03
Viim, FIELD, GARDEN.
EW3- NOTES AND EXPERIENCES IN
COUNTRY LIFE.
-A Kepart of Experiments Minle with the
. Cm of the Lnd Roller at U Wtseon
nlm Ag-riealtuni xperf Men Station In
Ordinary Viatel'' Culture, J , ;: -''j '
A report from the Wisconsin experi
ment station gives the resalta of investi
gation into the effect of rolling on both
laod-aBd .crops. The work was done in
ordinary field culture in different locali
ties with the following remits:
Tint Rolling land makes the temper
at of the soil at 1.5 inches below the
surface . from ' 1- to . 9 degs. Fahrenheit
- warmer than similar unrolled ground in
the same locality,' and at three inches
from 1 to 8 degs. warmer. .
. Second Rolling land by firming the
'oil increases its power of drawing wa
' -iar to the surface from below, and this
influence has been observed to extend to
depth of three to four feet. '.-
Third The evaporation of moisture
is more rapid from rolled than from un
rolled ground, unless the surface soQ is
vrr wet, and then the reverse is true.
and the drying effect of rolling has been J
round to extena to a depth of four feet.
Fourth In cases of broadcast seeding
germination is more rapid .and more
complete on rolled than on 'unrolled
, ground, and the following differences in
the completeness of germination, have
been observed: For oats, 4.2, 4.10 and
11.35 per cent.; for peas, 33.7 per cent. ;
for barley, 10.3, and for clover, 1.2 per
mt, and 68.7 per cent, greater on the
' Tolled '' than on the unrolled ground.
.These differences are greatest when dry
. weather, and least when copious rains
follow seeding.
'- Fifth In the experiment on oats re
ported in fall, the yield per acre stood
1.13 bushels on the rolled ground and
68.98 bushels on the unrolled ground.
' Sixth The size of the kernel was
larger on the rolled than on the unrolled
ground.
. , Seventh The oats from the rolled
ground weighed 28.25 pounds per bushel,
and those from the unrolled 26.83 pounds
per bushel. -....'
Eighth The oats from the rolled con
tained at the time of cutting 11.60 per
ent ' of water, and those from the un
rolled ground 11.81 per cent. .
' A H Msde Brooder.
Here is the description of a simple
"brooder which will accommodate 100
: chicks for a period of four to six weeks:
."Take four boards 13 inches wide and
' S or Si feet long. ' Nail them together so
' as to form box without top or bottom.
Cover the -top -with sheet iron nailed
-down. Over the . sheet iron and around
the outside nail inch b trips one and a
naif inches wide, leaving a space an inch
wide at each of the four corners: .' Now
pot on another cover of boards, which
win form the floor of your brooder. In
the center of this floor bore an inch or
an inch and a half hole, and insert a tin
tabe four inches long. ,
Hake a . platform of boards (half
iach stuff will do) six or eight inches
aaorter and narrower than the floor of
. yoar brooder, and nail a leg five inches
lng under each comer; tack a slip of
flannel four inches wide around the edge
of this platform, and slit it with the
Aemn every threeor four inches to allow
the young chicks to ran through easily
That is all there iB of it, except cutting
eat a V shaped (inverted) hole in one of
the sides of the box, nine inches high
and wide enongh at the bottom to slide
v a lamp in. 'The lamp heats tbe air be
tween the sheet iron top and the floor of
tbe brooder, which, rising through the
tube in the center, strikes against the
platform above and is diffusedoover the
chicks. With a little experience one can
moaa tell how high to keep the flame of
the lamp so as not to make the floor of
the brooder too warm, which is injuri-
, us. With this brooder and proper feed-.
' xng there need be no trouble in raising at
least 90 per cent, of all the healthy
"hatched chicks. Ohio Farmer.
!
Differences la Butter Fat 1
In farm and dairy practice the milk of
, the entire herd is usually mixed; so that
individual differences are rarely noticed
or receive much consideration. That the
'sulk of - some one or more cows is better
than that' of others is 'sometimes ob
served, but not until tried by tests made
at the experiment stations has it been
demonstrated that these differences are
eo great as to make cows that are kept
for their lifetime as dairy Miimula wholly
profitable.
At the Illinois station the results of
their trials represent a record of one
milking from each of thirty-eight cows
from different farms, the animals being
from various breeds. In comparing in
dividuals it was found that as between
JHos. 2, 8, 23 and 8, No. 2 produced twice
aa much butter fat as No. 3 and nearly
five and one-half times as much butter
fat as No. 8, and that No. 22 produced
seven and one-half times as much butter
fat as No, & Comparing No. 13 with
No. 14 shows that nearly twice as much
anilk must be bandied by tbe owners to
get the same weight of butter fat from
No. 14 as from No. 13. Besides these
vases, cows were found aH along the line
from very profitable to very unprofitable.
