8
THE OREGON SUNDAY JOURNAL, PORTLAN P. SUNDAY MORNING, NOVEMBER 23, 1919.
weaceSng
BURDENS WIL
SON
Racial Antagonisms and the Sus
picion in Which Small Nations
Hold Large Makes Going Hard.
JAPANESE CLAIMS PRESSING
Refused Racial Recognition,
Japan Stands Pat on Shantung
Claims at Critical Period.
(Conttnutd Kroro H One)
there was literally no time for it. Oc
casionally he would take a short auto
mobile ride In the Bois with Mrs. Wil
son: sometimes a little brisk walk with
Admiral Grayson. And he would stand
by the open window, now and then, in
such moments as he could catch, and
breathe deeply. He did everything pos
sible to get every ounce of energy out of
his bodily and mental machine for his
dally struggle.
I heard the assertion solemnly made
,tbe other day that the trouble with the
oresident at Paris was that he would not
see the experts of the delegation : or
would' not hear all sides of the case.
The fault, if any, was really upon the
other side. He tried too hard to get
very angle, every point of view ; he was
tempted to wait too long to be abso-
. lutely sure of facts upon which he must
base bis decisions. This, throughout his
Whole career, has been his Inclination
Mb fault. If you like. Thomas W. La
munt, who was one of the financial ex
perts of the commission, met this accu
sation vigorously in a recent public
Statement.
"I bear It repeated." he said, "that he
was unwilling to take counsel with his
delegation. That Is untrue. He con
stantly and earnestly sought the advice
of his associates."
ALL SIDES HEARD
Indeed, It was he, beyond any other
man, who wanted all the facts presented
to the council. Two such cases, among
many, come to my memory. Both the
Italians and the Japanese, of course, had
seats in the supreme council of the five
great powers and could naturally keep
their own claims always before their as
sociates. Under such circumstances the
J u go-Slavs and the Chinese might have
had a hard time getting a proper consid
eration of their cases. But the president
urged the fullest hearing of the Jugo
slavs, and they got it. even through Or
lando declined to be present at the sit
tings. In the same way the president
Stood for a full hearing of the Chlne.se
by the council of 10; and a notable pre
sentation of the Chinese case was given
by Wellington Koo. On the other hand.
It W'as he. beyond any oll.er, who was
most anxious to have the Japanese the
. silent partners of the conference ex
press their views upon all the difficult
Issues.
To the Shantung question the presi
dent gave laborious consideration. As I
know from personal knowledge, he
studied the maps and the reports, and he
saw, repeatedly, the experts on all sides.
Consider, for a moment, the exact alt
uation at Paris on April 29, when the
Japanese-Chinese crisis reached the ex
plosive point.
ANOTHER GRATE CRISIS
It was on that very day that the Ger
man delegates were coming morosely
into Versailles, ready for a treaty that
was not yet finished. The "Big Three"
for Orlando had then withdrawn from
the conference had been gradually
lengthening their sessions ; the discus
sions were longer and more acrimonious.
Vhey were tired out. Only six days be
fore, on April 23, the high council had
been hopelessly deadlocked on the Ital
ian question. The president had issued
his bold message to the world regarding
the disposition of Flume (as I described
In another article) and the Italian dele
gation departed from Paris with the ex
pectation that their withdrawal would
either force the hands of the conference,
or break it up.
While this crisis was at its height the
Belgian delegation, which had long been
restive over the non-settlement of Bel
gian claims for reparations, became In
sistent. They had no place In the su
preme council and they were worried
lest the French and British neither of
whom could begin to get enough money
out of Germany to pay for Its losses
would take the lion's share- and leave
Belgium unrestored. The little nations
were always worried at Paris lest the
big ones take everything and leave them
nothing! Very little appeared in the
news at the time concerning the Belgian
demands, but they reached practically
an ultimatum : If Belgium were not sat
isfied she also would withdraw from the
conference and refuse to sign the treaty.
