EXPERIMENTS.
REASONS WHY THE GOVERHMENT
SHOULD HELP FARMERS
By Assisting Scientist to Observe tne
Life and Causes of lath of Noxious
Kufrn and Insects Prevention Ketter
Thin Cure in This Direction.
Man is inclined to travel in beaten
paths, looking little to the right or left
for short cnts iind easier Trades. He
is prone to select at the start the most
expensive and most intricate way of ac
mplisliing his.ohject. The study of
mechanisms gives plain proof of this.
Watts original steam engine was a most
complicated affair. It took two or three
generations to simplify and perfect it.
The same was true of . the sewing ma
chine and all other complicated inven
tions). The wagon in use in central Eu
rope to-day is made with as much work
on one as on six American farm wagons
and it is a mast awkward affair. A set
of English plow harness is equal in
weight to the combined weight of our
plow and plowman. A regular one-horse
English farm cart is much heavier than
our two horse wagon. And so the world
plods along.
America should aud does lead the
world but she must be constantly on the
alert or she will drop behind. The re-
juvenated giants of Europe will some of
them handicap us. They are far ahead
of us in that form of politics so dread-
fnl to some ages paternalism. For
years practical scientific research was
fostered by Europearn governments and
great results had been obtained, espe
cially in France and Prussia, before we
an a government dreamed of such a
thing. Slowly we have fallen into line
but we are far behind. The United
States should have leen leaders from
the start in all scientific and inventive
lines, and especially in practical applied
science. There are great openings yet to
be filled. Our forests are not conserved.
Our rivers are drying up, our lakes and
harbors are filling up with detritus, once
navigable rivers are now a delusion and
.snare, our swamps are unreclaimed
and remain a menace to life and health.
More paternalism in certain directions
might do us good though it is better to
let the people do for themselves what
they can do best. There are many
things, however, they cannot do. Much
ia yet hidden that would be of great ben
efit if it were brought to light that pri
vate agencies cannot devote the time
and means to properly elucidate.' Here
paternalism in the government steps in
and is useful.
The inventor and scientist is not a
business man as we now use the word.
Not a man who can amass wealth. They
are poor, with rare exceptions. Our
lawyers, statesmen and scientists do not
as a rule get rich. They will not grovel
ia the dirt for gold. Yet they give great
wealth to the world.
Contagious and infectious diseases have
-constantly decimated mankind and ani
mals since the beginning. One would
think that this fact would have led man
up to the use of proper weapons of de
fense. Yet it is only within the past
few years that experiments have been
made as to the causes of diseases. It is
now accepted that animal life is the
cause of nearly all of man's ills. Pro
fessor Forbes of Illinois was the first in
this country to give the matter scientific
attention. Naturalists had long known
that ferol life, insect as well as larger
animal, had- myriads of "infectious dis
eases. About 1863 chinch bugs were enor
mously plenty throughout the prairie
states. The last week in July they were
attacked in Illinois ,by a deadly disease
and at theimd of two weeks not a living
bug could be found in the neighborhood.
And the uext season scarcely one .could
be found for a cabinet specimen. This
occurred throughout the prairie state
at different dates that season. Of course,
isolated individuals escaped and gradu
ally re-seeded the country. Professor
Forbes made a careful study of this. He
learned its character and how to pre
serve it through the winter so the bugs
might be- infected the following year.
If I remember rightly, however, he failed
in this by reason of there being no chinch
bugs the following year to infect.' From
want of means and time Professor Forbes
was forced to discontinue his study and
this valuable weapon of defense against
the prairaie farmer's great enemy was
forced to rest until three or four years
ago when it was taken up by a professor
ofa Kansas experiment station. The
latter has demonstrated that there were
two distinct diseases deadly to the chinch
hug: One was a fungus, the other bac- -terial.
Bugs could lie- easily infected
with either and they would be extermi
nated before tftjy could do any harm.
He met with the same results that Pro
fessor Forbes did. He killed every
chinch bug in his region and his experi
ments seemed fated to come to an end
for want of material. But he advertised
for healthy chinch bugs. It was neces
. sary to have, chinch bugs to keep the in
fection. , t
Another case is tlu importation of the
Australian ladybird'(bedalia cardinalis).
jft ate up all the cottony cushion scale
Imgs its only food where introduced
and then starved to death. This diffi
culty had to be bridged over by inclos
ing the bedalia- on protected orange
trees infested with scale. .Otherwise
the bug wonld : have to be ; imported
again if the scale made a fresh start as ijt
surely would do. , .-.
