THE l OHEGQN f SUNDAY JOURNAL, - PORTLAND, SUNDAY HORNING, MAY 14, 1822.
73) IpT&r A, The League Covenant an Evolution of
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lib Sunday Jourml herewith prweatt
tory, "Th Peace," which is as autfcoriUtit
Wtvdrow WilaoB.cavw Mr. Baker aeccas to
. tb oahr rvhahle and incontroTf rUbl reports of the facts, and which heretofore hare nerer Been
Blade public. The epochal feature will be published In The Journal serially thronthowt the Tear.
- MCcvrnght. 122.. :b Doubleday. Pace a Co. published by, Bpecna. ajantrnwii wna
' - . the McClure Newspaper Syndicate.)
rpHE most vital struggle of the peace conference was the effort, to bring:
Vj into being a League of Nations, and relate It definitely to the treaty of
peace, it was the climax or the
larger meaning-
the r- 'eing America; of the other, France.
It ssary
Ject before the
present day, has
- ,
f - Ray Staxmard
ica, Germany and
4 Baker ,
one's views of it
I bitter execration
be! denied that this document had
'"V -c-- A'
! - f
newly stimulating or dividing: the thought of the -world. Where, then, did
It come from? Who made it. and
No collection of documents among all
those the president brought .back with
.. hire from Paris is more complete, or lmV
pprtant, or Interesting" than those deal-
ilfinf with the League of Nations. Here
are all the various drafts, corespond
enoe. mepioranda -, nearly the complete
: equipment of the president's mind.' Here
. are his own tentative notes in short
i haad. or written on his own typewriter
' --he never discarded a scrap of paper
? giving strangely the impression of one
thisklng not aloud, but tn notes and
v memoranda. These documents deal not
only with the origin of the league dur
- Ing 1918 arid early 1919. but illuminate
-the discussions of the entire conference.
HOT OSIGI3TAI. WITH WILSOS
' i j.Oie fact arises above , all others in
Studying these Interesting documents:
practically nothing not a single idea
la "the covenant of the league was or
" igirtal-with the presidemt His relation
to fit was mainly that of editor -or com
piler, selecting or rejecting, recasting or
combining the projects that came in to
him? from other i sources. He -had two
great central and basic convictions ; that
sv- League of Nations was necessary ;
'.. that it must be brought Into immediate
existence. In voicing these he felt fcdm-
, ' self; only a mouthpiece of the people of
' 'the world.
- .AC the brick and timber of the struc-
luref was old, as oldf as the Articles of
"Confederation and the Constitution
older by far! He was adapting-them to
.the new end he had in view. No leader
; can be original in ideas : he can be orfg-
lnal i only in expression and In action.
' Unooln was not original int his idea
that slavery should be abolished. What
- upset his world was his decision to abol-
: iah it- The idea of the league "weus not
. original with Wilson ; what upset' the
world at Paris was his determination
.to realize it immediately and as a Tart
of tils peace. "; ,
By the middle of 1918, the last year of
i tba war. the project Yjfa league, of jSJa
: tions had taken definite shape in the"
minds of many thoughtful men,-bojth. in
v America and "SCirropei' r Baly" inihe
priag of that, year .the British gojrern
ment. acting through Mr. Balfourf had
appointed a comrplttee of eminent,. inter
rtaf 1 Anal lavreu to draw hd a baaift for
romaiittee, made; on March 29, 1918,
was toent in May to the war cabinet, the
' dominion premiers, and the president.
1 of the United States. This document of
It articles, known i as the PhilUmor re
' porti from the chairman, ijaron PhilH-
morj, became th foundation of the
leagae's 'xnstltutlon. It -4-as no .-new
- creation, any more' than the plans which
sprang from it. It formulated in legal,
; diplomatic phraseology what seemed
. most practical m the schemes already
before the world.
"XEAGCE IDEA WIDESPBEAD ;
W$son was, of course, in. touch with
ths general currents of thought then
weeping the world,- regarding a future
aB-BBsflsnBMWsn
Washington, May 1 3. WASHING
TON I BUREAU OF THE JOURNAL)
Thef 'duty on wool carried by the
tariff; bill before the senate discriminates
against the poor in favor of the wealthy
and tm not levied on the right basis, ac
cording to a letter from Thomas B. Kay.
president of the Kay Woolen mills of
Salem, received by members of the Ore
gon delegation in congress.
JlrJ Kay favors a protective duty on
wool.! but asserts it. is wrong to attach
the same duty to all classes of wool
on m scoured basis, as is done in the
senate bill. The senate rate of 'S3 cents
per scoured pound is the one asked for
a ad secured by Senators Gooding. Stan
field, Warren and the other "shepherds"
in the sonata f
"It $ls absurd to put ss much duty on
wool worth 40 cents, per pound as on
wool ?worth 80 cents, and this Is what
tha bill does," writes Mr. Kay. "A
reasonable duty Is certainly advisable,
but. 3 cents per pound on all wool re
gardless of its value is entirely too much.
