dalles, where many tine Hpes were grown. Grapes fron tbe ranch of Charles A. Brand Bear Roseburg have taken first rrtxeS at our state fair in this de partment. Some very good grapes have been grown In the foothills about Grants Pass. Ail t these are of the Kuropean varie ties and seem to produce as good fruit and as large yields as any ef the California grapes. At Wheatland, on 1 the Clyde LaFol- lctt , ranch, is .located one of the largest It not the largest vine m thin state.' It is ot the American variety, the Concord. Thin old vise in 1 inches in diameter at the fork and has climbed one ot the tallest trees In that neighbor hood, and in addition has 400 or i 500 feet of vine, running aiong different t fences. In 1918. Mr. LaFollette harvested two and one half tons from this vine and in lit one and one-half tons. In i the vicinity of Salem, where a few grapes are grown, one grow ( r reports a yield of eight tons to the acre, and near Wilbur, Ore 1 ton, in Douglas, count, eight torn to the cre is reported from i an eisht-acre vineyard. These ! yields compare t very favorably I with any of tho eastern or Cali i font yields, f --v. , Varieties ! The subject, of - Tarietfes Is n 5 Interesting ono because many ot I our finer lorU have never boon 1 tested out commercially to aay extent, t Of the iEsropean. grapes 1 ivuik vintfuraV the following r 1MB . v it.AMtfnllv in the state: - Flame Ttokay tred) Rose of Peru (black) Malaga (white) Thompson Seedless (white) Sweet Water (white) With American grapes. Vltls hbrusca, blood enters into the composition of most of these var ieties, many of which are crossed several times with other species. - - Early Varieties Moore's Earlyfl black) Champion black) Wordeh (Mack) Luclle (red) 1 Mid-Season Varieties Agawan (red) Concord (black) Diamond (white) Niagara (white) Deleware (red) Campbell (black) Pockllngton (white) Wilder (black Late Varieties Catawba (red) fa bella (black) Elvira (white) Diana (red) I Soil, Slopes and Cultivation, i Th9 grape requires plenty of warmth and sunshine. It does beet ton south and southwestern lopes where the air drainage and water drainage is good, and where the soils are not too rich. W soils are rich and heavy, a tlgorous growth of vines will result at the expense of fruit. Stony, thin lands are often util ized for grapes when they could ot be put into profitable use ita any other crop. However, 1b this climate, the grape should either have irrigation from tlfe to tlm or should be given care ful cultivation during the grow ing, season to keep up a reason able amount of moisture. I Pruning and trellising varies DATES OF SLOGANS IN DAILY STATESMAN ; (In Twice-a-Wcek Statesman Following Day) Logaaberries, Oct. 7. " prunes. Oct. 14. jurying, Oct. 21. lax. Oct. 23. Gilberts, Nov. 4. ialBBU, Nov. II. Strawberries, Nov. 18. PPles, Nov. 25. Raspberries. Dec. 2. Klnt. Dec. 9. Creat cows, Dec. IB. Blackberries, Dec. 23. Cherries. Dec. 30i. Jears, Jan. 6, 1921. COOBfhri-i o rwl r.,rrmnl Tan J J 1 v. . OIIU VUt I .".J, ww... Corn, Jan. 20. lery, Jan. 2 7. Spinach, Feb. 3. Onions, Feb. 10. Potatoes. Feb. 17. Sees. Feb. 24. Mlnl"g. March 3., Costs. March 10. Beans. March 17. ed highways. March 24. Broccoli. Marc,r 31. Silos. April 7. Legumes, April 1 4. Asparagus. April 21. QrPs, April 28. WE SHOULD BE GRAPES IN OREBON greatly with th- different kinds of grapes grown, and will not be treated in this article. Marketing. The Kuropan varieties become very popular for several reasous. They contain a larte percentage of sugar:- they have a solid, firm flesh which enables them to be shipped long distances and they will k"ep longer in storage than our American grapes. They as a class dry much better than any of the American grapes. The American grapes are best known for their table qualities. Some people prefer the greater quan tity of juice and soft pulp of the American grape to tho finer flesh of its Kuropean cousin. The Am erican grape can be shipped by freight or express several hun dred miles without serious dam age, but it is doubtful if the Pa cific slope, will ever ship farther east than the Rocky mountains on account of Ihe eastern compe tition. The finest grape juice Is made from American grapes, ot which the Concord has been tbe leading variety. At the present time, quite extensive plantings INSTRUCTIONS FOR OF GROWER A Number; oft Varieties Do -Well in the;WilIametteVal-;' ley Says Gordon Tower, Horticultiirist'ofthe Oregon State Hospital, and He Gives Very Complete Direc tions to the Man Wishing to Have a Supply for His Family. Editor Statesman: The purpose of this article Is to give a general view of grape culture for the small grower who wishes to have a few grapes for bin own nse, so here we will not consider those cultural , methods which apply to commercial Tin yards. A number of varieties do well in the valley, and the kind of grapes grown can be governed by personal requirements. Among the good varieties are the Early Moore, Concord, Sweet Green, Niagara, Verdun and