Sir-
DAIRY AND CREAMERY.
FUSICLADiUM DENTRITICUM.
ABSURDITY OF THE LAW DEFINING
A LEGAL CHEESE.
Tk Uw Should IXiflnl) What the Cheese
Itself Hut Contain In Onlar to Kill th
avml Requirement. Mot the Conattta
'. mmtm of the Milk That Make It.
The abtrordity of some of oar dairy
SawB cati be Reeu by the practical eye
1 -when directed to the one that says a
legal cheese is one made of milk that
has 8 per cent, of fat in it. The pre
sumption of the law is that if a cheese
ia made of mich milk the resulting
cheeee will have in it 80 per cent, fat, on
the theory that the process of cheese
snaking eliminates nine-tenths of the
weight of the milk taken to make it.
"While so much is .true of snch milk, it
Jjy no means follows that more than
-that does not go to the whey Tat, and
that the excess over 90 per cent, that
foes out in pure fat is lost through want
f akill in the making. The buyer of a
cheese wants to get the quality he pays
for in his cheese, and is not so very
much concerned about what is in the
milk if he does not get the best and
most valuable part of it in the cheese. .
The law should define a legalVstan
lard" cheese to be one that has so much
yrr cent, of fat in it; the same as it de
fines the legal standard for milk that is
sold as whole milk. It is the amount of
-pore gold that is in oar "standard" dol
lar that makes it legal and current, not
the per cent, of gold the quartz bore
-when it was mined.
We used to hear there was a time when
the English buyers of large shipments of
cheese to that country did not write ac
ceptance of the consignment till after
samples of the same had been "tried
at" and found to contain the requisite
amount of fat to fulfill the contract. All
"Layers of cheese should have that re--course
back on the seller, just the same
as he has now for short weights or bad
cheese surreptitiously boxed and shipped.
In short, all should have what they pay
for. We all agree on that point when
we are buyers. Hoard s Dairyman,
A Rati B of Cottonseed Meal.
Henry Morse, of Delaware county,' N.
"Y., who has become wealthy by dairy
ing, says that he has fed cottonseed meal
to his cows for eight years, the first four
an connection with other grains and arter
that pure, except while cows were dry
and on coarse fodder they were given
wheat bran and such grain as was pro
duced on the farm. As soon as the cows
came in full milk they were given hay
twice a day and three quarts of cotton
seed meal in the morning and two quarts
at night. The morning ration of meal
was mixed with six quarts of sweet
skimmed milk.
When at pasture they received two
Quarts of the raeal a day. Following
this practice he was able to keep 85 per
cent, more' cows and make 20 per cent.
maoro butter per cow than by any other
grain method.': The manure from the
cows fed so heavily on cotton seed meal
was very rich and gave about doable the
crops of bay that other manures gave.
The pastures also show it, and the in
creased value of the manure nearly pays
.lor the cotton seed meal. New England
Homestead.
r rosen Fodder.
The usual complaint that butter is
-very bard 44 "come" this cold weather
has been made daring the season fre
quently. The reason of it is now be
lieved to be the feeding of frozen fodder
to milk cows. We wish our farm and
dairy readers would experiment in this
matter and determine for certain whether
it is frozen fodder that makes butter
hard to come in winter. Some claim
that dried fodder, frozen or unfrozen, is
ttbe cause. The experiment might be
made by feeding the cows for a week on
ether food than fodder, then seeing if
-aha batter came any sooner.
Mo to.
town wnere the tanners have, no
err and don't want one is a good
to avoid when one wants a farm
. for a home, says The Massachusetts
X Plowman.
The Ohio Creek cheese factory in Gun
nison county, CoL, made this year, up to
, the 1st of December, 40,000 pounds of
cheese, besides 125 pounds of butter a
-week. Furthermore, a number of hogs
were fattened from what was left over
after the butter and cheese were made.
This is a No. 1 record.
Numbers of creameries have been
cbliged to shut down for want of milk
in Kansas and Nebraska. The shortage
' of milk is due to shortage in cow feed
cwing to drouth. But the other places
will realize higher prices for their but-
Wherever not less than 200 cows are
-ctaeo together in a neighborhood, there
ay cheese factory or creamery may be
started. .