!"Further, such a duty is a discrimina
tion against the poor or middle classes in
favor of the wealthy. To Illustrate :
Say you put a flat rate duty of 10 cents
per pound on prunes, and the best
prunes the 3 Oaf and 40s, are worth 10
cents "per pound. This would make the
duty 100 per cent While on the cheaper
grade, the 70s and , SOs. which would
aeU around S cents, the duty would be
0ft. per cent
! Th poorer people wold naturally
j buy-tne cheaper grades and pay a duty
twice fas heavy as those who could af
ford to pay for the i better grade and
who Should rightfully pay the higher"
, duty. I Everyone knows that coarse
, wools lare not worth ever half as much
! aa the finer grades, yet; it is proposed
that the duty be 13 cents per pound
flat. Which means that the duty will be
ooubej as much ..in per cent value on
coaras words as on fine.
' "Tb cheaper goods are made from
theV coarser .or cheaper wools, so that
those j wearing the cheap goods pay
"ieavhr-. taxes than those wearing the
f ner. goods, when as a matter of fact
h reverse should be tha case.
'Wools . should be classified as to
rade and duty paid accordingly. Thirty-
i
the twentieth installment of Bar Stannaxd Baker!
nanatiTe of how tha pcae of Paxia was concluded,
all of has personal unpublished papers, which an
conrnct oerween tne new wona m m
and the old, the chief champion of
first to look into the origins of this
importu .nd significant document the covenant
which the-Americans were now fighting for. No sub
world, in the years from 1918. to the
been more widely discussed than this.
A presidential campaign in America turned upon it,, the
policies of Europe and Asia have 'been profoundly af
fected by it. The league that grew-out of it has now
been accepted by 51 nations and is regularly function
ing. Every important nation in the world, except Amer
Russia, have joined " it, Whatever
and views in America vary , from
to. tne most ardent support it cannot
within it strange potencies, capable of
how? What, forces lay behind it?
league. x In America - there - was
America - mere - was tne
League to Enforce -Peace and later the
League .of . Free" .Nations soclets'. In
England there was the old League of
Nation society, headed by Sir W. H.
Dickinson,, and there were active new
organizations. 1 The league had been
made a part ef the .war arms of the inter-allied
labor and. socialist conference
of February, 1918, which also resolved
that it should be made a part of the
coming' settlements.. The 'idea swept
England even morecompletely than it
did America. In a report to the state
department of the-United States sent by
the writer from England on June 30,
1918. occur these words:
"Interest in the League it Nations has
now become a veritable flood. It is
being discussed everywhere and in all
kinds of publications. The Daily Mall
snipes at it and there are letters of
opposition and doubt In other papers.
but even the Times now appears to
give guarded approval and the house
of lords has accepted a motion ap
proving 'the principle of a League of
Nations and commending to the govern
ment a study of the conditions required
for its realization.' The most surprising
thing of all was the solemn speech the
other day in the house of lords by Lord
Curzon, who gave a somewhat half
hearted support to a more or less half
hearted league. Viscount Grey's - pam
phlet has had a most favorable recep
tion. The labor conference was for the
proposal in vigorous, language. The
forces-that are against' it are, as always,
the .old unimaginative conservative and
imperialistic groups, ' which are much
stronger than appear on the surface."
When President Wilson reached the
point, then, of studying .concretely the
subject of a League of Nations, in June.
1918. he turned to the Philliraorel report,
which had been sent to him the month
before. As a matter of fact the essen
tial ideas of the PhiUimore. report .were
much, the same as'thosenof the program
of the American League -to ' enforce
Peace. These were :
Tbat not nation should .decjare war
without - first submitting its cause "of
quarrel to some form of arbitration or
conciliation.
That the nations of the werld should
agree to unite in various measures of
punishment, including the use of armed
force, against any nation that should go
to war without so submitting its case.
These provisions, which tssve passed
into Articles XII to XVI of the present
covenant of the league, constitute a
species of indirect guarantee. All mem
bers are pledged to aid anyone of them
which may be , attacked either by sur
prise pr against the Judgment of an
international body on the rights of the
case.
as iicDErrxiTE otjtuxe
Beyond these points, the Phillimore
report contained little that was definite.
The organ, of conciliation which was to
operate as an alternative to the tradi
tional methods of arbitration was to be
three cents per pound would be pro
hibitive on coarse wool and the grower
of such .wool would get more protection
than the grower of fine wool."
Mr. Kay's objection to the wool sched
ule la not an isolated instance. Precisely
the same point Is being made here aryl
with growing emphasis as the debate
on the wool schedule approaches. On
the other hand, there Is strong objection
to a straight ad valorem duty, because
when the price is lowest and the protec
tion most needed, the duty becomes the
least
This has led to a suggestion that the
duty be made 33 per cent ad valorem,
or some similar figure, but with a pro
viso that it shall not be less than 8 or
10 cents a pound. This would .Impose
the full "wool grower rate" on the finer
wools, but would hold the duty on the
coarser wools, used for cheaper grades
of clothing, to somewhere the same pro
portion. Acid is the first thing lu a tariff bill,
quite appropriately, because it begins
with letter A. and because it Imparts
me quality of acidity to me debate which
By Geerge Wltte
(Special porrrapondence of Thi Oncoe Duly
, Journal and the Cbksco Daily Neva
yionicB Scrriea)
Berlin, Germany, May 13. The
"fourth estate" in Germany is not the
power it is in other countries. The rea
son is mat 90 per cent of the German
newspapers are not disseminators of
news, but the mouthpieces of political
parties or are subsidised by industrial
groups. Party politics so dominates toe
columns of the press that little space in
left for toe publication , of legitimate
news.