Delaware. Grapes are started by cuttings, layering, grafting, and from seeds, but for our purpose only the first needs to be considered. It being an easy and ready means of get ting the young plants. The cut tings should be made soon after the vines become dormant in the fall. These should be from 8 to 20 inches long and made from young, well matured wood. On the lower or butt end make a blantlng cut close to tbe bud, and on the upper or top end leave about an inch of wood above the bud. There are two ways in which the cuttings can be bandied, one being to put them out where the permanent vines are to be. The better wy is to tie the cut tings into small bundles with jhe butt ends together and place them in soil with the butt ends up and covered over with three to six Inches of dirt. Handled in this way the butt ends, from which the roots will be produced, form a calloiis. while the top por tion is kept in a dormant con dition. Then when the cutting are set out In tbe spring the cal loused end is ready to produce strong roots at once and before the buds develop sufficiently to take Up the sap and plant food stored In the cutting. In the spring put the cuttings in a nur sery row or in the garden in good soil and where they can be kept well cultivated and hoed during the summer. The following spring they should ! set out in the per manent location, which can be any good, well drained soil. The planting distance depends Drug "garden. May 5. Sugar beets. May 12. Sorghum, May 19. Cabbanje. May 2. Poultry and Pet Stock, June 2. Land, June 9. Dehydration. June 18. Hops. June 23. Wholesale and Jobbing, June 30. Cucumbers, July 7. Hogs, July 14. City lleautiful, flowers and bulbs. July 21. Schools. July 28. Sheep, Aug. 4. National Advertising. Aug. 11. Seeds. Aug. 18. Livestock. Aug. 25. Automotive Industry, Sept. 1. Grain and Grain Products. Sept. 8. Manufacturing. Spt. 15. Woodworking and other things, Sept. 22. Paper Mill. Sept. 29. (Hack copies of Salem Slogan editions of The Dally Oregon Statesman are on hand. They are for sale at 10c each, mailed to any address.) have been made in the vicinity of Kennewick. Wash., where grape juice is manufactured in considerable quantities. Grapes in that locality are used almost entirely for the purpose of juice, although many of them find their way into local markets. The European grapes succeed only where there is a long season of summer weather and consider able warmth. For that reason, it i. likely that the three sections mentioned above will be the only parts of the state that will suc ceed well in growing Vltis vini fera. The American grape, how eer, is capable of a much wider distribution and will succeed on the right soils and slopes most anywhere in Oregon, except in the coldest and most exposed sec tions of the eastern part of the state. There is no reason why the grape should not be used much more In our dietary than it is at the present time. We should be producing in the state of Oregon more grapes for our own home consumption instead of importing so many from Cali fornia. In addition, there is a splendid opportunity for the de velopment of a grape juice trade of considerable magnitude W. S. BROWN, Chief in Hortieflture. O. A. C. Corvallis. Or.. April 28, 1921. (The above was received late last eveping. The reader will find another article In this Issue, from a former letter of Professor Hrown. describing the trellising of grapes. Professor Brown says, in his letter of yesterday, accom panying the above article, that the Oregon Agricultural college expects to publish a bulletin on grape growing about the- first of July. Ed.) THE SMALL upon the vigor of the plant, soil conditions, and the kind of prun ing. Tho strong growing varie ties can bo set 10 by 10 feet, al though a planting distance which gives eight feet between rows and 10 feet between the plants In the rcw will be found satisfactory. This will give necessary growing space for the roots and good cir culation of air for the vines. After planting keep well cultivated bo as to produce as strong and vigor ous a plant as possible the first year. Pruning and training is prbably the most difficult part for the amateurs in the care of the grape. Tbe first year no support or prun ing is necessary, although the young canes may be tied to a etake to get them out of the way tor cultivating. The following winter the vines should be pruned and staked, using stakes five or six feet long. The amount of pruning done will depend upon the growth. If small growth has been made, remove all but the strongest cane and cut this back to two. eyes. If one strong, well ripened cane has been produced, cut this back to height at which the head is to be formed (about 60 inches) and tie securely to the stake, removing the other canes. In the first case mention ed, only one bud should be al lowed to develop a cane, all the other young shoots being removed so as to concentrate all the growth into the one cane which is to be come the trunk of the vine. By the third yeaf the