13
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1 .
PASSING
; PEACE CONFERENCE
FIVE GREAT POV
NEVS EVENT OF
Historic Gathering at Paris, With Re'sultant Jcrm$ Which JrVere Im-
;' . posed onDefeated Nations, T ogethea; With; Story of League
i ' 5 of Nations and DisputaOverlt, Is Narrated in Review.
outatandinf
P pmwnUd a ttritmj at tb deliberations of thto
bistorts gathcrinc.J ' ; ' '
rpHB first steps toward the rganl
xatloivof the peace, congress wen
taken on January' 12. wften the au
fSe 5, war council; members 'of
which were President Wilson and
Secretary Lansing of. the United
States, and the premiers and forelgp
ministers-of Great Britain. France
and i; Italy, together :, with Marshal
Foch and military representatives of
the several ' powers, began actual
consideration of the terms of peace
to be Imposed upon the central pow
era, " The peace congress itself, with
out delegates from the dffeatod pow
ers or . Russia, met in the ministry
of foreign affair at Pari on Janu
ary President "Wilson proposed
Premier Clemenceau for permanent
chairman of the conference and theip,,,,,,,, Wilson upon his return,, ds-
delegatea elected him by unanimous
vote, v It wm 'determined at. the be
ginning that only the five great bel
ligerent powers, the "United States.
Great . Britain, France Italy and
Japan, should take part Int all meet
ings of the conference' and commis
sions to be appointed; that. other
belligerent and 'associated powers
should participate only in, meetings
at which tjuestions concerning them
were to be disoussed. t , -
aoLSHETWi xxrrss
It was generally agreed that none of
the' defeated nations should be invited
to send representatives to the peace con
ference, but there waa some difference
of opinion as to whether the representa-
n ttves of existing Russian governments
should be asked to participate. France
refused to approve the proposal made
r by Great Britain that the various Rus
sian governments be asked to send
representatives to the conference in the
interest of world harmony, but on Janu
ary 22 the supreme council of the peace
eonference announced that It had ap
proved the proposal of President Wil
son that each organised group In Russia
should send representatives to confer
with delerates .from the peaee confer
ence at Princes Islands, Sea of Marmora,
with the understanding that in the
"K-wieantlrae hostilities between the Rus
sian factions should be discontinued,
f he Bolshevist government of Russia,
however, declined to meet the conditions
Imposed by the peace conference and
the proposed conference" at Princes
Islands did not materialize. As a result
the Russian problem remained unsolved
when the peace conference completed
its work. v
EUROPE J5T TUBMOIL
As the representatives of the many
belligerent nations ' entered upon the
l; b. os Bringing peace 10 me woria,
j Europe was still in turmoil. The old
l Empire .'of Austria-Hungary 'had been
broken up into a number of new states,
the boundaries of which were, it'll un?
settled, Poland was being reconstituted
and the fixing; of her boundaries -gave
rliM to many controversies between the
Poles and surrounding, peoples. At the
time the peace conference met it seemed
that war; for Europe had not been ended
when the armistice between the central
Swers . and the allies was signed on
ovember 11, 19 IS. The situation was
so serious that on January 24 tha peace
delegates at. Paris Issued a -solemn
warning against the use of armed forces
In an attempt to gain possession of
territory before the claims involved
should come befqre the conference.
IHK IZAOTX OF XATIOXS
' The Question of whether a League of
Nations should be created as a means
of preventing future wars was one of
the first to be taken up by the peace
eonference. On January 28 the 'con
ference formally declared tn favor of
the establishment of a League of Na
trneasalta Vaudeville
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TWELVE:,!'?. i'.ITir vil NEWS'
AT
YEAR ABOUT TO END
tions, and a'commisslon. of which Preal.
dent - Wilson., was chairman,- was ap
pointed to prepare a definite plan. The
League of Nations , commission held its
first meetlog on February 1 and on
February It President , Wilson reaa ana
explained I to the peace - conference a
draft of the constitution for the League
of Ration- that had been prepared by
the commission. ' The plan, as presented
to the conference provided for an execu
tive council, to be composed of . repre
sentatives of nine nations, and .? for 'an
international- secretariat, tit waa pro
vided thai ' riar.latona - of the executive
council should be enforced, if necessary, f
by "the prevention of ait financial; com-l
mercial or:. personal intercourse" Be
tween the nation falling to abide 'by
the decision ; and ' all other s member
states of, the League of 'Nations.