Berlin newspapers are provincial and
are outranked by toe dailies in toe in
dustrial centers. There are half a dozen
publications outside of Berlin that are
newsier and better than the capital's
three leading dailies. There are. for In
stance, the Frankfort .Gazette and the
simply a "Conference of the Allied
States," meeting whenever its services
were required; and its. decisions. If to op
erate-aa .valid Injunctions against war,
roust be unanimous,- excluding , the; inter-
cstea parties. ' - ..j . ;
President Wilson discussed the Philli
more proposal with) Colonel House. .Hie;
conBKierea it insufficient in many re
specta and finally 'turned ft over . to
Colonel House" with the" request that he
draw op a new draft Of a "covenant"--;
the word was his own-- on the basis of
the ideas expressed in their discussion.
and with the advice of tha legal and
other experts with whom House had
been associated, for more than a year
in tne inquiry.
Colonel House was speninjr. hi guml
mer on the seashore at Magnolia, Mass.,
and ltfwas here that he worked out his
orart wnicn ne sent with a letter Of ex
planation .to the President on July 16,
1918. This draft of twenty-three articles
forms the second steD in the evolution
of the covenant. : '
The House draft differed fVnrn
British proposals, in several important
respecia it not only went into rrealor
aetau on tne subject of. organization
, . w
ana proviaea ror a permanent 'Secreta
riat, out it made notable additions.
Wuring the Spring Colonel House had
naa conferences .with Elihu Root, and
as as result added to the machinery of
tne xague an international Court of
Justice. In his covering letter to th
President he wrote : .
"In the past I have.-been ODDosed to
a court, Dut in working the matter out
it has seemed, to me a necessary part of
tne macntnery. in time the court might
well prove the 'strongest part of it."
ELIMINATING ARMED .FOBCE IDEA
This court' would nott displace proced
ure Dy arbitration or conciliation but
offered a third method' of settling dis
putes, ine other two were retained from
the Phillimore report, but with strikine
alterations. But most .fundamental was
the change in the means of punishing a
state wiucn violated the agreements. All
recourse to armed force was eliminated,
leaving as the final and most stringent
measure or coercion a complete blockade
of the offending state.
Besides these elaborations and altera
tions of .the Phillimore project, the House
draft contained ' articles on many ad
ditional matters. An important article
provided for reduction of all armaments
to a standard of "safety," for the na
tionalization of manufacture of war ma
terial and for full publicity in military
affairs.
By far the most important of the new.
elements in the House draft was the
article of direct guarantee of the "terri
torial Integrity and political indepen
dence" of the members of the League.
This provision, which developed 3into the
famous-Article X., had a most Interest
ing history. f
Two methods of guarantee were much
discussed in connection with the League
and a third was mentioned.
1. A guaranteed process of arbitration
such as that recommended in the Philli
more report This was finally incor
porated in Articles XII to XVI of the
covenant. ,.-;'.',
A ''simple guarantee of ! rights' nd
possessions against invasion was sup
ported by President Wilson, and became
Ar?la X.. of tbyeiian T
' Tne direct-guarantee had been- s dis
carded by British writers on the League.:
All content themselves with the guaran-:
tees surrounding the arbitration agree-;
ments as sufficient to insure safety of
the members. It is found in none of
the sign if leant lans of later years ex
cept Wilson's.
FOR A STRONG GUARANTEE
The President believed that the guar
antee must . be strong and direct He
could see no other way to stabilize a
turbulent and too swiftly changing
world. He could see no other way of
reasurring terror-stricken France against
a sudden invasion from the East ' But
strong as the guarantee of Article X.
was made, it was never strong enough
to satisfy France.
Here again, in this method of direct
guarantee, . he drew ti3 , inspirations
straight from the fundamental American
has sprung up on the way the McCum
ber tariff bill was made.
Democratic members of the finance
committee opened me attack on acetic,
boric, citric, lactic and other items of
the acid schedule as soon as the com
mittee amendments were taken up, their
purpose being to show mat the bill has
been framed without any testimony be
ing taken as to a large number of items,
and that In many other cases the duty
has been fixed in accordance with ; me
testimony of some interested manufac
turer, who said that a certain rate was
needed to protect his business. 4
Though me tariff bill was taken up
for discussion in me senate on April SO.
it required two weeks to deal with four
acid amendments. During that time
other subjects have been dragged in for
debate, such as Russia, the League of
Nations. Attorney General Daugherty
and . Senator News defeat but the rate
of progress on me tariff bill is about
what a lazy snail might desire.
Republicans charge the Democrats
with responsibility for it The Demo
crats are charged with asking too many
questions about too many things .which
Cologne Gazette, both far more up to
date and better informed than the Ber
lin newspapers. They are controlled !by
big financial Interests and have a wide
national circulation, chiefly i on account
of their close relationship to toe pow
ers behind the scenes.
Hugo Stinnes' attempt to- make a bit;
newspaper out of toe Berlin North Ger
man Gazette has failed thus far, as its
old reputation aa an Inspired govern
ment organ still clings to, it Although
it has often been suggested to Herr
Stinnes that he change its name, he has
refused to- do so. because.1! some sky, he
likes me semiofficial fealoj 1 1
The average German newspaper is be
wildering to the American when he
takes it up for toe first tffne. . Instead
of finding explanatory headlines over
Hew
documents as the Articles nt rna...