The -department of agriculture : has
now taken hold of thissvork as it should,
have done yearsgo.' The' experiments
the present season have been very satis
' factory both on the-'Chinch bug and -cabbage
caterpillars. The boll and leaf
worms of the cotton plant are now the
most destructive insects in this conotry.
A means of destroying them would .be"
worth millions to the industry. It is
undoubtedly true that all noxious in-
' sects can be obliterated by disease. Here
tofore parasites have lieen credited with
the extermination or -sts. Preventive
measures may also . .- discovered, by ex
periment und study. There are many
vegetables which are bug repellents anij
tliese should be experimented with. ...
P. B. "Wua.
'" Ti iiiiisoN.wiiY.
WIER SEEKS TO SOLVE THE CAUSES
OF DEGRESSION.
Farming Has Been Affected Deleter
lously by Changes in Commercial Uses
of Farm Products Coal Oil Against
Corn A Better Era Promised.
Many writers and political economists
have attempted to give the reasons why
the farm has not paid during the last
twenty years. .Before 1861, we-will say
for about fifteen years, farming and its
commerce had been going along smooth
ly. There were no violent irruptions,
changes or fluctuation of prices.
The farmer knew from the' past
what the future would be, provided
always that there were no radical
changes. Farming was then a conserv
ative business. .There was no specula
tion in it but rather a certain steady in
come. Land was free by homes teading.
It was for the most part ready for the
plow and though millions of acres of
rich prairie land were brought under
cultivation '' yearly the growth of the
country and commerce absorbed the
product and the farmer was prosperous.
Railroads, canals and cities were being
built and the farmer was feeding the
builders. We supplied the world with
cheap cotton and many other things.
Taking things all in all it was a very
comfortable time for the farmer. Yet
he worked hard, was prudent and gen
erally out of debt. The prairie farmer
then got into that peculiar habit of buy
ing up all the land that joined him and
the neighbors he bought out came west
to grow up with the country and in that
way the great trans-Mississipi ' was
quickly settled by men who understood
farming in all its details.
Now we come to review the causes
which brought about radical changes in
farming. We will begin with alcohoL
Indian corn made the cheapest alcohol.
It was generally used for light in the
shape of camphine and burning fluid.
It was used largely in cooking, in the
arts, and shipped in large quantities to
Europe to be converted into so-called
brandies and other liquors. All of this
alcohol or nearly all was made from
corn. In 1862-3 coal oil came into gen
eral use, entirely displacing the burning
fluid. This would have been a serious
blow to the corn grower if . the war had
not intervened. The war, with its great
wastes of provisions, labor and lives,
really saved the farmer from bankrupt
cy. It brought about high prices un
dreamed of before. Money was plenty,
especially in the great producing centres.
Corn continued to be king. It was the
foundation of pork, beef and alcohol
the sinews of war." The cutting off of
alcohol and the internal revenue ' tax
placed upon it had no appreciable effect
on the farmer. The result has been that
war prices and plenty of money begot
extravagance. The old prudent ways
were dropped and forgotten. Was the
old better than the new? Perhaps it was
safer and carried with it a more com
fortable and restful life. The farmer of
the last twenty years wears more frills,
rides where he used to walk, and has
much more style than he had in the
fifties. But is he happier and having an
easier time of it? Those who have en
joyed the privileges of both periods can
see but little difference in the pleasures
and comforts. ,
We now come to the causes of the
present general depression. With the
late deplorable situation among the far
mers of the prairie states and their con
dition reflects on all other states, for
prairie state prices rule the prices of
provisions throughout this country and
to a limited extent the commercial
world alcohol still has much to do. It
is to-day carrying the full war taxes first
placed upon it. This tax the corn
grower has to pay. The excise tax of 90
cents a gallon largely prevents the use
of alcohol. If the removal of this tax
would cause the use of one third or one
half more spirits by cheapening its price
that would measure the portion that the
farmer pays. And if it caused the use
of one-third or one-half more it would
enhance the price of corn justhat much,
with the usual reflex influence on the
prices of all other foods.. . , -
Corn was not only knocked out in
price by the tax on spirits but ' also by
doubling the corn producing area and
the extension of railroads. . - Pork made
from corn was refused admission into
some of our foreign markets. Another
thing to be considered is that one man
and a horse could only cultntate twenty
five to thirty acres of corn in 1855, while
in 1875 and since, one man with two
horses . and improved implements can
cultivate twice as much with greater
ease. . - -
- The whole farming method of the
South was changed by the war. Before,
the cotton grower, his negro and mule
were fed by the corn grower. After the
war he' was not able . to buy corn and
was forced to feed himself.