vines should have erect straight stems, with two or more canes for the head and from which the vine can be renewed each year. In the pruning of bearing vines , mere are several dutercnt sys tems, some of which are more or less complicated and requiring iruch trellis, and some that re quire much time for cutting and tying. Whatever system Is em ployed, it is important to keep in mind that the fruiting branch es are always produced on last season's growth, that is, one year old canes. The condition and alfo vipor of the plant should be taken into consideration when pruning. One system often used in com mercial vinyards is well adapted for the small home planting is what is known as the four cane Kniffen system. With this a trel lis of two wires is Ufed. the bot tom wire about 30 inches aove the ground and the top wire about 60 inches. The cane to form the main trunk of the vine is carried up to the top wire and two canes are trained along 'each wire, 'mak ing four canes for each ?vine. Each year's pruning consists in cutting away all the tops except the four most vigorous caries pro duced the preceding season. With i well established vines these are f shortened back so as to allow ' jbout 10 buds -to each of the up- per canes and five buds for th ! two lower ones for vigorous growing varieties, like the Con cord, while less vigorous grow ing varieties. like the Dela ware, should be pruned so as to leave a smaller number of buds. Other canes coming out near the main trunk can be cut back to two buds, that Is. spurs, for the purpose ot getting new canes for the next season's fruiting wood. Tb" ranes left should be carried alons the wires and secured to (Continued on page 4.) GRAPES FOR H FIFTY YEARS 110 OF n m Mr. Ruble Commenced Raising Grapes Near the Summit Of the Eola Hills, and He is Still on the Polk County Side of the River the Advantages of Grapes Over Other Fruits. tB D. R. Ituble, Salem. Ore.) Being a native of Oregon and having had experience with grapes since the day that I first walked the earth, I hope to be able to interest a part of your readers by my long experience. It was near the sumit of the Eola hills that my father had about one acre of grapes of about 15 kinds. Fifty years a;o the Royal Muscadine was king of all grapes In this part of the country; athough it seemed to fall from grace or it outlived its usefulness many years ago. The Catawba and Isabella were grown in the lot with great suc cess, always ripening the crop, notwithstanding the temperature was generally five! degrees lower at that point than it was in the valley. There was ho mildew or other diseases to mar their prog ress. Prices in those days were very good, averaging around 8 cents per pound, but from some strange cause there came a period of about 35 years that grape cul ture was not profitable. But the wheel of fortune has turned the industry to a very desirable busi ness. Apparently grapes do not mature so well now as in early years. Cawtabas are very uncer tain about ripening. The famous Concord will only mature in fav orable spots. And while Isabellas in some places ripen one year with another, in other places they just won't respond. 'Campbell's Early is a' seedling ot the Concord and ripensabout two weeks 'earlier than.Concord. In fact.Campbell's Early 'can be depended upon to mature in almost any locality, and it has the Identical flavor, and ar oma of its parent Concord' Eclipse is another Concord seedling and is one of the earliest grapes grown, very sweet, but a poor looking bunch. The King, McPike and Mammouth are all seedlings of Concord, but the fruit is about twice as large. Moore's Diamond is the rival of all the white or yellow crapes, very hardy and ma tures its fruit, making a very pre sentable, compaact bunch, but too tender for shipping a lone dis tance. There are a number ot red ' or pink grapes that mature In this climate. But for a good producer and a fine keeper the Agawam certainly I EXHAUSTIVE ARTICLE ON WE GlfiG IN THE WILLAMETTE VALLEY All of the Stages Are Treated, From the First Planting Of the Vines and Their Care Through the Years to The Varieties Adapted to This Section and the Har vesting and Disposition of the Crop. ("Uncle Billy Wright." by C. C. Wright, pioneer and well known market grower of fruit and vegetables, at Independence, Ore gon, furnishes the following very complete article, under date of April 25:) The success of a vineyard de pends on a few factors. One of the first is to get started right. Some of the fatal errors are as follows: Those who after getting their plants destroy them by dry ing them in the sun or wind or freezing them before setting out. The crowding of the roots into small holes in sod. The plant ing in low, wet land not well drained. Those who consider their labor done when the plant is once set out. Good nursery stock of suitable kinds is fundamental. The grow er should get in direct touch with a nurseryman who knows the va rieties and their adaptability. It is not infrequently that the