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f y '
V rT W-V
SECOND MAIN NEWS
SECTION TWO
SIX PAGES '
EDITORIAL, SPORTS
i i i
77 .
PORTLAND, OREGON, SUNDAY MORNING, APRIL 16, 1922.
aWBWUBBWMilllUlilira
Giants for ConProl
0 Peace Conference at Paris
By RAY STAN NARD BAKER
... : ; (chapter 17 )
r.. v i i i
CSUI03!il!MIIH!U!SmmiS
Tha flawte Joartial tanwtth prwnta Um i!xtnU tnUDmcnt ef Bar Staanaid Biker1,
"Tb ri," nhU-h It aa anliiorUaUfa oinitln of how Um peaejf Paria wu concluded.
Woadmv WUm sat air. Baser acears to all of aia prrsonal nnpubliihod pipn, wbieh ara
lb aaly nliabla aad ImoontrowrtbU report of the facta, and wblcb heretofore bar itm bn
i pamia. im tpocnai mmrt wui r pnbBsbad to Tha Journal aerially throotlKHit tb Tear.
(Coprrisht, 1B22, by Lxrabladay, Pit, Co. FublUhed by Special Amnccmcitt vitb - j
' . th UeClur Nrwipaper Syndicate) :
TT IS COINO to bm a rdugh. and turnbl affair, this peace conference."
Mr. Balfour had propheled two monthf before it began. - , ,
It wu a aKaciou prophecy. . The force pt the old order went to Paris,
ae hae been shown, quite confident of making a peace of their own kind.
They were in the stronger tactical position. They had
with them ' .tradition, experience, .trained diplomatic
leadership and, above ' all. consummate organization.
No. parts of the governmental fabrics of Europe, sensi
tive to their own security, were so perfectly developed
as the diplomatic and military ystems.'.i.;v'V:'i;::i
' On the other hand, the forces of the new order, as
shown In previous chapters, were also gathered at Paris,
not without vigorous organization and leadership, and,
if wanting in tradition, full of enthusiasm and aspira
tion : and confident" (however Justly) that if they , did
not have the support' of the leaders of the European
Ray Stannard governments, at least they had with them the people of
Baker -the-world. --.These) two forces now came, strongly Into
'. . conflict, and in the first .place, naturally enough, over
tactical problems of organization and procedure. Who should control this
vital world conference? Should it be the military men who bad been con
trolling Europe for four years, or should the civil authorities again assert
their dominance?
Few people realise what a struggle
went on at Paris throughout the con
ferencebetween the military group and
heads ef states. This effort within the
sworet conferences to escape from mili
tary dominance and the military spirit
will be treated In the present chapter.
After that came the not less vital strug-
a-U aa tai what Mri should control
the conference, what procedure should
be followed' and , what language
language Is always a symbol of power
should be regarded ss official.
In the eagerness to know what wae
done at Paris too little attention has
been given to these enormously Import
ant Initial tnaltara ff orianliatlon. In
any political congestion, any trade union,
any business organisation. It Is the
A B C of the proceedings to make sure
nf controlling organization and proce
dure. 80 it was, pre-eminently, at rarta
A Urge proportion of the . settlements
were either of decided or profoundly In
fluenced before they were even dis
cussed. ! .-. . .
I remember well my first sight of
Marshal Forh. at. a curiously oramatlc
mo.int. which I shall think of always
i aa kind of syitibol of the entire peace
. r-nfarenre. It was lt the ante-room or M.
' T'ehon's cabinet at Ihe KraQcn, forelsra
ut1.ee In the-tjual d'Oreay. tbat high
celled room with Its old tapestries and
rich carpets and upholstery and liveried
rvants, who were always going nolse
lemly In sad out. '-
In the room beyond were meeting the
chiefs of the four great powers with
their various advisers and secretarlea
The president of the United States was
there and the prime minister of Great
Britain, the premier of Italy and the
orealdent ef the council ox Ftanee.
One entered M. Fiction's cabinet of
state through double doors fitted with
steel rods so that they closed ; together
ana made the room. within quite sound
proof. I found out later that this se
crecy was only one of the fine cere
monials of diplomacy and that the pro
ceedings within trickled out through
channels closed by no double doors ; but
as a ceremonial It was highly impressive.
une morning this was In January not
long after the beginning of the confer
enceI saw these doors burst suddenly
open as though vigor,. -:s!y pushed from
within, and out strode a short, stocky,
gray-haired man, very erect, who looked
like some old and studious college pro
fessor, but who wore the uniform of a
marshal of Franca Behind Mm came
flying the little, agile Pichon. pleading
with him td return. , - '.
"Jamais, jamais !" said Marshal Focn
angrily. . i , r -
i Ho, he would never return. He was
through with' the peace conference. He
would never go back.
But in a moment he was ' suddenly
persuaded ; and ne did go back, ' and the
secret doors closed again behind him,
I never J saw -i Mm - afterward without
having ' the Impression that he looked
mors like a contemplatice , old scholar
than like a great general. And h had
amiability and charm, of manner. -'
. "I want to shake your hand. Marshal
Focn," said an American who met him.
. "Shake both of them," he replied
heartily, holding them out. ..