Tests were also made of the milk brought
by 113 patrons to two creameries on the
.wine day, showing striking variations in
the fat in the milk of the different herds.
Suitable tlniim for
American Cultivator says it is no
doubt important in. laying down pasture
to learn from neighboring meadows
-what are the most suitable grasses to
sow, what flourish ' best and what are
jnost consumed by the stock. Super
ficial observers sre often misled by the
plants which, having been rejected by
the stock, have run to seed, and so make
the greatest show in the autumn. The
practical man does not need to have it
-pointed out that' the grasses and other
.plants in a pasture which run' to seed
are the plants to be rejected by him, nt
they have been rejected by the stock.
PEDIGREE ANIMALS.
Importance of the . Selection of Finn
Animal for Breeding Stock. , .
' The old saying that blood will tell is
equ axJrue and applicable to animals as
to men. It is a belief in this theory that
lies at the foundation of herd books,
cattle registers ' and all" associations for
the importation or improvement of ani
mals. When a farmer has stocked hi?
farm with his' favorite breed he is too
apt to consider that there is little more
for him to do than to preserve his herd
in its present purity of blood. This too
often leads to a neglect in making him
self fully acquainted with the excellen
cies or defects of its individual members.
Then a man may have an excellent breed
of cattle in which many of. . the animals,
if they could - be tried by the pedigree
test, would be found to have descended
from ancestors in no way remarkable
for the - better characteristics of the
breed to which they belonged. . , : ' .
- There are existing differences ' among
the members of a herd of Jerseys or Hoi
steins as wide as any - that separate the
breeds. Consequently, in the improve
ment of a breed by the selection of ani
mals as breeding stock, where it can be
shown by pedigree that in addition to
their own inherent fitness for certain
purposes the selected ones have descend
ed from progenitors possessing more than
an average proportion of the. dominant
quality of the breed, a steady improve
ment may be confidently expected. In
other words, there are individual families
in breeds that possess, when, compared
with the average, either in a high or low
degree, the excellencies of the strain. In
the selection of the breeders it is also to
be remembered that very much depends
upon" the male as well as upon the female.
Hence the progeny of a cow of high
milking qualities, and a sire from a fam
ily deficient in that respect, although of
the same breed, is quite likely to show a
falling off from the record of the mother.
These principles, "however, although
believed to be correct, do not necessarily
preclude the idea of improvement from
parents not of registered or pedigree
stock. There are numerous instances of
unusually fine milking qualities to be
found in cows of the so called native cat
tle that cannot be traced back to any an
cestral stock. With such a - dam and a
male from a family of superior milkers,
an improvement is not only possible but
probable. At the least, it may be ex
pected that the best traits of the mother
will reappear in her offspring. Through
careful selection . and breeding for a
series of years, not only is a great im
provement in cattle possible, but it is in
this way that some distinct-and valuable
breeds have been formed, says the agri
cultural editor of The New York World,
authority for the foregoing.
.''"'; ' '. .' -Clover Bast. :'T
Of this disease, which differs from two
other diseases of the red .-and white
clover of minor importance, it is said,
that it has not been long - known in
America, but has prevailed to such an
extent during the several wet, cool sea
sons preceding 1890 in many sections of
the northern states that it must be re
garded as one . liable 'to affect seriously
under conditions favorable to. its devel
opment .this agricultural crop. . In the
scientific discussion of this parasite,
which is found in a bulletin of the bo
tanical division of the - Agricultural Ex
periment Station of Cornell university,
while the description of its different
forms and stages will no doubt be read
ily understood by botanists and mycolo
gists, it ' will not be so easily compre
hended by farmers.
As a summary of the matter, so far as
it has been investigated it is assuring
to be told: First That the early crop of
red clover is not likely to suffer injury
from the rust. , Second As the second
crop is likely to suffer greatly if the mid
summer is cool, and as clover becomes a
valuable fertilizer when plowed in, tha
fields should be carefully- watched in,
such -seasons, and the crop might be
plowed under to advantage. .Third
Burning the clover-fields in- the fall
would probably have some - effect in
checking the spread of the disease dur
ing the next season, but the application
of fungicides seems impracticable.
' Maaortnf: Orchards.
W. Sommerville told at the Minnesota
Horticultural society that he manured
his bearing' orchard every year at the
rate of forty loads to the acre, mulching
thoroughly. He has . trees that 1 have
stood twenty-eight years that are as
healthy as they were twenty yesfrs ago.
He sold four "tons of apples this season
from an orchard seven by nine rods in
size. With this manuring his trees bear
every year. Producing fruit tends to
exhaust a tree, and hence the importance
of feeding bearing trees, while cultiva
tion only of young ones may be sufficient.
Things Told by Bee Keepers.