grow er selects high-priced novelties whose value is uncertain and the conditions where they are to be planted is unknown to the nur seryman. We have found it best to have a nurseryman to visit the farm; and the character of the varie'ics with reference to hard iness, vigor and adaptability is considered before ordering. It is a mistake to try to cut the cost of the plants too much; cheap plants usually make poor vines. The original cost of the plant is of minor importance; a few cents saved on inferior plants usually ends with but little success. For home use, you should be gov erned first by the adaptability of the soil, and last the color and sire. Where to Plant The best site is reasonably free from late sprine frost, deep soli and well drained. The commer cial grower considers the market and shipping facilities. When to Plant We rind fall planting to be ad vantageous, as the plants will tart to grow as soon as spring comes, and as a rule more atten tion can be given the work at this time. We set our plants elfiht feet apart in the rows and the rows six feet apart. This requires f07 plants to set one acre. How to Prepare the Ground Land that has been in some farm crop is usually In good con THE S IS STILL excels. They can be kept all win ter, and the favor is all one could desire; but. like the Isabella, it requires to be pruned to a few j long arms. In regard to pruning i and training the grape, the many Rsiems and whims that are of fered leave many in the field of confusion; however, like the apple tree different kinds require differ ent methods. In my boyhood days there were but two systems prac ticed. One was the arbor system and the other the stake system. The latter was for field culture. tying about six new or of the prev ious year's growth arms about three feet long tied with a stout string to the stake, and such a load of fruit! I have picked 75 imjuuus irom one plant many a tune, i seldom see the stake used any more. The trellis system seems to be the favorite plan as a rule, but the stump system has proven a great success and has some very desirable advantages It is inexpensive and allows cult!' vating and plowing both ways which reduces the labor expense to tue very minimum; besides the fruit is grown near the ground. wnich helps it to mature, the ground keeping it much warmer man when up on a trellis. In France, the stump plan and low trellis are the main systems; they piant about 1000 plants to the acre and ripen the fruit as near the ground as possible to allow for nosing. They don't want v much vine in thJs country. We generally plant about 500j to thevacre, but raise 'more vine. Mildew is th worst pest we have with grapes, and it a vine is only slightly af flicted the fruit will not mature. It is. however, 'very easily con trolled by spraying with dry sul phur once just before the bloom appears and once just after the little grapes are formed. To grow grapes successfully re quires the same care and attention that other fruits demand; and es pecially the first two years after the plants are set in the field tbe work can hardly be overdone. Grape culture has one or more ad vantages over other email fruits. It will respond for many years, and the trait will stay good on the vines or after being picked for an indefinite length of time. dition. The plowing should be deep, as the ground cannot be plowed deep after the plants have started their growth. The ground should be thoroughly worked with a disk harrow and a Bpike tooth harrow. If the vines are to be planted in sod, that is close to hard pan, It is advisable to drill into the hard pan. and blast. This will give better drainage and also give the roots deeper soil. There are some varieties that will produce good crops on land that is too rough and stony for farm crops. Pruning The general principles of grape pruning are about the same for all varieties. First: The cuttings should be made 10. 12. 15 or 18 inches long. The shorter cuttings are used In planting In moist soil, while the longer are for planting in soil which lacks moisture. The best cuttings are made from well grown and well ripened laterals. If one-year-old vines are to be planted they should be pruned to one cane, and shortened to one or two buds. All surface roots should be entirely cut off. and all lower roots shortened to about four inches. The first growing season requires but little prun ing. During the winter months following the first year's growth the vines should be pruned to one cane and this cane cut so as to leave only two buds, the same as was done with the cuttings be fore planting. The vines are then staked, using a stake about thre? feet long. They should be driven from three to four inches on the north side of the vine. Second year During the grow in season will require careful and continual attention, as many shoots will start. All but two of these should be removed when they have grown about two inch es; by pruning in this manner it throws the energies of the vine into those left, which