When cows have chapped or sore teats
In cold weather rub a little vaseline care-
folly upon them after the milking is
done, not before. ,-
The makers of dairy butter should
keep sight of the fact that good butter
cannot be steadily produced without the
thermometer.
If you want milk for batter making.
test it for fat globules. If you want it
for cheese making, test it also for caserne.
Let there be the fullest, freest exhibi
tion of all the milk and cream testing
apparatus at the Columbus fair in 1893.
Let the experimenting be kept in pro--vress
constantly, that all the dairymen.
formers and creamerymen may know
that whether they are honest or diahon
- est their conduct will be folly known.
The department of agriculture itself
would do well to take charge of the ex
periments, so important are our cream-
cry interests.
The cheese factory at East Otto made
not long since the largest cheese ever
wroduced in the. United States. It
-weighed 4,000 pounds after it was cured.
and was live feet in diameter.
The Wont Euraj of the Apple and Pear.
Htiw to Control It
Apple growers, especially near the
coast, and in damp climates everywhere,
know that certain varieties of apples and
pears are often entirely ruined by black
scabs" forming on the surfaces ot trie
fruit, not only spoiling its appearance
but dwarfing it as well. Where fruit is
badly attacked it cracks open.
Some varieties have been nearly all
ruined by scab for several years past.
The most notable examples are the white
winter Pearmain apple and the winter
Nellis pear. Whoever has these two
fruits in bearing should know what ap
ple scab is. It is also very injurious to
many other apples. The beet apple oi ail
the Yellow Newtown pippin is often
seriously injured, also the red June,
Baldwin and Early Harvest. Some va
rieties are not injured in the fruit but
the leaves are badly affected. A few
are injured in neither to any noticeable
extent.
Many varieties of pears are no longer
planted, this disease constantly ruining
them. The winter Nellis, which in for
mer years was planted largely and prof
itably, is no longer of any value. Also
the white Doyenne and many others.
The Bartlett is fast going down the same
grade.
This is a progressive disease, constantly
spreading and increasing in virulence.
There seems to be no let np to it when
once it enters a region. The fruits sus
ceptible to it are attacked and destroyed
in turn until, if Prof. Bailey of Cornell
university, N. Y., be right, it may sweep
the entire apple and pear crops out of a
vast region for one season at least. He
attributes the almost complete failure of
the apple and pear crops of New "Xork
Htate last season to an abnormal develop
ment and great virulence of scab. If
it is very abundant and the season is
right for its development, it attacks the
buds before the flowers open and kills
the fruit at once.
Experiments during the past three or
four years, both here and in the East,
have demonstrated that this most injur
ious disease can be controlled. ' If it can
be prevented from doing material injury
to the most susceptible fruits in tuasUrm
regions where crops bad failed for years
on its account, we certainly ought to be
able to control it, even on fruits worst
damaged by it. It is very difficult to
control it where summer rains and
heavy dews prevail.
The disease is a parasite funguB, or a
minute flower less plant that roots in and
feeds among the tissues of living plants.
Such fungi are usually confined as hosts
to one or a few species of plants. This
particular one is supposed to be confined
in its food habits to the species of the
sub genus Pyrus, to which the apple.
pear and several other species belong.
It propagates from very minute pollen-
like bodies'. which serve the fungi the
same as seeds do flowering plants. These
pass the winter in myriads on the tree,
fallen leaves and fruits and are carried
to the young fruits by winds, or, when
in the air are carried to the frmt by rain.
Here they germinate and send their
threadlike rootlets through the skin of
the fruit or leaf, into the cells below.