Oon in which Article III) the colonies.
10 assise eacn other
against alf force, offered to or attacks
made upon them or any of them" and
as .In ' the Constitution (Article ' IV..
Section 4) ."The United States shall
jwarantee to .every State in this Union
"'jrepubucan form of government and
Shall protect each of them against in
vasion -:
He'thad incorporated this idea of di
rect -guarantiee in his so-called Pan
American plan for assuring peace in
the Western Hemisphere, On Jan. 6,
i1. b told Congress that discussions
wejre -under way .with the other Ameri
ca states for a general understanding
based on an agreement to unite "In
guaranteeing to each Other, absolute po
litical f Independence and territorial in
tegrity." The Pan .American project did
not materialize; but the verbal form of
guarantee he had adopted for it re
mained in his mind. In the fourteenth
point of Jan. 8, 1918, the association of
nations is characterized as "for the
purpose Of affording" this direct guar
antee.
Consequently, when the Phillimore
plan "reached him. he was not satisfied
to accept its guaranteed agreements for
arbitration and conciliation , as a true
accomplishment "of his purpose. The direct-
guarantee had to go in, too, and
House, knowing the President's wishes,
put), if into his draft
HOUSE'S EFFORT FOR SOLUTION
But House recognised, as did also the
President, that this guarantee of the
"territorial integrity" of nations might
make the world -organization too inflex
ible and so the guarantee article, in
House's draft", is ' followed by a long.
involved set or clauses proviaing xor
such future modifications of the status
quo as . may be demanded "pursuant
to the principle of aelf -determination
and aa shall also be regarded by three
fourths of the delegates as necessary
and proper." This qualification of the
guarantee, - he explains In his letter, is
advisable in order to avoid making
"terrftSrial guarantees inflexible
and he cites aS possible contingencies
for which a door should be left open,
the desire of Canada or Lower Califor
nia to unite with the United States.
Besides the omission of the Interna
tional court, the most significant altera
tion made by thex President was the res
toration of armed force to a place among
the means of punishing violation of , the
agreements. This was dona by retaining
the form of House's articles on arbitra
tion and adding after the agreement to
use the blockade as a sanction, the
words ;j "And to use any - force that
may be necessary to accomplish, that
object.'': Another significant change was
ments-to "domestic ! safety." The guar
antee fjrticle (which in; his first draft
was Article 111 Wilson eit as nouss
ha -drafted it.: with certain verbal
chnge qualifying clauses and alL It
must be remembered that down to the
close of January, 1919, when the Presi
dent spoke of a guarantee as the "key
to the peace." It was this qualified, flex
ible "guarantee he had in mind.
Having completeo his worn, me rrw
dent went up for a rew aays resi w
li.mntis whpr'he discussed the oove-
nantwith Colon House, explained his
ehaes;"but made no further modifica
tion a in his draft
This? -first draft ox tne .covenant -
what Wilson had with him when he left
Ary,ri-'a On arriving in Europe he
was confronted with two new projects
both British. drawn up Dy txenerai
Km"nfi Bnd Lord Robert Cecil. Both
were based In large degree upon the
Prdillmore renort. but each had char
acteristic features : of its own. The
Smuts plan especially impressea me
nmident as belrur well thought out and
convinced him that his own draft needed
revision.
S3IUTZ LEADERSHIP
General Smutz:was one of the two or
three world leaders developed by the
peace ; conference. An extraordinary
man, scarcely 50 years old ; one of the
youngest leaders at the conference, yet
a lieutenant general in the British army
Wool Duty Absurd
Acid in Tariff
Farm Loan Mortgages
Salmon Fishing Treaty
keeps the Republican defenders busy
explaining. The Republicans say it Is
a filibuster. The Democrats say it is
an effort to obtain some Information
about increases in rates which are not
explained in me testimony before me
committee or' in the report presented to
me senate.
Take lactic acid. Senator Jones of
New Mexico, Dmocrat, complained when
that item came up mat he could find no
testimony to Justify an increase from
1 cents per pound to 2 cents. He want
ed to know on what me committee based
its action.
Chairman McCumber of the finance
committee In reply read a few lines from
a tariff commission report to show a
spapers Orgasms o special Iiiierests
tha news items or articles he sees col
umns of matter under a one-line head
ing that means nothing to him and per
haps Is adorned with a Question mark
or two or three exclamation points. Or
he finds all items of local interest run
underj the headline "To-Day's Local
News,? Telegraph and cable news is
printed under separate 1 headlines and.
when j Important is served with a long
editoral, so that by the time the reader
baa gone through both' the news and the
editor's comments lie has the facts and
the comments all mixed up. The result
Is it ia almost impossible to discuss im
portant International affairs j-with the
average "German, who swears by every
thing he has head In the newspaper rep
resenting his particular party.