will there fore grow rapidly. When the shoots are about 10 inches they should be tied loosely to the stake, which has ben set on the leeward side, and at this time removing any new shoots which have started. As soon as the shoots have grown one or two feet above the stage they should be topped at about threo feet from the ground, which will 1 force a growth of laterals, and f-hould these laterals grow to such a length that they may be dam aged by wind they should be topped. Suckers should be re moved as soon as they appear. If the summer work has been done properly, the winter prun ing is very simple, 'which consists of cutting back the Mngle cane to about 20 inches, leaving a full joint above the top bud. If strong laterals have been produced on the upper part of the cane, they should be cut back to two buds and all lower laterals removed. Any vine which has not 20 Inches of cane should be cut back, and treated the same as the preced ing year. During the winter the vines should be carefully exam ined to see that they are all pro erly tiedMo the stakes. Binding twine is very good for this pur pose. Third Year As soon as the buds have start ed in the spring, the vines should be gone over, rubbing off all the shoots within 12 inches of the ground; these shoots should not be allowed to grow more than two inches long. This will re quire the rubbing off about three times. By removing the lower shoots It forces the growth into the upper shots, which are to bear the crop, and form the ulti mate arms of the vine. The upper shoots should not be allowed to grow over 74 inches long; at about this length their tips should be pinched off. which will give the vine some protection from the wind. The suckers and lower shoots that appear should be carefully removed soon after they appear. The number of canes and spurs to be left will be de termined by the vigor of the vine. In a strong vine one or more fruit canes and two or more wood spurs are left. To give the vine the required shape the spurs shoud be, whenever possible, below the fruit canes. Tbe spurs shonld be arranged according to the kind of trellis to be erected. All the brushahonld be remov ed and j, burnt . as soon as each pruning is done, f,' , Trellising The trellis most .commonly used consists of . two ' wires stretched along the ' rows in l the. direction where the '-vines ( are closest to gether. The lowers wire should be placed about 30 inches from the ground and the top wire about 18 inches above the lower wire. Strong posts are to be placed at each end of the row, and these may be braced by wiring to a dead-man buried about four feet, and a litte ont from tbe training poet. A supporting poet should be set every-IS to, IS feet, plac ing; .these posts between two vines. These posts can be ordinary fence posts, or four by tour pieces. --. Number 12 galvanised fenc ing wire is most commonly used, although number eleven wire is better for the lower wires. The trellis should be erected and tbe vines attached to it be for the buds commence to swell. The temporary stakes should not be removed for two years after the trellis is up, as this will give the vine some support and will cause the trunk to be straight The fruit canes are to be tied to the lower wire. The canes should be looped over or turned around tbe wire. The upper wire is used to support the growing shoots and to keep the fruit off the ground. Pruning Bearing Vines. Fourth Year During this year the vines should be in full bearing and the regular form of pruning bearing vines commences, which consists ot leaving two or more fruit canes of about four feet long and four to six renewal spurs of one to two buds. Fruit Canes A fruit cane should be of well-, ripened wood, but it Bhould not show an over growth. The laterals with their buds should be left, and cut back to short spurs of two to three buds. The lenghth of the fruit canes should be determined by the thickness and its general j physical condition, but in no case should it extend beyond the ends! of the canes of the next vine. Summer Pruning All suckers and water sprouts from the trunk below the head should be removed soon after they make their apapearance. The j pinching of the tips of the Bhoots on the fruit canes when they are about 24 inches long and the blossom bunch has been well formed will help set the fruit and also increase the site of the fruit. To produce good fruit, buds for the following year can be made by, cutting off about 12 inches of the shoots from the renewal spurs when they are about three or four feet long. The proper pruning of each vine will require careful study and experience. Diseases. There are several diseases in grapes which occur in this locality which may cause heavy losses; the most serious being the powder mildew. This disease receives its name from the whitish powdery appearance of the parts of the plant affected. The whitish pat ches of mildew which form oithe leaves will within a short time run ' together until the greater part of the leaf is