I have sometimes thought of the Inci
dent I have described as a symbol of
the peace . conference, for., throughout
those troubled months at Paris the gen
erals and the admirals. It seemed, were
forever being thrust out of the councils
by the frock coat and forever being
called .back again, .tor coming back of
their own accord,. It -must never j be
forgotten that they had until that hour,
for more than four .years, been supreme
in the .world. They had at Paris in the
supreme war council, with its powerful
economic satellites a World government,
a super-state, a League of Nations, by
the side of which the league later cov
enated at Paris, so far - as immediate
power, was concerned, was a pale rem
iniscence. - They w ere strong men, these
generals, accustomed to tin trammeled
power and they let go reluctantly.
This is no mere allegory of what
happened at Paris ;. it was : actually the
way the peace conference began. At
the head of the first page of the secret
minutes of thet peace conference on Jan
uary 11. 1919, the first day of the ses
sion, will be found this caption. '"Notea
of a meeting of the supreme war coun
clU" ' .. k . . - '
FOCH'S TOICK FOR HOSE JVAE B
'-Kot only the peacemakers' were there,
but the generals, too; Foch and Wey
gand of France,- Sir . Henry Wflson for
Great Britain, General Bliss for Amer
ica. : And Marshal Foch, the hero ,; Of
France, was present wid great 'new
military puna He was Still for fight
ing ! ' He recommended sending Immedi
ately art allied army (chiefly of Amer
icans and commanded by an American)
to Poland ; he was for- crushing,; In
stantly,- the' Bolshevik! . of i Russia r he
was for sorting out all the Vast numbers
of Russian prisoners of . war in Germany
and sending home those who were op-1
posed to the Bolshevik! ; he was for
keeping military possession of the Rhine
permanently for : France.
Tpus it was that the American peace
makers coming to Europe to attend a
pease conference found themselves first
of all. in a supreme council of war con.
ceraed with renewal, of the armistice
and, the immediate military problems of
Europe, The initial problems that; pre
sented itself was ho mere: struggle to
apply" accepted principles to . a. static
situation, no mere ?. grappling of the
new diplomacy,, .the; new order, with
the . old ; no great 'and noble endeavor
to establish a world orEraniiation. but.
In very truth, a driven effort to put out
the still . obstinately blazing embers of
war. Peace had. Indeed, been : aarreed
upon in November, but peace had not
arrived. i . - -, r
On page 7 of these historic records of
the first day's session (January 12 one
will find these- words : - y -, , ' i .
' He then CM. Pichon. the " chair)
' man) decided (that the meeting
should ' continue without the mili
tary .men, ' who thereupon - with-
'. drew. - '
"There, follows,, dojubla jspaclng upon
toe rage ana.nen tnese,- woras-.-
v M. Pichon thonsht that it was In f
'rtler for the meeting ' -to consider
; .the orocedure of the conference.
( la'thhj infortnak yet somehow studied
way,' the peace conference began, slip
ping from a supreme war council into
a supreme peace council as It again
and again so easily slipped back. The
Americans "who came to Paris - thus
Btepped Into a moving machine,' well
oiled, and operated by men who had
long been working together : and work
insr for. destructive?, not fan reconstruc
tive, purposes.' Moreover, ,- the military
men had , In ' reality , . In making . such
sweeping armistice- terms gone: far rto
ward. predetermining and shaping 'the
peace settlements. - The French rot the
line of the Rhlnev the Italians that of
the London treaty and TOssession Is
nine points. . ' - : . ,
O-itics , after the .event forget that
peace had to foe made in aa atmosphere
still reeking with the fumes of war and
still more or. less dominated by the mili
tary: spirit It could not I have ; been
otherwise. For four .years the nations
had been committed -to the use of .every
agency via ; building up r. a : war psychol
ogy i to giving men the. martial " spirit,
Instilling hatred as an antidote for fear,
driving nations .into an artificial 'unity
of purpose by the. force of sheer -neces
sity. - As a monument , to, this passion
and bitterness there yere 7,500.000 men
lying dead in Europe and 20,000,000 had
been wounded, there . were devastated
cities, ruined mines and factories, stu
pendous debts. Build, up such a psy
chology - for : four years, innoculate the
entire publte opinion of Ine world with
it, and then ask "four men at Paris or
one man at Paris to change It all in
threa months! It was not merely a
world peace that had to be made but
world psychology that had to be
changed., r : .
No inconsiderable part of the atten
tion of the conference was directed, all
the 'way through, to extinguishing the
little remaining fires left over from the
great conflagration in Russia, in Hun
gary, ; Asia : and elsewhere," - Once - we
counted no fewer than 14 such small
wars going on in various parts of Eu
rope., -t The military - men "who there
upon withdrew on January 12 kept
returning all through the conference.