..Doolittie says: - If you wish a large
yield of " section- honey keep prolific
queens and let the brood combs alone
after they are once filled with brood in
the spring. ;'f ' - . -
: An English correspondent advises that
tea leaves in a pan of water be -kept for
drinking places for bees.
Dr. C. C Miller says in Gleanings in
Bee Culture: ' Bees in cellars are always
quieter at least mine' are just after a
windy time, whether cold or warm. A
still, muggy time is ' worst Don't toll
me cellars need no ventilation.
. Farm, . Stock and Home advises in
painting hives that dark colors be avoid
ed, for in extreme hot weather the combs
in such hives will melt down, while in a
hive that is painted . white no - damage
will be done.
Bees serve as active agents in the fer
tilization of plants, and it is . generally'
conceded that they are not destructive id
the Mmft,
In reply to the query, "How do you
keep brood combs when not in use?" the
editor, of The American Bee Journal
says: The bees will take care of the
empty combs in the summer season bet
ter than yoa can do it. In winter they
should be boxed up tightly,' after being
thoroughly fumigated with sulphur, if
they have any moth germs in them.
FARM AND GARDEN.
INFORMATION OF PRACTICAL IMPOR
TANCE. .: TO RURAL , READERS.
The Oroood I'Un, Elevation . and Side
View of an Ice House of Sufficient Ca
pacity for a I-r Farm ; Dairy and
Household ami Farm Use. '
The capacity of the house is 12 by 12 by
12 feet. This will hold over 100 tons of ice.
or over half a ton per day for six months
in the year. The soil upon .which the
house stands, if -not porous should be
well drained by means of a foot of
gravel, rock or other suitable material.
A DAIRY ICE HOUSE. '
with a drain leading away from it. The
specifications are as follows: Sills are to
be 2 by 12, bedded level on the ground;
the inner studs, 3 by 6, sheathed on both
sides with ; common boards, the outside
to be covered with felt paper, the space
formed by." sheathing to be filled with
tan bark or sawdust. ' The outer stud
ding to be 2 by 4, spiked to outside
sheathing and covered with common sid
ing, leaving a space -under frieze and
above base of three inches. The floor to
be constructed by spreading from four
to six inches of tan bark or sawdust;
level the same and cover with common
boards, leaving a three-quarter inch
space between each. The plates to be
the same as studs. 2 by 12; rafters, 2 by
4; roof shingled. Ventilators in top
should be 2 feet 6 inches square. Doors
doubled and filled with sawdust. .
." The bill for lumber is as follows: Eight
pieces, 2 by 12 by 14, for sills and plates;
80 pieces, 2 by 6 by 12, for inner studs:
AIR
SPACE
'. THE GROUND FLAN. ' "
8 pieces, 2 by 6 by 12, for hip rafters and
collar beams; 38 pieces, 2 by 4 by 12, for
outer studs;' 20 pieces, 2 by 4 by 12, for
rafters and ventilator; 750 feet siding,
14 feet long..
Two thousand feet common boards,
for sheathing, floor, roof, etc.; 24 pieces
fencing, surfaced, 12 feet long, for cor
ner boards, etc ; 80 yards building paper;
8,000 common shingles. :
Our Agricultural .Exports.
' According to" a seport of .the statis
tician of the department of agriculture,
about one-tenth of our agricultural prod
ucts is exported. The sum is, however,
made up from a very few articles. These
are cotton, tobacco, meats, -.breadstuffs
and cheese. ' Seven-tenths of the cotton
product goes to. foreign markets.-' All
other articles, except those above stated,
when put together are but 3 per cent, of
the exports.. The exportation of tobacco
is not increasing materially or -so rapidly
as home consumption. More cheese could
be sold if its reputation for quality should
be kept up and there- were more disposi
tion to cater to fastidious or peculiar
foreign tastes. Butter exports could be
made larger if they were of better qual
ity. Our great American crop corn
is chiefly' consumed on the spot, not more
than one-sixth, it is said, going beyond
the boundary of the county in which it
is grown, and only 2 to 8 per cent, being
now exported. - Nearly two-thirds of this
crop is produced in seven states Ohio.
Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas
and Nebraska, few -others producing
more than is required at home, and the
larger portion having a deficiency to be
supplied by those seven states.
Are Incubators ProfltableT
: Are. incubators profitable? The answer
to this much vexed question remains the
same as last year; namely, yes and no.
Under favorable conditions such as a
superior machine, good eggs, and an intel
ligent and! above all patient management
incubators have been made profitable;
otherwise there is more money in the hen.
Mr. George Q. Dow is one of the authori
ties on poultry matters who think the
artificial incubators are not profitable.