covered, and may also attack the young canes, which be g.n at the base, and in severe cases covers the whole surface By rubbing off the mildew that is on the canes small brownish spots will be found which will soon turn to a black. This disease can be easily treated and also prevented by the use of sulphur, which we find very good to apply in powder form as some of the powder falling to the ground the heat from the sun will cause a fume to arise. We find a sack to be very good to dust the sulphur on to the plants. We find one application of sulphur will prevent the disease, but if the disease is present they should be dusted once before they are in THE TRELLISING OF , OF The Oregon Agricultural col lege has not yet published a bul letin on grape growing. However, W. G. Brown, chief in horticulture at that institution, recently wrote for The Statesman on the subject, and he made tho assertilta that grapes are very productive In this country, and the question of prof itable grape growing rests hot up on producing the grape, but upon getting a market for it. V The following is what; Prof. Brown had to say about the trel lising of the grape: .f. "The American grapes $ re all trellised, in commercial work, along one, two or three wires, the two-wire system being much more common. Posts are set abO,ut 30 feet apart and tho wires ire us ually about 12 gauge galvanized l-on. The end poMs should be very well braced and larger than those used in between. g "The two common methods of pruning the grape are what is called the two-arm or tie-up sys tem, and the four-arm or kniffin system. In the first, two wires are run for tbe trellis at heights of 2 1-2 and 4 1-2 feet. The?; little vines are trained up to the first wire where two arms are allowed to run out one on each slde'along the wire, and from these arms the young shoots are tied up Id th upper wire if they get long enough BROWN . ZIMMERMAN SOLD 6RAPE3 AT -THE BATE OF S700 TO THE ACHE m A. E. Zimmerman, route f, Sa lem, sold his grapes last year to the Phex company at 5 cents a pound; andvtbat?was at the"; rate of about' $700 an. acre forwhat he had. -He thinks that Is more than could" be' codnted on , year after year. ' - ff- Mr. Zimmerman thinks one of the most delicious fruits S that grows does not receive the atten tion it deserves from our people. He is himself favorable to!? the Concord grape, as ft is one of the best commercial varieties. - U bloom and again when the tmit i set, also wherever the 41seat ap pears, f Varieties . s; . II Of . the, several varieties Ithat we have grown, we have found the following- varieties to be the best for this location: l The Concord As this grape is superior in hardiness, and f: the bunches are of good size, .very good appearance and is very good for grape juice, it is our :best shipper. We have found the vine to withstanddisease and . Insects and to be very productive. The Worden This is a little larger grape and is equally! as hardy and productive, but does not do as well in some soils. : j It ripens a little earlier than ; the Concord, but Is not as good; a keeper or shipper. . M The Delaware This grape J is adapted to a very wide variation of soils and usually bears good in the Willamette valley. U It ripens a little earlier than the Concord. The vine and fruit are small, and is very susceptble to mildew. f. The Sweetwater The bunches are large and compact; the fruit is light color, of medium site; the skin is thin and transparent, very juicy, sweet, and of (lae flavor. y The Salem The vine is strong and vigorous, and produces latge fruit of a light red color. The skin is very thin and the grape is free from hard pulp, very sweet and animate. Ripens the first Of September. .' , The Clinton A black grape, was used a great deal for wfne; the bunches and grapes are small. This grape Is very good for ar bors and screens, but is not very desirable for market. Picking - In picking the bunches they should be cut from the vine with sharp scissors and placed In a tray or picking basket. - The (riy or basket should be placed on a stool which ia moved along 'the row as the fruit is picked. The use of the stool will not require the picker to bend over each time, and the bunches will be placed in the tray, while it the tray is on the ground mores or less of the bunches will , be dropped. When the tray is full' it should be placed under the vines, to be collected later. A small wagon or cart Is used to collect the trays and carry them to the packing house. Trimming For the better pack some trim ming is found necessary to ire move defective berries. All small, unripened fruit, as well as Ihe cracks or shell should be removed, and if any mildew is present ft is not advisable to try working- U In the first class pack by trim ming. The trimming should5 be done as the grapes are picked, that they may be packed into the final container. The work when done In the packing house adds expense and injury caused byfad ditional handling, although; a higher quality pack may be