On tha same day that he presented
this plan to the peace eonference. Presi
dent Wilton sailed for the United States
to attend :the closing sessions of con
gress at Washington; Opposition to the
Incorporation of tha League of Nations
covenant In the peace treaty already
had developed invthis eountry and
llvered an address ar Boston, in which
he emphasised the necessity of the Unit
ed Btates taking a leading part in the
organisation of the League of Nations.
In the meantime the peace conference
was endeavoring to reach -a solution of
several other vexing problems. A bitter
dispute had arisen between Italy and
the new Jugo-Slav state as to the pos
session of the eastern coast of the Adri
atic. The Italians demanded possession
of the city of Flume on Qte ground that
Its population was largely Italian, while
the Jufo-Slavs maintained that posses
sion of this port, was essential if their
newly organized nation was to have ac
cess to the sea. On February It tbe
Jugo-Slav delegates requested President
Wilson to act as arbitrator of the dis
pute, but on February IS the Italian
delegation declined to accept any pro
posal for arbitrating their, claims to the
Dalmatian coast-
The Japanese delegates also gave an
arty indication of their attitude by in
sisting upon Japan's, right to retain ithe
Marshall and Caroline islands, which
Bhe had taken from Germany.
TfcEMS FOB OEBMAUT
The first indication of the severity
of the terms to be tmposea uponvter
many was given on March 10, when the
supreme war council' announced an
arreemant udoA the proposal to limit
Germany's army in the future to 100,
000 men. with provisions designed to
prevent intensive training of barge num
bers ef soldiers.' ' 1 -''-., -: '
President Wilson returned to 4aris
after spending little more than a week
in the United States. With his arrival in
rrance on jaarcn i, mo peace wmw
enco betran consideration ' of recom
mondatlons by various committees, and
the peace treaty began to. take definite
shape. On March "IS .president Wilson
announced that despite, proposals that
fcmd been made to that effect, there bad
been no change in the plan to Include
the Lea gue of Nations covenant in the
peace' treaty. ' '?t.'-u ?
, On March 4 the Council of Ten, which
had "been considering the'chlef problems
before the peace conference, was re
place! by a Council of Four, consisting
of President wnson ana remiers t.ioya
Oeorare. -Clemenceau and. Orlando From
that time up to the actual signing of
the peace treaty all of the problems
arlsina- were disposed of by this Coun
oil of Four, tn which, at tiroes, the pre
mier of Japan also participated.
; At this time there had arisen a hum
ber of problems so difficult to handle
that it seemed possible at times that
the peace conference might be unable
tp reach a settlement On March. 21 it
was reported that the Italian delegation
threatened to withdraw from the con
ference unless the port of Flume was
awarded to . Italy. On April I. Baron
Makiao, head of the Japanese delegation,
declared that "no Asiatio nation could
be happy , in a League of Nations tn
which sharp racial discrimination Is
malntatnea." On March 11 Secretary
i Lansing, speaking at a dinner tn. honor
of the American, peace delegation, had
Broadway at Alder
Twice IflgkUy, 7 aad I
ait Xeges Reserved
PARIS AMONG
RS IS 0UTSTAHD1NG
NEWEST, MEMBER OF CABINET
i
f 1 I mi i. ... m .11 III f II II I I II T '- 1 i
I i . ,! ' i . . " i .i MKjiJUi:" "" "' i 'y "i
A new --photograph "of Joshua W. -Alexander, secretary of commerce.
is the father?)! United States Marshal Alexander of Portland.