J. K. Fleck is another stern defender of
the hen and skeptical concerning incuba
tors and incubated chicks. An authority
in The Fanciers' Journal gets at the real
issue in the remark that, there, is really
more in the proper rearing of. the' incu
bator chicks after they are batched than
in the hatching. He says: , "We hatch
chickens by both hen and incubator, and
reiterate the statement that artificially
hatched and reared chickens will- lay as
well, ' feel as well and score as well as
those raised by nature's methods.":
' - - . ' ? w. . :j. . ...
'' When to Buy Bees. " -
- Professor Cook says on this subject in
his book on . bee keeping: It is safe to
purchase any time in the .summer. In
April or . May (of course you will . pur-,
chase very strong stocks), if in the lati
tude of New York or. Chicago it will be
earlier further south you will be able
to pay more, as you will secure the in
crease of both, honey and bee8.: If you
desire to purchase in autumn that you
may gain the experience of wintering,
either demand ' that the one of whom
you purchase insure the safe uniting of
the bees, or else that he reduce the sell
ing' price' at least one-third from his
rates the next April. Otherwise the
novice had better purchase in the spring.
If you are to transfer at once, it is de
sirable that you buy in the spring, as it
is vexatious, especially for the beginners,
to transfer when the hives are crowded
with brood and honey.
4 1 tM
J. M. HUNTINGTON & CO.
flbstraeteps,
Real Btate and
Insurance Agents.
Abstracts of. and Information Concern
ingLand Titles on Short Notice.
Land for Sale and Houses to Rent.
Parties Looking for Homes in
COUNTRY OR CITY,
OR IX SEARCH OF
BugiqejSg Location,
. r;.- Should Call on or Write to us. ,
1 Agents 'for a Full Line of
EeajFireluSiiraicfi Cbmpanies,
' ' ." . And Will Write Insurance for
' ; ; on all
DlffiSHa-AJBICE RISKS.
Correspondence Solicited. All Letters
Promptly Answered. Call on or
Address,
J. M. HUNTINGTON & CO.
Opera House Block, . The Dalles, Or.
JAMES WHITE,
Has Opened a
Xjvlxio1x: Counter,
. In Connection With his Fruit Stand
and Will Serve
Hot Coffee, Ham Sandwich, Pigs' Feet,
and , Fresh Oysters;
Convenient to the Passenger
Depot. '
On Second St., near corner of Madison.
- ;, ,- ' Also a ' V
Branch Bakery, California
Orange Cider, and the
Best Apple Cider.
If you want a good lunch, give me a call.
Open all Night
C. N. THORNBURY, T.' A. HUDSON,
Late Kec. U. 8. Laud Office. - Notary Public.
THOQPDRY & jlODSOji,
ROOMS 8 and 9 LAND OFFICE BUILDING,
- I'oxtofHc! Box 32B, '. .
THE DALLES, OR.
pilings, Contests,
And all other Business in the D. S. Land Office
Promptly Attended to.
AVe have ordered Blanks for Filings,
Entries and the purchase of Railroad
Lands under the recent Forfeiture Act,
which we will have, and advise the pub
lic at the earliest date when such entries
can be made.. Look for advertisement
in this paper. .
Thornburv & Hudson.
Health is Wealth !
Dr. E. C, Wkbt's Kkevk akb Bbain Tkkat
HENT, a guaranteed specific for Hysteria, Dlzzi
nesx, Cnnvulnfong, Fits, Nervous Neuraleia,
Headache, Nervous Prostration caused by the use
of alcohol or tobacco. Wakefulness, Mental De
pression, Softening of the Brain, resulting in in
sanity: and lending-to misery, decay and death,
Premature. Old -Age, Barrenness, Loss of Power
in either sex, Involuntary Losses and Spermat
orrhoea caused by over exertion of the brain, self
abuse or over indulgence. Each box contains
one month's treatment. $1.00 a box, or six boxes
for fo.OO, sent by mail prepaid on receipt of price.
WK GUARANTEE SIX BOXES
To cure any case. With each order received by
us for six boxes,- accompanied by 15.00, we will
send the purchaser our written guarantee to re
fund the money if the treatment does not effect
a cure. Guarantees Issued only by
BLAKEtET HOUOHIOS,
Prescription Druggists, '.
175 Second St. The Dalles, Or.
$500 Reward!
We will pay the above reward for anv case of
Liver Complaint, Dyspepsia, Sick Headache, In.
digestion, Constipation or Costiveness we cannot
cure with West's Vegetable Liver Pills, when the
directions are strictly complied with. They are
purely vegetable, and never fail to give satisfac
tion. Sugar Coated. Large boxes containing 30
Pills, 25 cents. Beware of counterfeits and imi
tations. The genuine manufactured only by
THE JOHN C. WFST COMPANY, CHIGAGO,
ILLINOIS. . - ,
. . BLAKELE1" ft HOCOHTON,
Prescription Druggists,
17S Second St. The Dalles, Or.
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