with- their military methods, their mill
tary suggestions, their military ambi
tionsas they have been returning ever
since ; or 'i they confused its ' purposes
and balked its activities by i summary
action on? their own account.- They were
always breaking out in Poland, Russia,
Germany. Hungary. Jugoslavia and else
where,, trying to: take things into their
own. hands, and, too . often, as J shall
show later,, they were, secretly encour
aged by leaders within; the very councils
of the t powers sthemselveav 'j We find
French . generals encouraging "a revolu
tion in the . Rhine provinces ; a British
reneral Betting up a , whlte" govern
ment in Western Russia ; Italian officers
acting on their own account on the
Adriatic and in Asia Minor, and even
an American officer leading the Czechs
into the Teschen coal, basin r 1 v
WILSOJT CLASHES. WITH FOCH
u Literally the first clashes- In th e con
ference ,. arose directly' out of . the at
tempt ito substitute . civil for - military
methods. Thus when Marshal Foch sug
gested that, an allied armjv- made up
ohieflv -ot. Atnerlcaor troops, be sent . to
Poland immediately, tor the, purpose bf
fighting the- BolahevlkW Presides t Wil
son strongly opposed the plan; He said
"there was great' doubt in - his mind - as
to whether Bolshevism could be checked
by " arms,- and therefore it , seemed to
him unwise to take action In a military
form before, the powers : were agreed
upon a course o action for checking
Bolshevism v as ; a: social and political
danger." -
" Military -leaders had been-all-powerful
for so long it was difficult for them to
owaManmBiiiaiiamBaiw
stop functioning :They . sought not only
military control, but desired to dominate
in political and-economy matters' as
welL.- -When , our treasury representa
tiye, .,' Mr Davis, arrived in Paris he
was -informed by M. Klotx, French fi
nance minister, that he would simply be
an adviser to Marshal Foch, to. which
be immediately and strenuously objected.
When It was proposed that civil experts
be attached to General Focn in ms deal
ings with the Germans, at Spa, be in
dignantly spurned , the suggestion and
for a time refused to carry out -the or
ders of his own . government: unless ; he
was allowed io retain full power. - Cle
menceaa bad actually to plead with him
tsecret mlnuteaj March ZIK: :": , v ; -
: ' M. Clemenceau said that. -putting i
aside ' altogether his - own personal .
opinions, he would allow himself to .
ask Marshal Foch whether he would
not " subordinate - bis own personal '
feelings and inclination in order to "
remain the mouthpiece of the allies.
It was essential that no dis-'-sentions
should appear , among the '
allies -on the eve of taking a do- J
clsion which might lead tovvery "
t. serious consequences; even , to a re-
newai pf hosturaeay i; ,: ;;
But Foch rejected the' idea of having
any authority above him,"' He- would not
go to Spa "merely to deliver a letter,
He was not "merely a letterbox. ," ,
It- took- a . private :- session with the
heads of the governments (on March 21)
finally to persuade him. . - ,
Thus the struggle to keefp down , or
abate the military spirit arose often to
the sharpest "controversies.- - Once Cle
menceau . (February -7) burst out With
the remark that "Marshal Foch was not
a military pope 1 he was sometimes mis
taken. He was a great general and all
were prepared to do him honor as such,'
but:there was other work here to dot
In a later session." when Marshal Foch
practically, demanded that the, peace
terms be ready, by April 1, Mr. Balfour
observed ; that the "military delegates
"wished to force the council to settle
peace ! by that date under .pain-f of not
being able to enforce their will upon the
enemy." This was equivalent to holding
a pistol af the head of the council.
Lloyd George had of ten , to defy the
generala' -: "No "general's opinion win
shake my decision," he says on March 7.
x Constantly ' the remedies , suggested
were 'those of force. Here were great
armies still undemobilised ; why not use
them? That army " of 2,000,000 ? young
Americans in superb: condition v was
vast temptation to the generals ; expedi
tion over half the world, were planned
for it in the six months after the arm-
WILSOJf lGAISST WAB .SKI KIT
: Tfo 'man fought harder than "President
Wilson to prewent' extensions of war,' to
get j away ifrom - the mtlit&ry?, spirit, -to
set up again- normal -agencies and civil
processes. I remember once taking .up
to. him some: excellent , reports by the
experts on the situation' irr Central Eu
rope. He read them carefully and said
,H"They are like most of the reports we
get i good enough la presenting) the facts.
EwaasBTOBiiiii
but they do i not tell us what to do.
They all ask us to. make more war."
It. was. the-Prussian idea of force, of
military sanctions ' and military . methods
that he was seeking to get at way from
that had to.be got away from before
peace could ' be made. . "This was a part
of the "old order" that had caused the
war i he was there to establish a "new
order.!' They had hewn away, with stu
pendous effort, the head of the Prussian
hydra, and here had grown new hydra
heads all over Europe. The old forces
were even here In the peace conference,
trying to'' dictate or at least influence
the settlements. In an eloauent argu
ment in the Council of. Four, while the
Italian question was , under . discussion
and Sonnlno was arguing on the basis
of the secret treaty of London for the
control of the 'Adriatic by Italy, ' for
military, reasons, the president said: v -
Military men. with their strategic.
, military, economic arguments, - were-
responsible for tat treaty, or . 1816. ,
, Similarly, military map were responds
stDie lor .Alsace-Lorraine. unitary .
men have led. Europe to one blunder
t after another. 1 , We are now t,
' engaged in setting up an interna- .
tional' association. --If -this
. does not suffice, then two orders r
will exist the. old and the new. -We
cannot drive, two- horses ."
at once. s The people -of the United -
" States of America will repudiate it .
' They are: disgusted with the eld '
order, t Not only the American peo
pie. - but " the people of the whole '
world, are' tired of the old system ;
and they will not put up with gov-
ernments that support it:' '. ,,
.But the French desired a strong, hard
peace, and-if they had suffered terribly
by military force they still clung des
perately to it. They were ' still afraid,
and not without reason, of Germany.
It was they who had suffered most;
borne. the brunt of the- war; it was they
who would-- be most likely to suffer
again," should Germany rise to power
and prove revengeful. ?. They were well
aware what, terms . the .Germans would
have imposed : upon, them if, they had
been the victors. , They were, therefore.
fearful f a too swift demobilisation
of -the allied armies, a too rapid sub
eidence of lie martial spirit. '.'They
wished to maintain large armies for pos
sible use against Germany or Russia.