..-as
given warning that th Imposition of
too harsh term upon' Germany would
cause the spread of Bolshevism and an
archy. On the - other handron AprilS
the majority of the house -of commons
sent a telegtam tofHoyd George,-reminding
him of his election pledgfti to
force the utmost' indemnity fron G
many,, and on April 10 members of the
French senate signed 'a resolution - ex
pressing athe hope that full restitution
and reparation f Or damase would . be
exacted from the eYiemy and that the
full cost of the war would be Imposed
upon those responsible for itx; x
WILSON'S, BEPORTEB ; THREAT '
On April ' . a "report that President
Wilson had' summoned a steamer to
take him home was thought to Indicate
that a hopeless - deadlock , had arisen
among the council of four, but during
the next few dayavthera were other In
dications - that the- many disputes be
fore the council of four might be settled
satisfactorily-. . On April 12 it was re
ported that France's claim to the Saar
valley, in reparation for the destruc
tion of the French xoal mines by the
Germans, had been4 settled by giving
to France perpetual control of the mines
in the Saar valley.- On April 14 Presi
dent Wilson announced, on behalf of the
council or iour, tnat complete solution
of all problems was so near that Ger
man delegates Would be Invited, to meet
with the peace conference at Versailles
on April 25. 'It was soon apparent
however, that's, final settlement of all
problems was not. so near -as had been
believed. It was found impossible to
reach a satisfactory agreement upon
the claim of the Italians and Jngo-Slavs
for the Adriatic coast and on April 20
President Wilson withdrew, from fur
ther participation in : the discussion of
this subject On April t5 the president
Issued a statement explaining his rea
sons for insisting that the port of Flume
should bo given to the Jugo-Slavs. Pre
mier Orlando of Italy Issued a statement
in reply to President Wilson's on April
24, and on the following day tty three
principal members of the Italian dele
gation. '.Premier - Orlando, Foreign . Min
ister Sonnlno and former Premier Salan
dra, withdrew from tha peace conference
as a protest against the appeal that had
been made public by President Wilson.
The revised covenant of the League of
Nations was . presented at the plenary
session of the peace conference on April
2s. President Wilson, as chairman of
the commission which framed, the cove
nant explained tha changes that had
been made,' mostly as a result of criti
cism lrithe United States.: One of the
most important of tho amendments made
was that providing that tha - covenant
should not affect existing understand
ings for maintaining peace, . :
WhOe it was not stated speciflcally,
this amendment was designed to prevent
the League- of Nations- covenant tram
Interfering with the Monroe Doctrine.
The revised . covenant as presented Jy
President Wilson waa .adopted by unan
imous vote of the peace conference.
:On April 30 the council of four, which
oy mis time -na oeen reduced to a
councu of three, .by the . withdrawal of
the Italians, agreed to transfer to.Japan
tha German . possession of Kiauchau.
Tha Chinese delegation objected strenu
ously to this settlement although, Japan
agreea ultimately to restore the territory
to China. On May t the council1 of
three reached an agreement regarding
the : disposition of tha former German
eoloaleav . It-waa determined that Great
Britain and her colonies and dominions
should become mandatories for German
Bast - Africa.' Gorman : Southwest Africa
and the German islands In. the South
Pacific and ' that Japan -should become
mandatory for., tha -islands, north' of-the
equa-tor. ,
TREATY GOES TO tlERVAKS , '2
f By May I the treaty had f lnallv been
-completed and xn that data it Was pre-
senxeo. to tna -uerman . plenipotentiaries
at "Versailles. Tha treaty, while It rep
resented -chiefly the deliberations of the
eouncu or rour, bad been adopted bv
a conference In which IT allied and asso
ciated powers were e presented. At the
same time It was announced ihat Preal.
dent Wilson, and Premier Lloyd George
had negotiated treaties with Franca pro
viding that the United States and Great
Britain would come Immediately to the
assistance or France in case of any fu
ture unprovoked attack, by Germany.