QHIXE8E SITUATION PRESSES
It was at this critical moment that the
Chinese-Japanese question had to be set
tled. It had to be settled because the
disposition of German rights In China
(unlike Italian claims In the Adriatic)
had to go into the German treaty before
it was presented to Brockdorf-Rantzau
and his. delegates at Versailles, and be
cause the Japanese would not sign the
treaty unless it was settled. The defec
tion of Japan, added to that of Italy and
the possible withdrawal of Belgium,
would have made the situation des
perate. The two principal things that Japan
wanted at the peace conference were,
first, a recognition in the covenant of
the League of Nations of the "equality
of the nations and the Just treatment of
their nat ionals :" and. second, the recog
nition of certain rights over the former
German concessions in China (Shan
tung). WHAT JAPAN DEMANDED
After a struggle lasting all through
the conference Japan had finally lost
out. In the meeting of the League of Na
tions' commission on April 1J, in her
first great contention. She was refused
the recognition of racial or even national
equality which she demanded although
a majority of the nations represented on
the League of Nations' commission agreed
with her that her desire for such recog
nition was just and should find a place
In the covenant. Of this Viscount
Chinda said plainly : "The national as
piration of Japan depends upon Its adop
tion. Public opinion in Japan is very
much concerned over this question and
certain people have even gone so far as
to say that Japan will not become a
member of the League of Nations unless
she is satisfied on this point."
Few people realize how sharply the
Japanese felt this hurt to their pride,
and few people realize the meaning of
this struggle. n n fnremnner of one of
i great coming struggles of civiliza
tion the race struggle. We had at
Paris the representatives of several pow
erful race groups, all asserting a new
racial dignity, ail working tor the recog
nition of a new equality. -CONFLICTING
RACIAL INTERESTS
Not only were there the' powerful Jap
anese and Chinese, but there was a Jew
ish group, a negro group, an Egyptian
group; and when all is said, the Irish
question is largely a racial question. And
no problems raised at Paris struck fire
sooner than these: the hostility of the
Poles to the Jews, the feeling of the
Australians toward the Japanese, the
Irish toward the English, and so on. In
no set of problems is there the need in
the future, not of hasty judgment, but of
patient effort to understand. So much
of the distrust of one race toward an
other is due to what a French writer,
Michael Corday, calls the primitive In
stinct of the beast, which "forces him to
attack whatever does not resemble him."
The Japanese are peculiarly sensitive
to world opinion. No people are more
self-conscious than they. I remember a
Japanese I met once in crossing the At
lantic He was reading, day after day,
a large book printed in Japanese. He
told me what it was : a collection of
opinions expressed by leading newspa
pers and public men of the world regard
ing the Japanese nation. It interested
him profoundly. They are a proud, sen
sitive, insular people ; and their repre
sentatives who were at Paris often im
pressed me with a kind of inarticulate
desire to make themselves better under
stood, without quite knowing how to do
it. In a curious way their inhibitions
and shynesses resemble those of another
insular DeoDle the British. Thev ar !
very different from the Chinese, who are
a continental people. They do not learn
foreign languages as easily or perfectly.
The Chinese at Paris were practically
all American or British educated and
spoke English fluently. They were much
more open, outright, and frank than the
Japanese, and they were to a man, real
gentlemen. We had one of them, Mr.
Wei, who blew into our office as breezily
every day or so as any American and
was on familiar terms with everyone.
But the Chinese as a whole lacked expe
rience : for the scarcity of men in China
educated in the West has made it nec
essary to pick young college graduates I s
for highly responsible diplomatic posi- :
Hons ; and they are not yet the equals in j
experience to the trained and very able j
Japanese. !
PRESIDENT TAKES BLAME j
The Japanese felt strongly regarding: i
the defeat in their effort to obtain the
racial recognition clause In the covenant,
and at once, in some of their extreme
newspapers, there began a sharp attack
on President Wilson as the cause of ;
their discomfiture. The Osaki Mainichi i f
Deupoa. for example, referred to the
president's "dangerous Justice" and I
charged him with having a "female i
demon within him" a term vividly de
nunciatory to the Oriental mind. What
ever, happened at the conference, the
president bad to take the lion's share of
the blame for it.