It waa plain that the more vigorous the
maintenance: of the - war - feeling, the
severer the peace terms could be made.
5t,Was bne of the great criticisms of
the president by the French that he de
layed' mo. long In. Visiting the. devastated
rtgions They apparently - wished to
steel-him t. severity by., giving him a
visual demonstration of how France had
suffered how France felt,' imparting to
him- some measure of their own sorrow
and bitterness. On February 10 M.
Klotz, French minister of finance, was
brought into the council and began read
ing a pamphlet regarding" the frightful
destruction of French 'industries by the
Germans in the-occupied regions.. But
President Wilson said that -'this evW
dence may no doubt affect, our frame
of mind, but what effect , will It have
on our plans T" . He felt with all bis
strength that the peace must no be
approached in a spirit of ' passion or
hatred or fear, but wrth all the calm
nessw the reason, the patience, that could
be commanded. - It waa peace that they
wanted, not the spirit of revenge. This
be worked for, early and late. , v
OPPOSED HAkSHEQ TEB3IS ' : , ;T -
At each renewal of the already severe
armistice terms Marshal Foch endeav
ored to impose more and harder Con
ditions upon the enemy and even to an
ticipate by armistice extensions which
could be finally enforced by military
action, 'settlements which properly be
longed in the peace treaty. -..,."-
President Wilson -set down his foot
firmly against these extensions, argu
ing that the Germans had ceased fight
ing upon certain agreed tonus and that
it was not Just or right to force them
to accept hew terms in advance of the
treaty. The allies had endorsed . his
plan of settlement ; and the' Germans
bad ceased fighting upon a clear under
standing of its provisional He saw in
such methods only a revival of the ha
treds and bitterness of the war, which
he waa seeking to allay. .
"What . I villi to avoid." he said to
the council, "because of mistakes Nnade
In the original terms of the armistice,
is to seem to add - new coaditlona"- -
In thia he was strongly supported by
General Bliss, who had made' his fight
previously In the military section of the
supreme war council, and even sent to
the 10 a minority report embodying his
objection. -. The introduction of . such
demands into the renewed armistice ac
companied by threat to use . force, m
dishonorable It Is -not neces
sary, and i - ' it may mean the re
sumption of the-war."
Mr. Lloyd George, and more especially
Mr. Balfour, supported the Americans
In this contention - ' - .,r' .
But throughout the conference Mar
shal Foch stubbornly fought for the ex
treme French demands. The whole peace
conference .must have been a hateful ex
perience for the grizzled old general who
had won the war. All his life long he
had been , trained to no other end than
to: make war; he knew only military
ways and military methods, and through
out the .conference tie worked passion
ately for the welfare of France, as h
saw it, and in the only way he knew,
which was the warlike way. One had
often - the -impression that, though he
was the .most acclaimed man .-in; all
France, walking . always In glory," yet
that he -was full of bitterness of spirit.
If he bad had bl way ho . would no
doubt - have plunged Europe into more
war, not only Immediate war, but more
fearful future war, but he .nevertheless
thought himself , absolutely right In his
contentiona JHt could kneel humbly at
mass each morning, as was his Invaria
ble custom, and ask the blessing of God
noon what he did. Finally.' so unrelent
ing was his opposition that they made
the treaty without even' allowing him to
see a copy '.ef-its provislons-before.lt
was presented to the sixth plenary ses
sion. - " '- ;"--:..''- .
"I should - have, certain remarks to
make, he said in a powerful speech on
rwaaaMaawitjaaaiiaiiii wissiiiiiiiwi aaBraaaiBaiiijiiiiiiaiiiiiiBi
arasSSfSWSWISIWMMWSallt JH
T1X
t ... - . - i -. : . , , ,. . -. . -.
.'; '.. .1 :Z . , ' ' . . ." ". ' - ' : '
that occasion, "if I had the text f the
treaty draft, but I must, admit It is not
yet la my possession." "
Nevertheless, be stood up there, a bold,
obstinate, brave. short-slgRed old sol
dier, to fight te the last a treaty be
thought not severe ou-h. That be bad
with him a large following of French
puuiic opinion is certain a public pin
ion that deposed Clemenceau as soon as
the peace conference was at an end.
As en vnescapable corollarr of this
war spirit, as a result of the overwhelm
ing Victory of the alliea the im Dulse
everywhere among both the great and
small nations of Europe the small na
tions were as unrestrained as the great
was to seize Instantly upon the material
truita of victory to grab.' There had
been vast 1 oases, losses la man and
Property; these must be recouped and
recouped at once. And this was by ro
means the spirit alone of the leader a.
who wanted islands, coal minea, cities
or ships; every peasant who had lost a
cow wanted his cow or two cows 1
instantly returned to him. This aspect
of the situation, after the peace confer
ence began, became so bitter, so menac
ing, that on January 24 President WU
son drew- up the following communica
tion to the nations of the world, read It
to his associates in the conference, and
with their approval it was issued. This
warning against the world-wide spirit of
grab was thus his first Important public
utterance. at the peace conference. .