' ' ' - " - t' - -
1
He
When the peace treaty was submitted to
the Germans the Italian delegates were
present having .returned to Paris in response-
to an invitation extended ' by
President Wilson and Premiers Lloyd
George and Clemen cetu.
HITHS HAVE SO ALTERNATIVE
. I The German"' delegates were not per
mitted to discuss the peace treaty with
the conference, iut were given 15 days
In which to submit their reply in writ-
ug. Announcement of -the terms of the
treaty caused a storm, tn Germany. The
terma were denounced by President
Ebert of Germany as being the most
severe ever "imposed upon a vanquished
people." Several communications re
questing changes In the treaty were sub?
muted : by the German relegates andJ
these were given consideration by the
council of five. As -a result some parts
of the treaty were made more lenient
towards Germany. The revised terma
were presented ; to Count ' Brockdorff
Rantxau, head of the German delega
tion, on June IS, and the Germans were
given seven days in which to sign. De
spite the storm of ; protest that still
raged in Germany, the German national
assembly, on June SZ. by a vote of 237
to ; its, authorised the government to
sign the treaty. On June 21 the treaty
was signed at Versailles by representa
tives of Germany and of the allied and
associated powers. The Chinese dele
gates alone refused to sign because of
the Shantung settlement
AUSTRIA DI88ATISFIEB
In f the . meantime a ' separate treaty
with Austria had been prepared and the
Austrian delegates had been invited to
presents themselves at St' Germain, a
suburb of Paris, f There, on June 2, the
Austrlans were handed -a part of the
treaty of peace and, were given ,15 days
in wnicn. to- make reply. These terms
caused .consternation' tn -Austria, where.
on . june-7 att the .-opening .of the ex
traordinary- session of tna- Austrian na
tional , assembly. President vselts char-
actertseo - tna terms as eonstltuuna a
peace of hate, which would cause starva
tion if carried ott The. council of four
in the- meantime had. been .conducting;
negotiations i with the various Russian
groups, .and. .on -June 12 announced Its
intention tQ.',asawp 'Aamirai itoicnajc.
head Of . the aU-Russlan government at
Omsk, with ummutilUonsj; supplies and
Turxsy aiso was pieadinr for milder
peace terms, but received little satisfac
tion, the, allied council replylflx that
tha manner in which Tjorkey entered the
war and the way in which it waged war
had given the victors the right and duty
of determining the future of the Turk
ish empire. '
WTLSOjr RETURNS ' .
On June 21, : the day . following the
signing-of the peace treaty by the Ger
mans, - President - Wilson . sailed from
Franca and returned 'to the United
States, after an absence of more than
six months. Other members ,of the
American peace deleration remained In
Paris .to attend to details connected with
the completion of the peace treaty with
Austria aad questions still arising re
lating to the treaty with Germany. With
the return of President Wilson, interest
In the peace treaty wsa transferred ; to
this .country,- because of the opposition
that was developing here to the adoption-
of the League of Nations eovenant
in tha form in which it was Incorporated
in the peaoe treaty. On July 10 Presi
dent Wilson presented the treaty to tha
senate and there at oooe developed bit
ter opposition to Its adoption without
changes. -On June 21 the senate Re
publicans who 'were opposing the cov
enant -of the League of Nations as
rramea in nni were, aa visea by jfcjunu
Root former secretary of state, to ex
press their objections bv resolutions em.
bodying reservations to the treaty. This
pian waa the one finally adopted by the
Republican majority, after textual
araenameota r to the .treaty - had . been
votea aown. '' J -
LODGE RAISE) OBJECTIONS , ; .;
- Senator " Lodge, Republican leader of
tne senate, in a speech upon the League
of N ations on August 7,. proposed that
tne first reservation adopted should re
quire acceptance by at least four other
nations or eucn- outer reservations m
might be adopted." On August 12 Mr
Lodge delivered an extended address, tn
which, he termed the . proposed' League
of Nations a "deformed - experiment."