The majority of the German news
and a cabinet minister of the! Unlpn of
South Africa. Born on a farm in .Cape
"Colony,, of Boer parentage, hej had. been
one of the most brilliant Cambridge uni
versity scholars of his time, carrying off
all the prises. , He developed early . as a
thorough going idealist "It is the spirit
alone that will not die,; ( : that
which is temporal is fleeting." ' He
fought bitterly against the British in
the Boer war and when ' tjhe Boers
were beaten he retired at 30 "1 pre
fer to ' sit stilt to water my orange
trees, and" "to- study -Kant's "Critical
Philosophy.' " In a few years he was
the foremost leader in the Union of
South Africa. His knowledge! of world
conditions was extensive andj realistic
Though; his course at Paris was marked
by certain curious contradictions, yet
he was one of President Wilson's
strongest supporters. Personally he was
a rather taciturn and unapproachable
man. high forehead, steely eye4. straight'
brows depressed in a ' habitual : half
frown, tightly Closed lips and aj powerful
Chin ; he was a man who looked the
part of the leader. He was always at
hand when there was difficultj work to
do as in the mission to Hungary.
General Smuts really wahjted, ; Just
as Wilson did. to make the League of
Nations the foundation of aj new in
ternational system, - basing its laUthority
to prevent war upon ita peace-time pres
tige. Moreover, he sought to ejndjow the
league with duties and responsibilities
which -should make it the ' source of
order - in the reconstruction of the world
out of chaos : "Europe is be(ng ' liqui
dated," he declared, . "and th League.
of Nations must be the heii? to -this
. great estate." ! i
Smuts' recommendations wer not pre
sented schematically, but were inter
spersed in the text of a pamphlet with
paragraphs of explanation.- The presi
dent had them all copied out) together
and proceeded to work them I into his
own draft He wrote these all out on
his own typewriter as befoee, ' using
sheets of the same size ; retaining the
13 articles, but adding six supplementary
articles. When he had finished he had
11 pages of new material to! nine of
original draft.
ADOPTING SMUTS' SCHEME S
From Smuts he took over a whole new
scheme of organization, establishing a
smaller council In addition to the gen
eral conference of the league. ' This
idea was by no means original with
Smuts. The practice of putting inter
national affairs into the hands of small
effective councils dominated ! by the
principal allied and associated powers
had developed extensively in jthe last
year of the war. It already had- a name.
"diplomacy by conference." It; seemed
natural to many to continue tli Is prac
tice in "time of oeace and tb-iriVe' the
league a -more 'effective organ than the'
Unwieldy general conference of all na
tions. In the league the problni of
numbers of small states would present
itself much more acutely than, during
the war, when the smaller active bel
ligerents were relatively few. I It had
been r safe to admit them to a certain
participation in the work of the-councils
without danger of being swamped. In
the. Supreme.. War, Council vthey, had been
involved 1n the ' discussion. jln the
league -there would . be a' large number
;Ot amall powers, which coukV-Bot. con
venlehly b -allowed Jto take partem- all
busine?' .Instead -'Ajf 3chnsultip.g only
particular .' States 'whenti their Interests
were involved, 'Smutfcfa,Vbred a; plan of
permanent representation of small states
on thu.:council in a minority of one to
the great powers. All this constitutional
machinery was lifted bodily from Smuts'
plan by Wilson and substituted; for-the
article previously taken over from
House's draft Again a permanent sec
retariat was Included. .
Smuts' recommendations on the sub
ject ot arbitration and the guarantees
surrounding it were also taken t over,
partly in substitution for former clauses,
partly in addition to them. Essentially
most of this material goes back to the
original Phillimore report whence Smuts
had derived it The expression is more
decisive than Wilson's modification of
House's diluted version. But the ma
large increase in importations in '1931.
He said be believed that showed me
necessity for a protective tariff, j
Then Senator Lodge announced that
he could tell about it It developed! that
Lodge 'a information consisted of a let
ter written by a manufacturer in Mas--sachuetts,
which gave other figures or
importations differing from those pre
sented by McCumber. He said Ameri
can factories, with one exception, have
closed down, and that shows -the neces
sity for protection. i j
Senator Underwood, the Democratic
leader, then analyzed me McCumber
and Lodge figures. showing that me
total importations of lactic acid have
reached only about 5 per cent of the
consumption. Foreigners are not threat
ening to swamp the American market
he said, and the reason me factories
l.ave closed down is business depression,
which has reduced the demand fori leath
er, lactic acid being used largely in the
making of leather. , ;
i Thus me debate goes on, the Demo
crats insisting that the record should
show me facts upon which is the bill is
based, the Republicans declaring mat
papers also have the failing of taking
4
!
themselves and life in general too seri
ously. They cannot see the humorous
side of things, and the average foreign
er gets ; the impression that they are
written !by professors for professors,
while the man in toe street apparently is
not considered at alL : M
Since toe war many 'new papers! have
been started as the organs of the newly
formed parties, and two or three.! prin
cipally, nationalist dailies, . have passed
OUt; - -j--!; , ' -j
Among! the new publications they com
munisst Rote Fahrne Red Flag), the! In
dependent r Socialist Freiheit Liberty),
and the moderate Zett (Times) are note
worthy. The Rote Fahne is remarkably
well informed oa matters pertaining to
political -, aad economic ; cpnditions , not
.;C:t;f-1:-r.: 1 I'F-i-
: " C - ":- -'- : : - t
chinery of arbitration was retained from
House, '.i
The article on reduction of armaments
was expanded by two paragraphs taken
from Smuts one on the abolition of
conscription, the other on the establish
ment of scales of equipment and war
material corresponding to actual forces,
BORROWED MANDATORY IDEA
The most considerable section of new
material incorporated in Wilson's new
draft from the Smuts project was a
set of four supplementary agreements
defining the mandatory system, But it
must' not be supposed that the 6ystem
was an invention of Smuts. Not only
did the central Idea have deep roots
in American policy, so that it seemed
a natural growth to the president, but
fcsmuts bad borrowed it from more
(radical thinkers than himself. The
inter-allied labor and Socialist program
of February. 1918, had looked forward
to a supervision by the league of all
colonial empires those of the allies as
well as those wrested from the enemy,
including the . subject lands of Turkey.