tiad If the work is done in the pack ing house. Grade At the present time there are not standard grades of grapes. The producers who sell a hiRh quality and good pack are U8Ully offered a premium for their fruit. Their pack should be branded THE GRAPE. Br ' THE STATE COLLEGE during the summer. In the four arm rystem. the young vine Is trained clear to the top of the up per wre and the two wires ire at the ueigbts of three and five feet above the ground, so that the vines can run along the wires and not have to be tied up, but fha young bhoots, after they come out, droop down. . "In. both these systems, theettt. ting back or renewal, as it Is cal ed, for each year is practically tbe same. The old cane, which sent out tbe fruiting canes for this year, will next year be cut back-to a strong cane nearest the stub of the vine. This .strong cane, that has fruited and grown through one season, will then be let. down along the wire and will be the parent cane for. new shoots that will come out next year and bear the fruit. Usually two good bunches can be counted upon to come out of the young shoot which' springs from the bud of the 'cane: which is laid down along the wire.. It is, therefore, necessary to cut back these canes, after they are laid along the wires, to a point where the vine will not- over bear. -.' For strong growing American grapes like the Concord, a maxi mum crop for commercial vines Is considered to be about 120 bunch es. That would mean that about 60 buds would be left upon tbe canes to produce fruiting shoots. . He says that In planting gripes one should, dig a hole like be would in planting a1 tree and-nse the' same methods. . Unlike, other fruits, he says, the grape produces fruit on growing ' wood; that apples, pears, cherries, etc., .form their fruit' spurs Zand, buds the year before fruiting, but not so the grape, and unless It is cnt back to a few bnds, there will be too many bunches formed, and the fruit will be small 'and Infer ior, or there will be no trait at ail. . ... , .-. : - with an attractive and appropriate label placed on the basket la a position - which naay . be vsry no ticeatte by Hhe" consumer. Twe : and four quart basket are moat commonly used, .which, usually re ceives a premium ot one to four cents when properly branded. " Oeataiaera The standard wooden " veneer basket, of the Climax type has been adopted for table stock In the two, four and 'twelve-quart ' sizes. The federal . statute ot 1916 prescribes the demensions . of the standard container. 7 The try or lug box Is a low, nar row open box. holding 2S to 10 pounds of grapes. Tbe try! Is generally used for bulk .shipments, but should not be used where the appearance ot the package will at- feet the sale of the fruit. The gift case Is used mostly, in . the eastern market; it Is a small case, holding eight two-quart ( baskets. , . , The market baskets; the sizes run from 8 to 16 quarts, the half- ' bushel and one-third bushel -baskets are most frequently used. The Delaware is an eight bas ket carrier used In the eastern states for fancy stock. It is r crate composed of two la yen of four baskets each, the baskets be ing of two quart size. Marketing. . . Tbe sale from the grower, tp the consumer is not always possible : bacause of conflicting factors, Credit must be given to tbe much criticized middlemen who have de veloped the grape industry. The grape Industry is in a very good condition so far as distribution Is concerned. In this section the farmer who has only a small quantity of grapes to dispose of usually sells them through his grocer, while the larger .growers make a large per cent of their sales direct to the consumer and ship to the commission men that part of their crop which they can not sell locally. J" t'nferniented Grape Juloe. For home manufacture of grape juice the fruit should be clean, ripe, but not over-ripe. An ordin- ' ary cider mill is very good to crush and press, or they may be7 pressed out by band. Tbe juice, should be gradually heated In a doube boiler at a temperature ot 180 degrees F to 200 degrees FV but not, over 200 degrees F. The juice should then Joe placed In enameled vessels and. let stand for 24 hours; then drain the juice oft. from the sediment and filter through woolen cloth. After, til tering place in clean bottles, leav- ' ing air space in each bottle. Place the bottles into a wash boiler -and. ' fill in with water around the bot tles until the water is within about two inches of tbe top of tbe . bottles; heat gradually until the water boils. Take the bottles out and cork and seal - with wax or paraffin. Un fermented ' grape luxe when properly made and Kept In sealed bottles will keep indefinitely. , The following application was received by the civil service com mission from a backwoodsman:' Question 1. In what state or territory do you claim actual bona fide residence? t Answer Alabama. Question 2. Length of resi dence in such state br territory? Answer ' Fortv.twn w i I inches. Browning's Magazine, , ' 6 i V