REVIEW
On August 19 the senate committee on
foreign relations conferred with the
president at. the Whits Bouse, auestlon
teg him for, three hours and a half in an
effort to acquire Information pn various
sections of the peace treaty. Sentiment
In favor of the adoption of reservations
of some kind continued " to ; develop
among the Republican majority in the
senate, while moat of 'the Democratic
members of the senate supported Presi
dent iison.a aemand that the treaty,
including the covenant of. the Leagua of
-Nations, be adopted without change. , r
AMB5DaCESTSHB'3BA8T-fe
Tk- eommfttee- n foreign 'relations
voted favorably upon several drastic
amendments to the treaty. One of these
would have providedvthat Germany must
surrender ; Shantung to Chlnb. rather
than to Japan.; Another, Known as the
Johnson amendment offered by Senator
jonnson or cajirornla, provided that the
unnea Btates ' should have as many
votes tn, the League of Nations as the
British empire. This amendment was
called forth by the provision in -ht
League of.; Nations 'covenant that the
British empire should have six votes,
each of its dominions being given sep-
LODGE SUBVITS REPORT ' ; .
On September 10 Senator Lodge sub
mitted the majority report of the com
mittee on foreign relations, proposing
many amendments and four reservatissss
to the peace treaty. Senator Hitchcock
presented a ; minority report recom
mending : the' adoption of the treaty
without reservation There began then
a determined fight between the opposing
forces of the senate, which ended: finally
in a deadlock which prevented the rati
fication of the treaty, either with or
without reservations. All of the e)extual
amendments recommended by the com
mittee on foreign relations were defeat
ed, but the Republican majority, -voting
almost solidly and xwith the support of
four or five Democratic" senators, adopt
ed a series of drastic reservations which
were designed, -according to their au-
thors, chiefly to prevent the , United
States from becoming involved in any
future disputes among European nations
and Co reserve to the United States the
right to decide for itself its course of
Domestic Affairs Pass
Success
War, Reds, Prohibition) Race Riots
With Problems Unknown Before
Slowly Accomplishing
Herewith h s brief ravUw of domestic affsin
during th passing 12 months. ) '
THE return of the tftiited States to
A condition of peace was not ac
complished easily. Unusual condi
tions existed and the people of the
country were confronted with prob
lems that had been unknown In- the
days before the war. One of the
most striking developments of the
year was the startling activity of the
radical element, which was engaged
apparently in a well organized effort
to undermine the government and
bring about a condition similar to
that existing- in .Russia. Entirely
aside from tho industrial disorders,
which were unusually numerous
during the year, the activities of the
I. W. W. anoV other radical groups
forced the government to take un
usual measures for their suppres
sion. 1 p' ' '
The putting, into effect of nationwide
prohibition and the submission by con
gress of the constitutional -amendment
for complete woman's suffrage were
other important - events of the year.
Ratification of .the national prohibition
amendment came early in the year with
a rapidity that surprised the nation.
The Michigan legislature ratified the
amendment on January i. and other
states acted rapidly on . the measure
during the ensuing month.- On January
1 Nebraska's legislature acted, giving
the necessary- three fourths majority for
the amendment On January 29 the
state department proclaimed the ratifi
cation of the amendment and set Janu
ary 16, 1920, as the date when it would
become effective.
On January Attorney General Greg,
ory tendered his-- resignation to become
effective March 4. and A. Mitchell Pal
mer waa appointed to succeed him on
February 87. On January 11 Walker D.
Hlnes waa appointed director general of
the railroads, to succeed William G. Mo
Adoo. who had tendered his resignation.