There the true fungus grows and robs
the cells of their contents and the elab
orated plant food which in the fruit
stops the growth and multiplication of
cells so far as it penetrates, mak
ing a depression in the fruit. Event
ually the fruiting heads of the fungus
burst through the skin of the fruit and
throws millions of spores into the air
to contaminate other fruits and leaves,
Cryptogamists are not fully agreed that
it is one and the same fungus that at
tacks both fruit and leaves. The best
evidence, however, is that they are ident
ical. But this is unimportant, as the
same remedy destroys both the fruit and
the leaf scabs. After the spores are
thrown off the fungus dies though its
spores may lodge on the same fruit and
further involve it and the growth in
the fruit below the scab gradually turns
the black fruiting head out, forming the
well known black scab. If the fruit is
largely involved the growth below rup
tures the hard, dry, dead matter and it
cracks open transversely, often ruptur
ing healthy cells on either side. In such
cases we have scab and craking of the
fruit. The spores can only germinate
on the surface of the leaf or fruit, ex
cept in presence of moisture. Hence in
dry summers none but the spring crop
is very troublesome, except quite near
the ocean where fogs and dews prevail.
Unfortunately there is where winter
apples and most pears otherwise
succeed best. Again our spring climate
favors the development of this and some
other destructive fungi.
The spores of this and many other
fungi cannot germinate in the presence
of the salts and sulphates of copper and
many of the combinations of suiphur,
whose bases are poisonous to the young
germs as they, develop. Spraying . the
trees just asjthe buds begin to swell, with
a strong solution of sulphate of copper
is eff active. - Take one pound of sulphate
dissolved in two gallons of water and
add eight gallons of water; larger quan
tities in same proportion. Spray the
tree thoroughly so that it will drip
and wet the fallen leaves on the ground.
This will well nigh destroy . the scan.
When spraying to loll tne apple worm
directly after the blossoms fall if we mix
London purple in the Bordeaux mixture
instead of water we have the best poi
son for the apple worm and the best fun
gicide to kill and prevent the apple scab.
The Bordeaux mixture is made as fol
lows: Dissolve 12 pounds of sulphate of
copper (blue vitriol) in -150 gallons of
water; slake 20 pounds of best quick
lime in 10 gallons of water; when thisii
cool pour it slowly into the other solu
tion stirring constantly. ' Let it stand a
day or two, stirring occasionally; then
add one pound of London purple, not
somebody's mixture of bug poisons. It
should be wet up gradually and stirred
and kneaded and strained through a fine
sieve. It is then ready for use. Two
or three sprayings are generally suffic
ient. There are a number of other
remedies for the scab which - have
proved efficacious. D. B. WlKB.
WHY SOME PEOPLE HAVE TROUBLE
MAKING CHEESE.
BUTTER AND CHEESE J- M. HUNTINGTON & CO.
Wait ttntlf the Cream la Ripened Before
Adding- to It the Rennet of ConnoM.
When the Milk I Sour Knoogh to Add
Rennet "Pbenol-Phthaleln."
After seeing some of the best makers
in America and England make cheese, 1
understood why my wife and I had
trouble with our cheese making on the
farm in New Zealand seven years ago.
We added the rennet when the milk was
too sweet. Even now I hear complaints
from old fashioned cheese makers, who
change off from their home made rennet
to some standard rennet extract or ren
net tablets, that they can't make as good
cheese, the whole trouble being that
their milk is not ripe enough, and that
when they used their homemade rennet,
soaked in sour whey, they introduced an
add with it which is not in the pore
commercial rennet.
But the decision of when the milk ia
ripe enough for the addition of rennet is
one of the finest points In cheese mak
ing, and good makers have been using
the rennet test, but though it is a great
improvement on no teet it seems hardly
to fill the bill altogether. About a year
ago I received private information about
new test, and inquiries whether I
would introduce it in the west. I agreed
to do it, provided I found it of practical
value, but have not heard anything
about it since then. Advices from Eng
land lead me to believe that this new
test is nothing but soda pellets of a cer
tain strength, whereby the acidity - was
ascertained.
There are many ways of determining
this. Simply by adding a few drops of
phenol-phthalein" to the milk (diluted)
and then using a solution of soda (or pel
lets) of a certain strength to neutralize
the acid. When this is done it is shown
by the liquid turning pink, and the acid
ity is then expressed by how many cubic
centimeters it took to neutralize the
mixture. Perhaps this may be used also
for a guide when to draw the whey,
though I doubt it will prove better than
the hot iron test. But meanwhile I hope
our experimental stations will take this
matter up, not in their laboratories or
their college "dairies" only, but in the
creameries and cheese factories.