The governmenu new associated
In conference to affect a lasting
peace among the nations are deeply
disturbed by the news which comes
. to them of the many instances in ,
which armed force is being made
use' of, in many parts of Europe
and the East, to gain possession of
territory, the rightful claim to w hich
- the peace conference Is to be askvd
to determine. They deem It thir
duty to utter a solemn warning that
. possession gained by force win seri
ously prejudice th claims of those
who use such mean a It wrill create
- the presumption that those who em
ploy force doubt the justice and vaU
. idity of. their claim and propose to
s substitute possession for proof of
right, and set up soTereipnty by '
coercion rather than by racial aaso
. elation. They thus put a cloud upon .
every evidence of title they may af
terward "allege, and indicate their
. distrust ( of the - conference Itself.
- Nothing but the most unfortunate
: results can ensue.-- If they expect -
Justice they must refrain from force
' and place their claims la unclouded -
good faith In the hands of the con
. ference of peace
But his words at this time, as I shall
show later, were words In the wind.
The peace conference.' .therefore, must
not be considered apari-ircflu eft
ting; not aa a separate and -detached
body,' calmly considering what was best'
for ths world, but as a stormy transi
tion period between war and war psy
chology, and the best arrangement for.
peace that could be made at a moment
still dominated by the spirit ef war. It
was a time when men "wandered - be
tween two -wor Ida one dead,, the other
powerless to be born." . t
Copyrtcht, 1 22. by Doabbday. Par Co. '
, as b-chu n art. . . .. .
- ' Te, be eaaunocd ant Bandar, . . .
Robert Lansing
r. I Anonymous 4K -
n"sitvimwm
BBS
I
x
!
i
a.aJ
(PatlialMd sad CutryrtaM by 0. P. Pauaata'i
i
AH ItlsHta Ramd by t'oiud Pasters
HTSuieaua -
iBrprndootlPe rrobdbttad)
H
K WHO bolleves in luck should study
the career of f.ohert Lansing. Mr.
leasing probably thinks that the god
dess of chance played him a scurvy trick
after hslng admitted him to the Olym
pian' heights, to break him as suddenly
sa she made him. : - - . , '
Robert Lansing's real misfortune was
not knowing how to ptay his luck. It is
curious the fear men have of death. The
former, secretary of state's only hope of
. Immortality was to commit political sui
cide, and he lacked the courage or the
"vision to fall upon his sword. -
Whn Wooerow TTTlson ws elected
president for the first lime he appointed
Mr. Kryan secretary of state. The opin
ion Mr. Wilson i ntertalned Of Mr. Bryan
we ell know, Mr. Wilson waa not given
to letting his thoughts run wild, but on
one occasion, with pen In band, be per
mitted hlmaif the luxnry of saying
what he thought and expressed the pious
Hope' that somebody wouhi knock the
llstlngulahed Kebraakan- Into a cocked
bat and thus dispose of the perpetual
candidate who waa the Old Man of the
Bea to the ImocraUc party. '
Circumstances alter cssea Mr. Wil
son, ss a private citizen, could ssy and
think what be pleased ; as president he
wae compelled to make Mr. Bryan sec
retary of state. As Mr. Bryan knew
nothing of history and l-ss of European
politics and had a superb disdain of dl
plomacy diplomacy according to the
tenets ef Bryanlsm being an unholy and
Immoral ' game in which the foreign
players were always trying - to out
maneuver the vlrtuooa and. Innoeent
American he was provided with a po
litical nurse, mentor and guardian in
the person of John Bassett Moore, -who
had a long and brilliant career as aa In
ternational lawyer, and diplomatist. Mr.
Pryan busted himself with finding soft
fobs for deserving Pernor rats, preach
ing and Inculcating the virtue of grape
'" Juice to the diplomatic corps, and con
cocting plans whereby the sword was to
be beaten Into a typewriter and war be
come a loet art. Meanwhile Mr. Moore
waa doing the serioua work of the de
partment.
No two men are more unlike than Mr.
Bryan and Mr. Moore.. Mr. Bryan
bundle ef looawly tied emotions to whom
a catchy phrase or an unsound theory
Is more precious than a natural law or
the wisdom of the philosopher Mr,
Moore an InUIJert who has subordi
nated hi amotions, and to whom facts
are ss Important aa mathematics to an
engineer. It was an Incompatible union;
, It rouM not last Mr. Moore became
' nwpattent ef his chiefs vagaries, and
about a yr Liter, returned to the d'.g
i Hit julft ef Columbia university,
random way In which: chance weaves
her skein. Mr. Moore went out of . the
department and left the office of coun
Sellor'vacant, an office, up to that time.
so little known that the -public, if it
gave I the matter any thought, believed
Its occupant was the, legal adviser of
the department, while, as s matter of
fact, he is the under secretary, which
Is now the official designation.
At this stage ef -hls career Mr. 'Lan
sing was connected with the department
as an adviser on international affairs
ntnd had represented, the United States
In many international arbitrations. He
was known to a smalt -and select circle
of lawyers specialising in international
law, but to the public his name meant
nothing. He; had' always been a good
Democrat, although he was married to
the. daughter of the late John W. Fos
ter.' who wound up a long and brilliant
diplomatic life as secretary of state in
President Harrison's cabinet after Mr.
Blalne'g resignations " r. ',; ,-
. - ., '':Hi : : 'I.'