COffGBESSXAX OUSTED
The government's first blow at the
radicals during the year waa delivered
on January,!, when Congressman Victor
L. Bergerand four other Socialist lead
ers were found guilty by a federal grand
jury In Chicago of conspiring to inter
fere with the suecessfulMsonduct of the
war. On February IS they . were sen
tenced to 20 years' Imprisonment
Berger ultimately sedured his release,
and, after being, denied a seat in the
house of representatives, was reelected
by his district - ' .
. On January 35 It was announced by
the chief of staff of the army that when
the war ended, on November U, Wis, the
United States had the second largest
army on the western- front, with 1.950,
00 men. ' Franca had 2,850,000, and the
British, including the Portuguese. 1.718.
000. n February the war department
reported that AmericaW taeualtiea in
Northern Russia to the end of Jw"."
were 409 killed out of a force slightly in
excess oM00V-,It was also announced
by the war department on February 12
that in the three months following the
signing ot-the armistice 287.000 Amer
ican troops overseas-bad embarked for
homo and, thatfl.aw.000 in Jome
campa had been demobilised.
MILLIONS FOR RELIEF
In response to an appeal by President
Wilson, the senate, after severaLaays of
bitter debate, on January 84 passed a
bill appropriating HOO.OOO.fBO for the re
lief of families in Europe etlpuUtlng
that none of thin money should be used
for the relief of, peoples of tha central
Afte7repeatd defeats, another effort
was made to pass the woman suffrage
constitutional amendment .through the
senate on February 10. but it waebeaten
by one vote. On February 14 Senator
Johnson of California Inaugurated a
campaign . to secure , immediate with
drawal of American troops from Russia.
He lntreduoed a resolution in the senate
caJUnrfor such action, but this was de
feated: with the vice Preset casting
Int deciding vote. -On Frtruary 11 a
secretary of war announced that Amer
??5!7!:nii bo withdrawn from
V.V Russia a. soon aa weather
conditions would permit .
HOOVER OIVB1T W JOB
On March 2 Herbert Hoover was ap
pointed by the president to be director
SrVl of American relief among tha
L population of Europe. -
f On April H the postmaster sreneral
announced tnat ne rwuiiiw
that the government should return the
cable lines to their owners, SJid that he
action on any questions arising before
the .League of Nations. : ,
WIL80 STARTS TOUB
la the meantime president Wilson had
continued to combat every suggestion
01 a cnange in. tne xreacy- or me cove
nant f the League of Nations, and tn
an effort: to force its ratification haa
undertaken ' an ' extensive tour of the
country, beginning on September 4. The
Dresldent .after delivering more than
40 speeches throughout-the West broke
aown unaer tne strain - oeiore n nau
completed his tour and was forced to
return - to tho . White House. His con
dition was regarded as very serious and
he was unable to take a leading part J
ia toa natue lor ute treaty wnen me
contest reached its climax. The presi
dent still- Insisted, i however, upon the
adoption of tha' treaty without reserva
tions, and when the question cams to a
final vote in the senate on November 19.
the Democratic minority, aided by a
number of Republicans opposed to the
leaguo in any form, defeated the major'
ity resolution of the Republicans, which
wefdd have carried with it the reser
vatlons adopted by the senate. Senator
Hitchcock thereupon offered a resolu
tion providing for gratification of the
treaty without reservations, and this in
tern was defected, a' number of Demo
cratic senators voting with the Repub
licans. 'With a compromise between the
opposing, groups apparently impossible.