The concept of Smuts, limited to terri
tories spilt off from the old .empires
of Russia, 'Austria-Hungary and Turkey,
while it .embraced sections of Europe
not covered by the labor nrosrram. did
not follow it:..av. aH into the colonial
field, properly speaking. Wilson, in
taking over his project extended its
scope to the former German colonies.
But there appeared In this revised l-er
sion of the covenant two more supple
msntary agreements besides the four of
uie manaatory 'system. These were from
origins other than .the Smuts plans. One
was a recognition of the increasing ton-
EiaeratioiT given labor In the determina
tion of world affairs. It was an under-
iaKing or an members of the league to
strive for the establishment of "fair
hours and humane conditions of labor
in their own and Other countries. 1 In
somewhat altered form, this has become
(a) of Article OCXni, of the existing
covenant. -
. The last supplementary agreement of
the second Wilson draft Vas an article
requiring, ait new states to grant equal
rignts-io tnerp-.raclal or national mlnbri
ties." This article was .undoubtedly de
rived from the propaganda of-the Jews,
who always put their cause on the same
footing as that of the Lithuanians! in
Poland or Slovene in Italy.' Probably
associateu wun mis article was a new
paragraph, afterward developed into the
present Article'.XI. .which Wilson has so
OTten referred to as his "favorite article
a set-off giving flexibility to Article
X. It established .the friendly right of
any nation to realise attention of i all
to 'any circumstances anywhere which
threaten to disturb' international peace
.... , i 1 i j . ' ... ;
vi uib guuu unuerstanaing net ween na
tions." This clause would enable! a
Lithuanian or JTuglo-Slav state, to bring
before the leauerqxiestIons -affecting
the treatment ef. their, racial kinsmen in
Poland or IUlij-en.d the United, states
to bring up questions of the treatment
or Jews anywhjere. .
WHY WILSON: MADE. CHANGES
Ssista,' -Jaboia"d'4h' jeVra thus
count for an to alterations which ap
pear in the, president's second draft
There were other suggastions befofert
was the briet outline drawn up by Cecil.
L,lKe the smuts plan, it provided for an
upper council, but., unlike It this body
was to consist only of the representa
tives of great powers, and it was to do
all the real work Of the league. Strong
as were the president's feelings on the
subject of the, responsibility of the great
powers, this.. flaked form of dictation.
based frankly, on the precedent of 1813,
was too much for him.
Then there were the famous mi c crea
tions forwarded by Lansing with his
letter of December 23. It lies In the file
almost as fresh and unhandled as when
the secretary appended his signature.
The president knew Lansing's views
without reading this document Even
more strongly -than House. Lansing was
opposed to the use of force as a sanc
tion for the authority of the league over
sroiiinawjfltmMMii
tb Democrats are . over-inquisitive be
cause they want to delay passage of the
bill until near election time. It is slow
work, and both parties are watching the
boards to derive all me benefit possible
from what man;- members of the senate
believe will be me paramount issue in
the fall campaign.
The conference committee of the two
house of congress on the bill to author
ize loans on lands of irrigation districts,
notwithstanding the first mortgage pro
visions of the federal farm loan act has
settled all differences and the legislation
is expected to befinally approved with
little delay. j ;
As finally agreed on me bill extends
hte authority to loans on all reclamation
project lands, whether within irrigation
districts or not provided the lands are
not otherwise eligible for federal . farm
loans, and that the amount and matur
ity of me lien for construction charges
shall be .given consideration in fixing
values for loan purposea j ;
.Senator McNary and Representative
Sinnott were bom members of the con
ference committee, by reason of their
only in Germany and Russia, but In
America and other parts of the world
I net generally covered by German news
services. It is said that this journal
has the soviet Russian Intelligence and
propaganda services at Its disposal.
The Freiheit. la extremely francophile
and ita enemies accuse it of being sub
sidised by the French government The
Zeit is controlled by the ambitious Herr
Stresemann, the leader of the people's
arty, who fora long time has had hi
eye on the chancellor's post. The masH
aging editor. Helnrich Rippler. for al
most 30 years edited the nationalist
Taegllache Rundschau, from which he
resigned In 1321 when it became too re-i
actlonary. . ,
Strange to say, two of the three lead
recalcitrant members. Hi would have
nothing -to' do 'with forcible guarantees,
either of the processes of arbitration or
the territorial and political status quo.