Such are about one-half the causes
that have led up to the great Oepression
in agriculture. -The wonderful recuper
ative powers of the nation, the great im
migration with the money brought with
it and the millions set free by the nation
in paying its debts are the forces that
have sustained the farmer in so far as
he has been sustained. If it were not
for the fear of being construed as a po
litical or partisan-' writer, which I am
npt,': I would " add .'In"': conclusion, that
what the farmer most needs to relieve
the general depression' in his business is
the removal of the excise tax oh spirits. .
Cheapen alcohol ' and .therebv increasa
its consumption. Not necessarily as a
tipple but in the arts and domestic .uses.
Use it for fuel, for lighting purposes
where gas or kerosene is too expensive.
Create through its use an enlarged mar
ket for corn and thus will the great corn
Crrowinor RfcitftS rn"dftT-lTIO' An fio "Miaaiaa-
ippi and Missouri rivers again ' blossom
as no rose. Ana tneir prosperity will
reflect upon every line of industry, es
pecially agriculture in all its branches.
, . " D. B. Wier.
t How to Oil a Harness.
Take a harness ti a. i'COtu where you
can unbuckle it and separate the parts
completely. Wash each part well in
lukewarm water to which has been added
a little potash. Scrub well with brush
until all grease and dust have been re
moved. Wash the pieces well under the
hand until they become supple. It won't
do to oil until the harness becomes so.
Let the parts dry in a place where they
will do so slowly. When jnst moist, oil.
For this purpose use codliver oil, as it
'is the best for the purpose. Besides, if
you use neatsfoot, the rats and mice are
your enemies at once, while they will
not touch a harness oiled with codliver
oil. Give a good dose of oil to all parts,
then hang up to dry. When dry rub
well with a soft rag.
How to Slake a Dainty Letter Opener.
Cut two pieces of- sheet celluloid in
dagger shape with curved blades. The
whole should not be more than three or
four inches long. The two may be glued
together and some tiny design of flower
or leaf sketched in sepia on the polished
surface of the celluloid.
' How to Keep Fish Fresh. , i
A . 1- .1 il -i - - i
xx. iii;i.uuu piituuceu in jurope is to
clean the fish and sprinkle the interior
with sugar, keeping the fish in a hori
zontal position so that the sugar may
penetrate as much as possible. A table
spoonful of sugar is sufficient for a three
pound fish. : The flavor is thus preserved
a long time and fish treated in this way
before salting and smoking have a fine
flavor. -
' How to Clean Jewelry Kaslly.
Every piece of plain jewelry, except a
watch, can be cleaned by a simple wash
ing with soap and warm water. They
can be dried and brightened on a piece
of chamois skin, or by being laid in a
box of jeweler's sawdust. Pearls and
turquoises cannot, of course," be treated
in this way. "
How to Clean Vessels Used to . Hold
Kerosene.
Wash the vessel with thin milk of
lime, which forms a new compound with
the kerosene and removes every trace of
it. By a second application, adding a
little chloride of lime and allowing the
mixture to stand in the vessel an hour,
every trace of the kerosene odor will be
removed.
How to Bleach Wax.
Slice r ordinary . '.. beeswax into - thin
flakes, lay them on sacking of coarse
cloth and in sunshine, turn occasionally
and sprinkle with i.of t water unless there
is dew enough. In four weeks it will be
pure white. .', ..
. How to Polish Shells.
When shells become dry they often
lose their luster. To restore it wash
them in water in which a little gum
arabic has been -dissolved, or with, the
white of an egg. ? If the shells have a
dull, thick skin, it can be removed by
soaking in warm -water and rubbing
with a brush, or, if very adhesive, by the
use of a little nitric acid in the water.
Use the latter with care, as it may de
stroy the luster of the shell under the
skin. -
. How to Arrange Peacock Feathers.
Peacock feathers in a vase are the de
spair of the uninitiated, for they will
fall over or slide into any position but
where you placed them. Try partially
filling your vase or jar with sand or saw
dust, and see if the peacock feather
stems will not "stay put." Easy enough,
isn't it'- when you know how?