TR. LANSING had made Washington
1Y1 his home for many years, and when
the new Democratic administration came
Into - power he believed his services to
the party entitled: him to recognition ana
he soueht the appointment of third as
sistant secretary of state. The third as
sistant secretary Is ' the of flclal social
secretary Of the government. -When roy
alty or other distinguished persons come
to this country as the guests of We na
tlon the third assistant -secretary is the
master of ceremonies. He has to see
that all the forms are properly complied
w-lth and nothing happens to mar the
visitors1 enjoyment' He sends out invi
tatkms. In the name of the state depart
ment, to the funerals of ambassadors or
the inauguration of the president, But
for some reason Mr. Lansing's praise
worthy ambition was defeated. v
- Mr.' Moore had knowledge, learning.
and experience, but he was denied the
gift of divination. Had he known .that
a few months later a half erased youth
in an unheard of place was to be the
unconscious agent to set the whole
world aflame, undoubtedly he would
have put up with Mr. Bryan's carious
ideas and peculiar methods and stuck to
his desk at the state department, and
Mr. Lansing would never, have been
heard of. But at the turning point Jn
Mr. Moore's career his luck deserted
him and Mr. Lansing became the bene
ficiary. Mr. Lansing, Who would have
been satisfied with the appointment of
third assistant secretary of state.
minor place in the hierarchy, was ap
rotnted by Mr. Wilson counsellor of the
department of state. ,
A
FEW months later the situation
changed. The state department be
came not only the center about which
the whole, machinery of the government
revolved hut on '.I was fnruwvl th at.
This was early In I9H. Now tor the tentloa Of the country and the thoughts
of Europe. , ' Tha counselor of the depart
ment was lifted out of his obscurity;
despatches to the belligerents signed
'Lansing" were published ;.. he received
papers, statements were Issued by him,
he was Interviewed; he received ambas
sadors, and when aft ambassador visited
the state department the nerve" centers
of the whole world were affected. -Again.
a few. months later. In 'June, 1915, Mr.
Bryan kindly accommodated Mr. Wilson
by knocking himself into a cocked hat
and Mr. Lansing w-as appointed sec
retary of state. Pew men had. risen so
rapidly. He bad no reason to complain
of his luck. A . '
Mr. Wilson made some extraordinary
appointments a close observer has said
he could read motives but not men and
hia appointment of - Mr. ,; Lansing at a
time of crisis .would have .been , inex
plicable were It not logical as Mr. Wilson
reasoned. Mr. Wilson did not' invite as
his associates his Intellectual equals or
those who dared to oppose him; it was
necessary that the-' state- department
should have a , titular head, but Mr.
Wilson was resolved to be .his own sec
retary of state and' take Into his own
hands the control of foreign policy. No
great man, no man great enough to .be
secretary, of state when the world was
in upheaval, would have -consented to
that Indignity ;. no man Jealous of his
Own self-respect could have ; remained
Mr. Wilson's secretary of state for long.
:. Perhaps Mr; Wilson reads men better
than ' his critics, believed ; perhaps Mr.
Wilson had fully taken the measure of
Mr. Lansing and knew how far he could
go. . , - s ' '
Nature never Intended Mr. Lansing to
be a leader of men, to fight for a great
cause, or to engage In physical or intel
lectual combat. His life has' been too
soft for that, and be is naturally indo
lent, He is fond : of and with more
than the amateur's appreciation for mu
sic, painting, -poetry and the classics of
literature. He has dabbled Inverse and
be has written, but without brilliancy.
Accident made' him a - lawyer, but he
was really intended to be an artist; he
would . have produced - no masterpieces.
for genius- Is not in him, but; he would
have been happy in his work and. per
haps have given Inspiration to men of
greater taient. . , . - j.
T TNTIL Mr. Lansing Wama secretary
kj or state ne naa never known respon
sibility. Practically hla" entire life had
been spent . as a subordinate, carrying
out with seal and intelligence -the tasks
assigned to him, but always In obedience
to a stronger mind, Nothing more weak
ens character or intellect , than for a
man habitually: to turn to another, for
direction of inspiration ; a; w ays to play
the part of aa Inferior to a mental
superior. For years Mr. Lansing had
been connected with many international
arbitrations which, -theoretically, was a
-. '-. . BiiWrt T.Ktiatna-
- Ex-Secretary of state ; borti at Watertown, K.,T.. October 17, 1864 ; education,
AJ- B., Amherst, 1886: (LL.D Amherst, ,1915. Colgate. 1915, . Princeton. 1917.
Columbia, 1S18,' Onion 1918. University State of New York 1919) : admitted to bar,
1889 ; associate counsel ; for United States; in Behring Sea arbitration, 1892-3 ;
counsel for Behrlng Sea claims commiesion, 1896-7; solicitor and counsel for the
United States under the. Alaskan boundary tribunal, 1908 r "Counsel North Atlantic
coast fisheries -arbitration at The Hague. 1909-1:- agent, of United States,
American and British 'claims arbitration, 1912-14 ; Counselor for department of
state, March 20. 1914-June 23, 1915 ; secretary of state in cabinet of President
Wilson, June 23, llS-February,-1920 f member .American commission, to negotiate
peace,' Paris, 1918-lS.v j'w-"-r:5fe-t f H --Vi-:::, ?v.'--.' ,.o '""":.:,. t.-V
magnificent training for a future sec- tkinal relations ; there ; Is nothing more
re tary of state, and actually would have
destroyed the ' creative S. administrative
usefulness ef a much stronger man than
Robert 'Lansing. ' -t '
' In - the. whole . mummery ; . of lnterna-
farclcal than an International arbitra
tion. It is always jrecedod by great
popular excitement,' A ship Is seized,
a boundary is run" a few degrees" north
or south of the conventional line,' some-
; The N ational Capital
Will Bonus Bill Be Shelved in Congressional, Archives Rivers
. -: and Harbors Appropriation t Increased Former
; ;; V Portlander Continues Fight on Army System. v.