Having lost out In their first great
contention the Japanese came to the
settlement of their second demand with
a feeling of irritation but with added de
termination. The Japanese delegate
were the least expressive of any at the
conference ; they said the least ; but they
were the firmest of any in hewing to the
line of their interests and their agree
ments. It must not be forgotten also, in
all fairness, that the Japanese delegates,
not less than the British, French and
American, had their own domestic po
litical problems, and opposition, and that
there was a powerful demand in Japan
that while all the other nations were se
curing some return for their losses and
sacrifices in the war, Japan should also
get some' return.
JAPAN'S POSITION STRONG
At the same time Japan was in a
stronger position than any other of the
allies except the United States. She
had been little hurt, and much strength
ened by the war. She was far distant
from danger, she did not need the
League of Nations as much as the coun
tries of Europe, and more than anything
else, she occupied a strong legal status,
for her claims were supported by treat
ies both with China and the allies, and
she was. moreover, in a position, if she
were rendered desperate, to take by
force what she considered to be her
rights If the allies refused to accord
them. I am not here arguing the right
or wrong of the Japanese position ; but
trying to state it fairly, so that It can
be accurately measured.
In the seventh and concluding article
of this series, to be published In The
Journal next Wednesday, Mr. Baker will
discuss the struggle over Shantung, the
last great crisis at the peace conference,
and will give his conclusions as to Pres
ident Wilson's work at Paris.
MURDER OF CZAR
AND f AMY NOW
IS FULLY PROVED
Royal Family Shot Down by
Soviet Leaders and Their
Bodies Cremated, Is Revealed.
SECRET LETTERS ARE FOUND
Tales of Torture of the Victims
Are Declared to Be Untrue;
Soviet Leaders Are Silent.
By Isaac Don Levlne
Special Cable to Tbr Journal and The Chicago
lailjr News.
(Copyright, 1919. by Chicago Daily Newn Co.)
Berlin, Germany, Nov. 22. Nich
olas Romanoff, the former cxar,
his wife and their four daughters
and only son, Alexis, are dead be
yond any shadow of doubt. They
were all executed together in Ekat-
i erinburg on the night of July 17 last
year and their bodies burned.
Heretofore reports of the fate of the
Romanoff family all come from sources
outside the soviet realm, whereas the
only 'authoritative place to get the facta
was naturally soviet Russia. Unfor
tunately, the Bolshevist leaders are re
luctant to discuss the matter.
SECRET IS DISCOTERED
With great difficulty I succeeded In
finding a responsible communist who
was present at the secret session in Mos
cow at which the president of the Eka
terinburg soviet reported the circum
stances of the Romanoff deaths. This
person was Mlkhavil Pokrovsky, an
acting commissioner of education and a
man of education and the highest in
tegrity. He bowed his head in shame
as he told me the story.
"Ekaterinburg was surrounded on
three sides." he said, "when four let
ters writtten in French and signed
'Officer' were found in possession of the
Romanoffs.
LETTERS PROVE PLOT
"These letters proved the existence of
an organized plot to kidnap the czar
and his family. The local soviet, then
hurriedly evacuating the city, took the
matter up and decided to execute the
czar, the czarina and all the children.
"The tales of torture are untrue. On
the night of July 17, after a short no
tice, the Romanoffs were taken out and
shot. In order to give no opportunity
to the monarchists later to sanctify the
Romanoff relics and use them for coun
ter revolutionary agitation, the seven
bodies were cremated. We make no at
tempt to justify this horrible deed."
Pokrovsky had photographs of the
four letters showing how the attempt
at escape was to be made. He also ob
tained the czarina's diary from January,
1918. to the day of her death. She had
made the entries while in Tobolsk and
I- katerinburg.
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