How to Test Houey.
If adulterated with molasses, the dark
color will indicate it, and many can de
tect it by the taste. If with potato
sugar sirup, that will be shown by boil
ing a sample for a short time in water
containing 2 or 3 per cent, of caustic
potassa. If the liquid remains color
less the honey is pure, but if it turns
brown it contains the potato sugar
sirup. If there is wheat flour in the
honey (and it is sometimes used to
increase the amount), it. will become
very liquid when heated and solid and
tough on cooling. .
How to Cure Chapped Hands.
Mix one ounce of glycerin, one ounce
of rosewater and ten drops of carbolic
acid. Bathe the chapped parts occa
sionally, especially, at night. - It will
cure and prevent chapping and whiten
the skin. ,
How to Bamon Old Wall Paper. ,
Fasten the doors. and windows closely
and set a large vessel of hot water in the
room for a few minutes. In a large room
it is well to add boiling water two or j
three times. The T paper will be mois
tened and come off much easier and
more evenly. The woodwork- can also
be cleaned much more easily while damp.
How to Make Chewing; Gum.
Take of prepared balsam of tola two
ounces, white sugar one. ounce, and oat-!
meal three ounces. Soften the gum in a !
water bath till it is workable, then work
in the other ingredients and roll in finely i
powdered sugar in sticks to suit j,
How to MakejCheap andulek Klndllag.
Dip corncobs for about one minute in
mixture of tsixty parts resin and forty 1
parts tar. melted . together. , Dry in hot j
sunshine or fcven. . . - . ' '
How to Tell Fresh Eggs.
To ascertain whether an egg is good. or
bad hold it, up to the light, i If it is good
it is transparent; if bad, opaque.
.- How to Pickle -Bleat Bed.
Mix brown sugar, bay salt and com
mon salt each two pounds',, saltpeter,
eight ounces, and water, two gallons.
This pjckle gives meat a fine red color,
while the. sugar improves the flavw -. ,
How to'Clear Sugar.
Take a little gum arabio and a little
isinglass dissolved in hot water and pour
it in the sugar while the latter is boiling.
It will cause all the sediment to boil to
the top of the pan, where it must be
skimmed off. Loaf sugar may be cleared
with the white of an egg, isiDglass. or
gum arabic. .
How to Make a Cheap Paint for Outside
' Use. .
Farmers will find the following a good
receipt for making an excellent and cheap
paint for outdoor buildings, fences and
poultry houses: Take one-half bushel o
good unslacked lime; slack it with. 'boil
ing water, keeping it covered fairing the
process, so that as little of the steam as
possible may escape. Strain the liquid
through a sieve and add to it a peck of
salt dissolved in warm water and three
pounds of ground rice boiled to a thin
paste. Stir in boiling hot one-half pound
of Spanish whiting, one pound of white
glue and five gallons of hot water. Let
the mixture stand a few days, covered
from dust, and apply hot with a white
wash brush. If another color than white
be desired, Spanish brown, yellow ocher
or other colors may be added with the
exception of green. This is a good paint
tor ail outdoor woodwork, brick or
stone.
Health is Wealth !
"4
mm imm
Db. E. C. West's Nervb and Brain Treai'
ment, a guaranteed specific for Hysteria, Dizzi
ness, Convulsions, Fits, Nervous Neuralgia,
Headache, Nervous Prostration caused by the use
o alcohol or tobacco, Wakefulness, Mental De
pression, Softening; of the Brain, resulting in in
sanity aud leading to misery, decay and death
Premature Old Age, Barrenness, Loss of Powei
in either sex, Involuntary Losses aud Spermat
orrhoea caused by over exertion of the brain, self
abuse or over indulgence. Each box contain
one month's treatment. 1 1.00 a box, or six boxet
for $5.00, Bent by mail prepaid on receipt of price.
: WIS GUARANTEE SIX BOXES
To cure any case. With each order received bv
for six boxes, accompanied by fo.00, we will
send the purchaser our written guarantee to re
fund the money if the treatment does not effec'
a cure. Guarantees issued only by -
BLAKELEI HOUGHTON,
Prescription Druggists,
175 Second St. - The Dalles. Or.
gPimples.