Congress Shelters." . - "
"Sleeping Beauties", 4 '
TVTASHINGTON. April 15. (WASH
VV INQTON BUREAU OF THE JOUR
NAL) One of the main subjects or spec
ulation where politicians meet In Washt
Ington Is whether the soldier bonus bill
wili Join the list of sleeping beauUes.'
A "sleeping beauty is a biU which trav
els along with a fan-fare of trumpets
for a time, is passed by one house or
the other. : end then is tenderly - placed
ou a shelf to sleep. "' " 1
.The fate of the bonus bUl in the sen
ate is uncertain. It has Jt greater pro
portion of resolute opposition. In the sen
ate than it bad In the house, and a still
larger, number ot senators, knowing the
f eeUng of rfhe president , and Secretary
Mellon, is disposed to complain that the
house did not "play fair, - The "senators
think the house was too anxious to get
the bill oft Its doorstep, without regard
to the consequences for senators.
-The champions of the bonus" bill in
clude Senator Lodge, -the Republican
leader, and . Senator McCumber, chair-,
man of the finance committee, which hae
the measure In charge. -.vBat Its out
spoken opponents make' Up a list ol
prominence - and Influencei Included; In
the opposition are Underwood, the Demo
cratic leader; Warren, chairman of the
appropriations committee Nelson, chairs
man of judiciary ; Wadsworta, chairman
of military affairs; Glass and Wmiama
prominent among the minority members;
Borah, and the new senator- from Penn
sylvanla. Pepper. Warren and Nelson
are the sole senatorial survivors of the
Civil war. , -
Prominent among the "sleeping beau-
tlee' or the present congress- is - the
Borah "free. . tolls bill, .-which :-. went
through ,the senate last ;fa3L ' It came
to an ad nipt halt in the house, and still
slumbers i in , committee. Freedom - of
American ; shipping .. from , tolls - at the
Panama canal : was one of the- pledges
of the Chicago platform. 'After the bUl
passed In the senate it was given out
that action would be postponed until
after the ama conference, so" there might
be no International .discussions about It
while the conference was- en. ; s
- The .house spent several weeks passing
an anti-lynchlng bill, for which consid
ers ble pressure was exerted by South
ern Republicans of color. K It adopted
such' extreme penalties - upon communi
ties where lynching take place - that it
was .conceded the senate would ' rewrite
the bill, .if it is ever seriously considered.
So far It has received no consideration
m the sjenate. . .- - ; : . '"i--?,.v-;-' r.
- One ' measure over which the house
f oughtt. three sanguinary s battles has
gone to; permanent rest, so far as the
present session is concerned. ' This Is the
reapportionment bill, to adjust the house
membership to the changes hi population
made by-the last census. The house has
given it up as a too-difficult jobi . '
Ship subsidy hearings, beginning April
4, do not seen likely to bring any result
except in volumes of test Jnony. The
veterans of senate' "and -. house ;do " not
see any chance for it at, such a- fate
date, and;,, they: doubt - the wisdom, of
ormging sucti a .controversial, subject on
for debate on the eve of another-eleetion.
No report may be made until the joext
serfiion, despite the damage certain to
be done to the merchant marine by con
(CenehsJed os Pass Pita. Coteata I1tc)
thing else "etjually trivial fires' the pa
trtoUc hearts The-flag has been Insulted, 1
the offending nation is a land grabber.
national honor must be, vindicated. Sec-:
retaries of state write no tea, ambassa
dors ' are instructed,' the -' press becomes
rabid, speeches- are .made; the public. Is
advised to 'remain calm, but it is also
assured there will be no surrender. .After
a few weeks the public forgets about
the insult or the way in which it has
been robbed ; but the responsible officials
who have never allowed themselves to
become excited, ; continue, the . pleasing
pastime of Writing no tea. i " ' ? y ;
". Month,' sometimes - years. " drag on.
then a new secretary of state or a for
eign minister, to clean the slate, proposes
that, the childish business be 'ended by
an International arbitration. More Weeks.
more often months, are.spent in agreeing
upon the terms of reference, .and finally
the dispute goes before an 1m partial
arbitral tribunaL. Both sides appoint
agents and secretaries, an imposing ar
ray of counsel. ' technical experts ; . and
as the' counsel are always well paid they
have a conscientious .obligation to earn
their feea."' , - ,.-r.-'.' 5Vc ' c ' :
. More, months are required to prepare
the " case,- which f cequently - runs - into
many, printed volumes ; and the more
volumes the better pleased everybody la,
as size denotes Importance. The arbitra
tors,, although they are-'- governed by
principles of law, . knew what is ex
pected of them, and - they rarely dis
appoint, Almost invariably their de
cision Is a compromise, so nicely shaded
that while neither side can claim victory,
neither side suffers, the humiliation of
defeat: 1 - .. ' .. ". :l.