tho senate adjourned. ,
OTHER JrATTOJTS BATIFT
In the meantime the peace treaty had
been ratified by the other great allied
natlojts and by many of the smaller na
tions tfcat had been engaged in the war
against Germany. In France the cham
ber of deputies on October 2 ratified
both (he poace treaty and the protective
agreement witn Great Britain and the
umiea Biates. tne vote on the peace
treaty being S7Z to 63. The French sen'
ato took similar action on November
11, without a dissenting vote. On Octo
ber 11 Fresldent Foincare issued a de
cree declaring that the state of war with
Franco was at an end. The treaty had
previously been ratified by Great Brit
ain and Japan and under the terms of
rbecome opeVatlve when ratified by three
of the great, powers, it remained only
ror tne peace conierenc at Paris to for
mally declare the treaty in effect with
out waiting for further action by the
unttea btates. ,
'ully in Crisis
and Strikes Confronted People
the War, but Country Is
Return to Normal.
would recommend the restoration of the
telegraph and telephone lines as soon as
legislation safeguarding-the Interests of
the owners could be secured.
Because of the necessity for legisla
tion to meet the new after-war condi
tions. President Wilson, on May 7, by
cable from Paris, called a special ses
sion of congress ,to oonvene May 19. On
May 10 the campaign for the Victory
loan, the last popular war loan, closed
with a heavy oversubscription of the
14.600,000,000 bond issue.
. The special session of the Sixty-sixth
congress opened on May 19 with the Re
publicans in control of both house and
senate for the first time since 1912. The
house of representatives was organised
by the election of Congressman Gillett
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various requirements of the different types of inter
nal combustion engines. Two of these grades
ZEROLENE LIGHT and ZEROLENE MEDIUM
are specially recommended for cold weather lubrication-
ZEROLENE LIGHT for Ford - cars and
ZEROLENE MEDIUM for the cold weather lubri
cation of all other automobiles. ,
Drain your crank case and fill with Zerolene the
correct lubricating oil
STANDARD
ssriiiiMiiiiiBuuMiiiiswmiisiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiiyiiHinssiiiMiiininuwrc S Sk . ' ZERO; -
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of -Massachusetts aa speaker. In the
senate Senator Cummins of Iowa was
elected presldentpro tern. - : ,
SUFFRAGE BILL PAS8ES
One of the first acts of tha new house
was to pass the woman suffrage amend
ment to -the constitution by a vote of
304 to 9. ' The amendment was again
brought up in the senate on June 4. and
this time was adopted by a vote of 6
to 25, two more than the necessary two
thirds. Having been passed , by both,
branches of congress, the amendment
then wentdto the state legislatures for
ratification."
On May 17 the war department estU
mated that America's participation in
tha war cost J21.294.0O0.0OO. On May 20
President Wilson, by cable, recommend
ed to congress that it repeal the wartime
prohibition act so far aa it affected the
manufacture of wine and beers, but no
action -was taken upon the recommenda
tion. On June I the postmaster general
restored control of the telegraph and
telephone systems to the owners, so tar
As o Derations ware concerned, but re
tained jurisdiction over the finances of
the companies and the rates charged
pending action by congress.
ANARCHISTS GET BUST
The activities of anarchistic elements
were; manifested on June 2. when bombs
were exploded simultaneously - at - the
residences of 10 men In eight Eastern
cities. One bomb, which exploded at the
home of Attorney General Palmer, in
jVashington. blew the bomb-planter to
piecas, but none of the intended victims
was injured. .i ; '.
The probability that the woman suf
frage amendment to the constitution
would be adopted before the next presi
dential election was indicated by the
prompt action of the. legislatures of 1).
linols, Wisconsin and Michigan, all of
which ratified the amendment on June
10. .
PEESHI5G HONORED
In recognition of the'servlcos which
he rendered, as commander in chief of
the American expeditionary forces. Gen
eral Pershing was made a general for
life by act of congsees. His nomination
for this post was confirmed by the sen
ate on September 4 and the commission
was handed to General Pershing as he
landed on September B ' at New York,
where he and tha first division, which
accompanied him, were given an enthusi
astic reception.