A practical adoption of this test for the
factories should also be devised, and
when found adopted as a standard.
When we adopt the daily "paying by the
test" system, and get those girl book
keepers to do the testing, even this acid
test may be taken np by them, and the
careless maker be compelled to wait for
the cream or milk to be ready, and not
to churn or add the rennet whenever he
is ready; while the good makers will be
only too happy to have an extra assist
ance in determining the right moment,
and thus getting a more uniform result.
J. EL Moorad in Creamery Journal.
Abstracters,
Heal Estate and
Insurance Agents.
Abstracts of. and Information Concern
ingJLand Titles on Short Notice.
Land for Sale 'and Rouses to Rent
Parties Looking for Homes in
COUNTRY OR CITY,
OR IN SEARCH OF.
Bu0iqe0g Locations,
Should Call on or Write to us.
Agents for a Full Line of
LeaJini Fire Insurance Companies,
And Will Write Insurance for
on all
DESIEAJBLE eisks.
Correspondence Solicited. All Letters
Promptly Answered. Call on or'
Address,
J. M. HUNTINGTON & CO.
Opera House Block, The Dalles, Or.
He
Dalles
Has Opened a
XjixxoZx Counter,
In Connection With his Fruit Stand
and Will Serve
ot Coffee, Ham Sandwich, Pigs' Feet,
and Fresh Oysters.
Convenient to the Passenger
Depot.
On Second St., near corner
Also a
Bow HUk Ought to Bo Paid Cor.
If the farmers of Vermont would heed
and practice the advice given them in
Bulletin 21, Vermont station, there
would soon be a rush for the money to
be made on some of those abandoned
farms. The Vermont dairymen have
been giving away too much butter fat
that's what ails them. A creamery in
Franklin paid 60 cents per 100 pounds
for all milk. A chemist analyzed sam
ples from the different patrons, and
found that the value varied from 52 to
74 cents per 100 pounds! Bead what
Professor Cooke, of Vermont, says:
."A careful study of the herds of this
state will show the evil effects of the
present method of paying for milk.
Wherever in this state a cheese factory
has been run for many years it will be
found that the herds in that vicinity all
give thin milk, and will produce but
small number of pounds of batter a year.
The reason of this ia evident. The pa
trons have been paid entirely by the
weight of their milk, and so all their
efforts in breeding have been directed to
getting cows that would give the largest
quantity of milk without regard to its
quality, and as a large flow is almost
always accompanied by a poor quality
of milk the result is that the general
character of the milk of the neighbor
hood is lowered."
And here again: "Where the milk is
paid for according to weight a premium
is put on watering or skimming it. Hu
man nature is not proof against this
temptation, and as a result we have
found samples of milk that had been
tampered with in every one of the more
than twenty creameries that we have
tested."
All true every word of it. When are
yon going to stop it? This bulletin shows
you how. American Agriculturist.
Fewer Cowa and More Milk.'
Dairymen should push the point of
improvement by lessening the number
cf cows and increasing the yield per
capita. Only those men become dis
gusted with dairying who are pulled
down by inferior cows in their herds.
am sure that there is almost no herd in
which the better half does not pay
fair profit, and I do not see why the
owners do not kill off the inferior cows.
By raising calves only from their best
cows, bred to thoroughbred bulls, they
could, without increasing the invest
ment either in time or labor, add one-
half to their incomes and et the bal
an ce for the whole herd on the right
side of the ledger. Cor. Hoard's Dairy-
- The Prise Batter.
At the last TTlinofa dairy fair the but
ter prize was taken by butter made from
grade stock that ran in the stalk field
every day last winter, were fed clover
hay and ear corn, with the milk set in
open pans. This scored 94J points against
90 points for the competing product
thorough bred cows, silage, patent cream
er, etc. In butter making it is some
times more in the dairyman than in the
stock or improved methods. Cleanliness
and common sense are two of the im
portant factors. Dakota Farmer.'