- - v:? ' '
IF Mr, Lansing had been a man of more
robust fiber, he would have returned
his portfolio to Mr. Wilson as early aa
19 H. for the president was writing notea
to the-belligerents and did, not. even as
a perfunctory courtesy, consult sec
retary of sUte ; ; he made it only too
patent he did . not consider his advice
worth asking. .Mr. .Lansing was . too
fond ot his official prominence . to .sur
render It easily, .and this Is another
curious thing about the man. Somewhat
vain, - holding himself in much higher
estimation than the world did. few. men
have so thoroughly enjoyed .of flee as he.
Put he remained the quiet and unas
suming gentleman be had always been;
and he certainly -could not have deluded
himself Into believing that there was a
still higher office for him to occupy.
? Mr. Lansing could not screw up his
courage to resign In 1S16. The follow
ing year the United States was at war,
and he naturally Coaild not desert bis
post : but in 1919, Mr. Lansing was given
another opportunity and still. he was
obdurate.;- He has told us in his public
confession fiat he tried to persuade the
president . not to go to Paris. . Mr. Wil
son, as usual, remained unpersuaded.
and Mr. Lansing humbly followed in
his train. . - :-
Then, of ' course, Mr. Lansing could
not resign," but in -Paris he was even
more grossly, humiliated ; be was com
pletely shut out from the president's
confidence ; he wrote letters to Mr, Wil
son which the president did not deign
to answer ; -so little did Mr. : Lansing
know -what : was . being done - that ' be
sought " information, from the Chinese
delegates 1 It sounds incredible, it seems
even more Incredible that a secretary
of state should put himself in such an
undignified position,, and having done
so, should invite the world to share his
Ignominy." But he has set it down In
his book as if he believed It was ample
defense. Instead of realising that it is
condemnation. ' v ; .. , , -; ' -.
-Curious contradictiona . One might ex
pect a sensitive man. a man who has
never cdnrted publicity, who has none
of the genius of the aeir advertiser, te
crave- forgetful nesa for the Paris epi
sode., to shrink, from publicly exposing
himself and his humiliations, but Mr.
Lansing seemingly revels in his self dis
section. -The president ' slaps his face;
in his pride he summons all the world
to look upon the marks left by the ex
ecutive's palm, , He feels the sting, and
he enters upon an elaborate defense to
show It as the stigmata ot martyrdom.
A -treaty was framed of which-he dis
approved, yet he could sign itv without
wrench of conscience. Unreconciled to
resignation in Paris. ' he returned ' to
Washington as if nothing had happened,
again . to resume- hla subservient rela
tions to the president, ' . . " -' - , -
. Opportunity, we are told, knocks only
once at a man's dopr." But while opportunity-
thundered at Mr. .Lansing's por
tals, "his ear was closed with the cotton
of negligence. . . "-. - -
. Early in 1920. Mr. Wilson dismissed
him. brutally, abruptly, '.with the petu
lance of an invalid too tired to be fair i
for a reason so obviously disingenuous
that Mr.. Larumg had the sympathy of
the country-' He should either have
told the truth then and there or -forever
have held his ' peace ; and had he re
mained mute out of the mystery would
have grown a myth., The fictitious Lan
sing would have become an historical
character.' But he must needs write a
book, . It does not make pleasant read
ing. it does not make its author a
hero. . v " - .-... , '. --- -. .
It does, however, answer the question
the curious asked at the time of his
appointment ; "Why did the president
make Mr. Lansing secretary of state T
Says Guatemalan :
; Regime Recognized
Washington, April la. (U. P.) Presi
dent Harding hss recognised the new
government of Guatemala. Secretary of
State Hughes . announced today.
High Cost of Toor
-Living Is Problem
For Berlin Public
;" BrlGeorre Wltle X . -
Spacial Wirl to .Th Joarnal aad Cluear
. . . CoprrajM. 122. - ' -Berlin.
-AprU li. In BerUn the h'rh
cost of poor Xtvlng has become a prob
lem. - according to the Neue Berliner
Zeltung. , The statistics for March show
that wholesale prices of Important food--stuffs..
such as butter and meat, have
gone up 6,25 per cent as compared with '
pre-war quotaUona And the poor con
sumer has to pay aa additional 2009 per
cent when he buys at. retail prices at
the corner rrocery- store or meat mar
ket.. ' . , . - i .-7 . i' " - -
"Our dally bread and butter," says the
paper, "are far higher than they are In
Chicago. New Tcrk and ether American
eitlea The only advantage we Germans
have over .the Americans is . that here
we can have a stein of beer with our
costly, but frugal, meals. However, the
price of beer has been raised 40 ner'
cent over what It was In February. -
Swiss Hotel Trade '
Awaiting Tourists
Geneva.' April IS. U P. At last
there Is a rift in the dark clouds which
have been obscuring the financial hori
zon of Switzerland and threatening dis
aster te her favorite industry that of
the hotel and boarding house. Prom
I across the Atlantic comes the welcome
news that the - former summer migra
tion of tourists Is not only going to
resume 4 lav former proportions, but even
bids fair to break all records and that
the Swiss mountain resorts are one
more to come Into tnelr own,'- ' -
-4 BaBBBBMaaaHaaeaaaw'aBsaaBa.iaaa a k S
Russian-Prof essors
Get 2 Cents a Month
London, April 15. (C. -P. Russ'aa
univerrity professors look upon ihe-.r
American conferee as bloated plulo-r-ts.
The average salary of the-professor in
Russia is 10,000 roubles ' a monSy
something less than z cents rr.jfror
An-hlbald Cory Coolidge of Harvard,
said - In a message received at head
quarters of the American Rel.ef asso
ciation. - - - , -