The United States entertained a' num
ber of distinguished - officials from
abroad during the latter part of . the
1 year. On September 9 Cardinal Mercier
Of Belgium landed at New York and be
gan a tour of the eountry. King Albert
and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium fol
lowed the cardinal, arriving in New
York on October 2. . Fhey traversed the
entire country and paid an official visit
to President Wilson before returning to
Belgium. On November 11 the Prince
of Wales, who had been in Canada for
several weeks, crossed Into the United
States and arrived In Washington for a
visit of several days.
-REDS" ARE DEPORTED
The continued activities of radicals in
various parts of the country caused the
federal government to take decisive
steps to end their propaganda, and on
November 7 hundreds of Reds were ar
rested by federal agents in all parts of
the country. Feeling against the radical
elements waa 'intensified when, on No.
vember 11, a number of men, said to be
L W. W. members, fired Into an Armis
tice day parade at Centralla, Wash.,
killing four ex-soldiers. One of the mur
derers was lynched. The American Le
gion, which was in session at Minneap
olis at this time, voted in favor of tak
ing decisive steps to stamp out disloyal
propaganda. The Legion effected a per
manent national organisation, naming
Franklin D'Oller as national commander.
With the deportation' of 249 dangerous
radicals, including Emma Goldman and
Alexander Berkman, December 21, the
government rid itself of a real menace.
for summer and winter.
OIL CQMPANY-
.(California)
UU MARI S
FIRST PERIOD OF
I n Wake of War Come Domestic
Problems With Clashes Be
tween Employer and Employe.
A FTER nearly five years of warfare, j
-ln which all of . the great powers P
and many of the smaller nations had
been involved, the world fotfnd it dlf- 1
flcult to return to anything like nor- -mal
conditions during' the year 11.
While the armistice, which was signed
tn the closing weeks of 1918, brougnt
a cessation of hostilities between tne
two groups of nations that had been en
gaged in the great struggle, It did not
bring peace t6 all the peoples Involved.
Technically, the world was still at war
throughout practically all of the year
. . 1 I A t . . . .
' ' ucaij, T ill 111
was framed in Paris after months of 'i
negotiation, could not be' made fully ef-
fective until ratified , by the great pow- '
ers and formally promulgated by the
peaoe conference. Failure of the United A
States senate to ratify the treaty be- , -cause
of opposition to the covenant of i
the League of Nations, which was '
made a part of the peace treaty, pre-
vented the formal declaration of peace
until more than a year after the arm Is- '
ties was signed,
In the meantime internal disorders
and territorial disputes arising from
the establishment of many new nations ?
kept a large part of Europe In turmoil,
Such a complete remaking of the map ,.
of Europe as resulted from the great
war naturally could not be accom
plished without friction. The great
empire of Austria-Hungary had fallen
to pieces with tha defeat of the cen
tral powers, and out of the wreckage
new states arose These new Rations-.
Austria. Hungary, Poland and the
Csech and Jugo-Slav states could not
establish their new boundaries without
friction among themselves and with
their neighbors. The new government
of Germany, which had been trans- '
formed into a republic, was striving to '
maintain itself- against the attacks of r
radical elements. Russia was torn by
civil strife, with half a dosen groups
fighting for the mastery. At times
world peace seemed still far oft but.
as the year passed conditions became
more settled and It seemed probable '.
that with the formal promulgation of
the peace treaty the seeming chaos Into ;
which Europe had been thrown would '
pass. .
In the United States conditions .were
not so unsettled as in the nations that
had been longer engaged in the war;
but here, as in Europe, the transition
fraro war to a peace basis was not easy.
New industrial problems have been cre
ated. The high cost of living , caused
labor to make insistent and repeated de
mands tor higher wages and resulted In -numerous
strikes among an classes of '
workers. Radical leaders took advan
tage of the unrest that existed , to re
orult their forces and them, became so
active that the constitute authorities ;
of the nation finally found It necessary
to take determined steos to sunnress di
loyal propaganda.
RECONSTRUCTION
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