He would gcr no further in collective ac
tion than a pledge of non-intercourse
with offending states a kind of nega
tive guarantee." His curiously dis
torted version of the general guarantee
article, -pledging aU member states not
to violate each" other's integrity or Inde
pendence, but allowing individual states
to do so by authorization of; the league,
was surely a charter of very doubtful
value for the peace of the world. It re
sulted in no changes in the ' president's
draft ; ' Kl " i "- .; -I- , - .v'
Many other proposals of American
origin as well as the French plan, sent
to him January 20, a Swiss plan, Bel
gian suggestions, and so on, are among
the president's documents, but ' none of
them Beem. to. have exerted ; any influ
ence upon him .in making his second
draft ' !- : ' , ; :
. This second draft of his project, hav
ing been completed, " was j handed to
Colonel House and hurriedly and se
cretly ; printed. ' It was this draft dis
tributed by the president to the Ameri
can commissioners and to certain British
loaders on January 10 that caused such
a. commotion among the diplomats. For
they saw In it for the first time,' the
concrete statement of what the presl-
aent mtenaea , to ao ror example, re
garding limitation of armament and
control of colonies. Here was a spe
cific program. It was this second draft
that was given by Mr. Bullitt to the
senate committee as the original eoven
ant which It was not ;
The circulation of the president's draft
brought forth a number, of comments
and criticisms (which he had asked for)
from General Bliss, Secretary Lansing
James Brown Scott and David Hunter
Miller. Only two of these he considered
of sufficient importance to necessitate
changes in his draft
BLISS MAST SUGGESTIONS
The lengthy commentary by General
Bliss contained many sound observa
tions and suggestions, most Of them
matters of phrasing. Two of these , that
were adopted go together. Among, the
objects ' to be secured by- the league
enumerated in Wilson's preamble stood
"orderly government''
i To this Bliss objected :. "There are
some people who may be . frightened at.
the words as a suggestion , of the
possible use of the league to put down
internal disorders." This echo of the
holy alliance was deleted from the re'
vised .'draft -j
Upon Bliss suggestion, too, the direct
guarantee of integrity and independence
was qualified by the -phrase "as against
external - aggression." ;v - i.-" i
. Bliss'' commentary dealt directly with
Wilson's plan, and action upon it was
simple. The other new- document 'was
more difficult, to deal with.-- it was the
official project of the British delegation
embodying in great detail the plan upon
which it was prepared to take its stand
In the discussion. It was transmitted
to the president Un mimeograph) ' by
Colonel House. ; on ; January ,19, with. a
nnt ntmlndine him. of a conference to
be held With Lord . Kobert ceeti - that
evening. Next day Jeeil himself sent
in .a printed copy. That Wilson's draft
ha been employed, in. preparing M- is
Clear from the fact that :lt contains an
article of direct guarantee, in much al
tered language covering only territorial
Integrity." Another article providea for
possible- revisions of the territorial
eettlement but- limits the action of the
league to recommending the change to
the states concerned and removing Its
guarantee from the territory in ques
tion.
With these suggestions in ; hand the
president at once ; prepared a third
American draft of the covenant. It was
printed, like the second, but apparently
not circulated, as it is little known. In
addition to the changes Just described,
as deriving from Bliss, it contained four
more supplementary agreements. One
of these was the troublesome 'religious
equality clause. This may well have
been the president's own contribution,
based upon familiar American tradition.
positions on the irrigation committees of 1 the result of a meeting held last Octo
the two houses. J ber 'under thei presidency'.bf L. Poln-
' Senator McNaify has been informed by
Secretary Hughes that the state depart
ment has obtained through Ambassador
Geddes the consent of the ; British gov
ernment .. to ' direct negotiation between
the United States and Canada and for
the conclusion of a treaty dealing with
salmon fishing in the waters of the
north Pacific beyond me three-mile limit
This carries out the purpose of the
McNairy resolution, requesting action by
this government to deal with i the fish
eries, the purpose being to stop me rav
ages of purse, seiners who. who beyond
me three-mile limit and beyond the reach
of the lad of 'the two countries ' con
cerned, destroy : great numbers of small
fish. ; f -. v
Eecognition Given
; French Reservists
Paris, May 13. (L N. S.) Officers- ot
the reserve corps' of me French army, as
ing newspapers in Berlin, the Tageblatt
and the Vossische Zeitung, are con
trolled by toe politically' weak demo
cratic party, or, rather, those papers
and their editors. Tfaeodo'r: Wolff and
George Bernhard. control the democratic
party, with the Frankfort Gazette in the
background. Wolff and Bernhard are
considered the most brilliant newspa
per men. in Berlin., They have a large
following and considerable Influence in
government circles- Bernhard has a na
tional reputation as ah expert on finan
cial questions. ;.'.-4h'
r The other big Berlin daily, the Lokal
Anxeiser. before the war was toe news
iest paper 4n the capital and perhaps is
still, but It Is extremely reactionary, and
unfriendly toward the government and
bitter against America; and the allies.
Th It- .1-. f I 1 ."'
,,c ,waya insistent upon not
being regarded as a
religious body. The
racial minority clause ki- .
Irmsniln "Tin lili.uiii ni . ,
-i. 1 11 7nayf!rugeted
tte other-parUcu arry.as aWna of
prcacmng h such questions InNl other
"" new : states, j ' t '4 f
, wee oi me new arti.