1 " V.
is here and has come to stay. It hopes
to win its way to public favor by ener
gy, industry and merit: and to this end
we ask that you give it a fair trial, anet
if satisfied with its course a generous
support.
The Daily
four pages of six columns each, will be
issued every evening, except Sunday,
and will be delivered in the city, or sent
by mail for the moderate sum oi fifty
cents a month.
JAMES WHITE,
Its Objects
Branch Bakery, California
Orange Cider, and . the
Best Apple Cider.
If you want a good lunch, give me a call.
Open all Night
will be to advertise the resources of the
city, and adjacent country, to assist in
developing our industries, in extending
and opening up new channels for our
trade, in securing an open river, and in
of Madison, helping THE DALLES to take her prop
er position as the
. N. THORNBURY,
Late Rec. U. S. Land Offloe.
. A. HUDSON.
Notary Public.
IUBY&HUDSOH.
ROOMS 8 and 9 LAND OFFICE BUILDING,
PostorHce Box 325,
THE DALLES, OR.
Leading City of Eastern Oregon.
The paper, both daily and weekly, will
be independent in politics, and in its
criticism of political matters, as in its
handling of local affairs, it will be
pilings, Contests,
And all other Business in the U. S. Land Office
, Promptly Attended to.
vu ) i ti t
Entries and the purchase of Railroad
lianas under the recent forfeiture Act,
which we will have, and advise the pub
lic at the earliest date when such entries
can be made. Look for advertisement
in this paper.
Thornburv & Hudson.
Health is Wealth !
Da. E. C. Wbbt'b Nbbvb ikb Brain Tbbat-
mbmt, a guaranteed specific for Hysteria, Dizzi-
Headache, Nervous Prostration caused by the use
of alcohol or tobacco, Wakefulness, Mental De
pression, Softening of the Brain, resulting in in
sanity aud leading to misery, decay and death,
rremaiura ma Age, jiarrenness, ioss ot rower
in either sex. Involuntary Losses and Hnermat-
orrhcea caused by over exertion of the brain, self
abuse or over indulgence. Each box contains
one month's treatment. 11.00 a box, or six boxes
lor o.uu, seni oy mail prepaid on receipt oi price.
WK GUARANTEE SIX BOXKS
To cure any case. With each order received by
us for six boxes, accompanied by $5.00, we will
send the purchaser our written euarantee to re
fund the money if the treatment does not effect
a cure, guarantees issued only by
. BLAKEIET A HOUGHTON,
Prescription Druggists,
175 Second St. - - The Dalles, Or.
JUST. FAIR AND IMPARTIAL
We will endeavor to give all the lo
cal news, and we ask that your criticism
of our object and course, be formed from
the contents of the paper, and not from
rash assertions of outside parties.
For the benefit of our advertisers we
shall print the first issue about 2,000
copies for free distribution, and shall
print from time to time extra editions,
so that the paper will reach every citi
zen of "Wasco and adjacent counties.
THE WEEKLY,
$500 Re-ward!
We will pay the above reward for any ease of
Liver Complaint, Dyspepsia, Sick Headache, In
digestion, Constipation or Costiveness we cannot
cure with West's Vegetable Liver PilU, when the
directions are strictly complied with. They are
purely vegetable, and never fail to give satisfac
tion. Sugar Coated. Large boxes containing 30
Pills, 25 cents. Beware of counterfeits and imi
tationsr The genuine manufactured only by
THE JOHN C. WKST COMPANY, CHIUAQO,
ILLINOIS. '-
BLAKBLBT HOIIOTTTOX,
PresnriDtlon Drnretsts.
175 Second St. The Dalles, Or.
sent to any address for $1.50 per year.
It will contain from four to six eight
column pages, and- we shall endeavor
to make it the equal of the best. - Ask
your Postmaster for a copy, or address.
THE CHRONICLE PUB. CO.
Office, N. W. Cor. Washington and Second Sts.