The old idea of 40 years ago was that facial
eruptions were due to a "blood .hulno,, for
which they gave potash. Thus all the old 8 ansa
pariUas contain potash, a most objectionable and
drastic mineral, that instead of decreasing,
actually creates mora eruptions. You have no
ticed this when taking other Sareaparlllas than
Joy's. - It is however now known that the stom
ach, the blood creating power, is the seat of all
Titrating or eleansing operations.- A stomach
clogged by indigestion or constipation, vitiates
the blood, result pimples: ; A clean stomach and
healthful digestion purifies It and they disappear.'
Thus Joy's Vegetable Barsapariiln is compounded
after the modern idea to regulate tho bowels and
stimulate tho digestion.;: The effect is immediate
and most satisfactory. A short testimonial to
contrast tho action of tho potash Sarsnparlllas
and Joy's, modern vegetable preparation. Mrs.
C. D. Stuart, of 400 llujvs St., 8. F., writes: "I
have for years had iudittestion, I tried a popular
Barsapacllla but it aciiia!;..-1 oncil more pimples
to break out on my face., UcuriiiK that Joy's was
a later preparation and acted 'JirTcreuHy, I tried
Hand the pimples immediately disappeared." .-
'v .Vegetable;'
y Sarsapaeilla
Largest buttle, most efSW-iivc. same price.
For Sale by SNIPES & KINERSLY.
THE DALLES. OKEGOV. .
A Revelation.'
Pew people know that th
bright bluish-green color of.
the ordinary teas exposed in
the windows, is not the nat
ural color. Unpleasant as the
fact may be. it is nevertheless
artificial r mineral coloring
matter being used for 'this
purpose.- The effect is' two-"
fold. It not. only makes the -
. tea a bright, shiny green, bat also permits the
ase of " off-color " and worthless teas, which, '
once under the green cloak, are readily
worked off as a good quality of tea. .
An eminent authority writes jn this sub
Ject: "The manipulation 6f poor teas, to give
: them a'JIner appearance, is carried on exten-
siTOly. Green teas, being in this country '
especially popular, are produced to meet the -demand
by coloring cheaper black "kinds by
glazing or facing with Prussian blue, tumeric, -gypsum,
and indigo. : ThU method it to gen-:
raXthat very liilU genuine wieoiared preen tea '
it offered for tale." ' -
. It was the knowledge of ttis condition of
affairs that prompted the placing of Beech's':
Tea before tha public. , It is absolutely pare.
' and without eelor. Did you ever see any '
genuine un colored Japan tea 7 Ask your
grocer to open s package of Beech's, and yuu
-' will see i and probably f or : the very first -;
time. It will be found in color to be Just be
tween the artificial green tea that you have-.'
been accustomed to and the black -teas. '
It draws a delightful canary color, and Is so -
; fragrant that It will be a revelation to tea- V
- drinkers.- It purity makes : it also - mors -economical
than the artificial teas, for less'
of it is required per cup. Sold only In possnd
packages bearing this trade-markr
Purees WdhoodT
If row grocer does not have it, he will gel
tt lot-yon. Price 630 per pound. For sals at
Leslie Bixtler's,'
: THE DAlLES, ORFGOX.
sun tr
The
Danes
is here and has come to stay. , It hopes
to win its way to public favor by qner
gy, industry and merit; and to this end
we ask that you give it a fair trial, and
if satisfied with its course a generous
support.
The Daily
four pages of six columns each, will be
issued every evening, except Sunday,
and will be delivered, in the city, or sent
by mail for the moderate sum of fifty
cents a monfh.
Its
Obi
will be to advertise the resources of the
city, and adjacent country, to assist in
developing our industries, in extending
and opening up new channels for our
trade, in securing an open river, and in
helping THE DALLES to take her prop
er position as the
Leading City of Eastern Oregon.
The paper, both daily and weekly, will
be independent in politics, and in its
criticism of political matters, as in its
handling of local affairs, it will be
JUST, FAIR AND IMPARTIAL
We will enedavor to give all the lo
cal news, and we ask that your criticism
of our object and course, be formed from
the contents of the paper, and hot' from
rash assertions of outside parties.
THE WEEKLY,
sent to any; address for $1.50 per year.
It will contain from four to six eight
column pages; and we shall endeavor
to make it the equal of the best. Ask
your Postmaster for a copy, or address.
THE CHRONICLE PUB; CO.- :
Office, N. W. Cor. Washington and Second. Sts
Gnronicic
eets