JW to have beerl 5 derived -i..
nsls euggestional otW7w I
with that old, thortay questloh. the fr6fl-r
fom ot the seas, nhich the nrii
fought had! been XrTly
hA xVt PoJnta- a'y Whereas Lansing
his to provide for the
sUWectalf inMrnatl
lit iVT?, weftlt to supposition
a Iref J- een accomplished
Ins collectively. iUmT.!. c.1
clc. the seas' in whole or ln -t a,"
fne or enforcing . I agreements. The
ficaeMoWrt,1.:,r V?1 the pub!
lication of all future! treaties and for-
mbeTTT11. f f ImlnaUn
WILSOJf'S VEOPEDl7.! 7 ::
This account of-ltheAevolution of the
President's Wan for league indicated
how completely hej was prepared, how
thoroughly he had thought out the pro b
iema involved, before any . commission
was evenformeU-UThe analyoia also
discloses how, little' of the project, was
,?Jn- hl function was' almost
purely that of selecting the Ideas, and
the yery language of other; men? The
context also shows that,there were many
at Paris as well prepared . a ha was.
Farther modifications were yet to be
forced upon him byf other processes than
his own logic. Orie IthJng'pf'hfe own
vhow jioi j originally ao) he was to
carry, through th
which , became' Article
It was'no doubt the
guarantee
President's ardent
nope mat jnis third draft - - of the
covenant! in wtych he handeavored to
reconcile all views, jw-ould form the basis
of; discussion j by this heads of States in
the Council of Ten. But' the 'British
draft of Jan, .19, .(contained too. many
vital differences . to a be i disposed of
in: a ,few ; revisions. There -j were,
for example. . the ' extremely", contro
versial question aaf to whether. .British
colonies i. should' 'have 'representation
separate front ; the British.; Empire, the
propiems or permanent jCourt - r In
ternational Justice fand tha " rights of
minorities. The JPresidenfa- talks -with
Cecil , and Smuts convinced j ; hint', that
these were controversies that could be
Settled only by perspbal conferendes arid
close study. Just at this1 time. also,, the
pressure of. work inj the JCoUnellrf Ten.
and other demands; oir , tha.; President's
time, had become oterwhelrping.. j .f .
was therefore tagreedV between .Ihe
Americans and the British" that the two
drafts be referred I to their lrl ad
visers, ,David i Hunter-Mijler fori th4
United States and HC. J.S: TTBrtt for
Great Britain; ;. The" 'dutooma mmn , a
composite draft, fully , satisfactory "
neither side, but finjUiy -accepted, when
the League of Nations Commission : met
on Feb. 3, as the basis of discussion. I -
t Such was the origin of 'the covenant
which became the basis of the discuss
siops in the Leagufe of Nations Com
mission. , - - I : -. ; . r f : !-
In the meantime anotner struggle. In
timately connected
With the " American
contention of i Paris,
was tn full. swing,
There were two distinct-elements: In the
President's iprogram
One.- . there must
be a League of Nationa: two. it must
be an Integral parti of.- tnp Treaty or
Peace. It will assist in-the orderly wii
deristandihg of .what;
happened at Paris
to ..consider the controversy.; which ; a,
raglng at, the ; same
time mat me cov-
enant as described
above, was being
developed, over this
second element in
the President's .program.-! : ' :'-v
Copyright. 1922 by Honbledtr. P &
Coi
care, have succeeded! h" having an' ad
visory committee fef Reserve: officers at
tached to' the ministry of -war as a per
manent, feature., -.Complaining that,, too
much attention was given to the opin
ions and needs of toe 35,000 active army
officers, the reserve jeorps, with an en
rollment or 140,000 'officers, i demanded
more recognition lit the conduct of , the 1
military affairs of the nation. .Under!
the new provision the reserve corps ' ad- i
visory, commission will be permitted t t
make recommendations concerning ; the 1
revision of the army.f now so much dis- ;
cussed in toe chamber of deputies. The
commission will Include an undercblef i
of the general staff, ia chief of the bu--l
reau of schools, an officer in the cab-,
inet of the minister of war and about a
dozen branches jof toe service, . , j 1
Toy
ebuilds
Shell Shocked
Vets
Washington, i May 1J.(T. N. S-
May 1J.(T.
war veterans
Sfteii-anocaea mar-;' veterans il can t be
cured by putting them-to work making
toys, ao declares Edward G. McCand
ish, a. war veteran 4 himself and well
known as fa portrait painter and illus
trator of ) children's I books, who - has
formed such a class at the St. Elizabeths
hospital here. This method of curing Af
flicted veterans, the (expounder of the
theory avers tends 40 develop the "in
itiative of the tpat'enjt usually lacking.
"The patient" 3ocCaidist explains, t "is
'exposed' tn the Influence of ; the busy
shop atmosphere, the fright even gaudy.
coiors usea ra painting' ine toys, and is
gradually encouraged to' take hold." of
mis work with as little obvious direction
as possible." McCandlnh's experiment is
being watched with dose interest.
Sheffield; England, itay 1-U. T.)
Smoking finally killed Mrs. Ann Ken
nedy who 1 was j fount! burned j to "death
' ''" ' '
Making R
in bed at her home In! Chesterfield lane. .
Mrs. Kennedy, .who wis 87, had smoked
a pips for 75 years. She always smoked
In bed upon retiring, s ' ;
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