HI oireGpNt sundA july ia. i 1614.!
iSEEjJEfcii -MEljljiRlAL TOME .
PROPOSED
Movement Begun
; Light, on the Caribbean Sea at Santo Domin
scriptlons from
A MOVEMENT has been begun to
get the peoples of the United.
'States, of the 20 other repub
lics of North, Central and South"
America and of Canada, to erect by
popular subscription a splendid Pan
American tomb and memorial for
Christopher Columbus In tne city of
Santd Domingo, Dominican Republic,
where bis remains are declared now to
rest. i
It is proposed that $500,000 be
raised, and, if more detailed study
makes this seem feasible, to limit each
subscription to ,60 cents, so that the
memorial may represent a great num
ber of the sons and daughters of that
new world' found by the Genoese.'
The Dominican Republic Itself
launched a plan about 20 years ago
to build a huge tomb and monument,
and dedicated a superb site in the
southern part of the city 4 of Santo
Domingo, on the coral coast of the Ca
ribbean sea, which today is a park
known aa the Plaza Columbina. A
system of taxation was devised to de
fray the ' cost of the intended memo
rial, but .the plan was abandoned ow
ing to Internal political differences.
Instead, ;a marble mausoleum was
erected fa the cathedral In Santo Do
mingo, in which, in the opinion of nu
merous historical authorities, ' the re
mains of Columbus now repose.
The Plaza Columbina; is still "avail
able, and it is proposed to raise on this
the ' Pan-American - memorial. The
plan is to construct a massive tomb
fof the base, something; like the Grant
Tomb, and then to sweep into the air
with a Superstructure, on the top of
which will be placed one of the most
powerful lights in the world, to be
known as Columbus Light The plan
further provides for an endowment
fund for the perpetual maintenance of
the light.
The Plaza Columbina faces the open
Caribbean, and thence one looks south
toward the far-distant main coast of
South America and southwest toward
Colon, the Atlantic entrance to the
Panama canal. Many ships in the1
West India trade lay their courses bo
that the crews would see the rays of
Columbus Light;
The campaign for .the Pan-American
memorial was begun one year ago by
William E. Pulliam, at that time gen-i
eral receiver of Dominican customs,
. a post which lie occupied for six
years, having been appointed by Presi
dent Roosevelt. During his residence
In Santo Domingo Mr Pulllanj became
greatly Interested in the controversy
which has been waged at various
times over the resting place of the
remains of Columbus.-' Both Santo Do-'
mlnao and Spain ;?hrlm 1 te" have the
remains. After detailed' investigation
and study of 'the many authorities,
Mr. Pulliam became convinced that
those numerous experts are correct
who hold' that; the remains are in
Santo Domingo. He then conceived the
Idea of the Columbus Light.
Mr. Pulliam laid his" plan before ,
President Jose Bordas, and the Do
miitican chief executive in reply, ex-pi-ptcMpd
keen Interest.
Widespread Interest in
Project
Mr. Pulliam also wrote fully about
the project to John Barrett, director
Kcneral of the Pan-American union nt
Washington. Mr. Barrett has not of
ficially gone onM-ecord as to his views,
but In reply to Mr. Pulliam did ex
press his personal Interest. In an ad
drexs delivered by Mr. Barrett in 1912
in ' Washington before the Knights of
.Columbus he emphasized the necessity
of a proper memorial to the discoverer
of the western hemisphere.
There is to be a Pan-American con
ference at Santiago, Cbile, this fall, .
and there is a possibility that Mr.
Pulllam'a plan may be introduced.
Former Pan-American conferences
have considerad in general the idea of
erecting some form of a memorial to
Columbus.
Mr. Pulliam has further discussed ,
the proposal with American business
men, capitalists, and steamship repre?
cntatlves, all of whom he has found
warmly in favor of his idea. Besides
President Bordas, prominent Domini
cans who have welcomed the plan are
Senor Francisco J. Peynado, formerly
minister of his country at Washington,
and Don Kmiliano Tejera, ex-minister
of foreign relations, ror many years
one of the leading men of his land, and
an authority on Columbus, Dominican
newspapers have reviewed the plan in
a friendly spirit.
Mr..Pulliam's letters outlining the
plan to President Bordas and Mr. Bar
rett were largely similar. To Mr. Bar
rett he wrote as follows;,
During my residence in Santo Do
mingo 1 have often thought tnat at
tills late date tttere should no longer
be any question as to the identity and '
final resting place of the bones of
Columbus, the discoverer of the new
world, and this leads to a suggestion
which I respectfully present for the
consideration of the Pan-American
union, assuming it to be a matter Ui
which the governing board of tnat or-.
'. , ganization would be interested.
From my personal-investigation of
the subject, and as the result jf read
ing several, articles that have been
witten thereon, it woulds appear that
the opinion is unanimous on tho part
of disinterested investigators that the
remaihs of Columbus tre in Santo. Do
mingo, where they have lain : oontin- .
uously since brought from Spain about
1537. Spain, I understand, disputes
the contention.
Mr. William E. Curtis, the first di
rector of the " --American union and
a well-known newspaper writt-r,' in- :
vestigated the facts, which were used
by him in a syndicated press letter
In the flrft part of 1908 and appeared
In the Chicago Record-Herald. He in- -dtcated
satisfaction with the cliims of
S.uito Domingo. Mr. Frederick A. '
Ober, the writer and authority on the
Went Indies, aiso has expressed him- .
self to the same effect., and presents
the-jfocts in one of hii volumes. -
ABbut 20 years ago, or at the. time
of the four huncredth anniversary ot
the discovery of America, and the Col
umbian exposition at Chicago, the Do
minican government cauaed to be set
j- aside and vested in a Junta? Columbina
. a tract of land tn the heart of the
city, abutting the Caribbean , for
purpose of erecting thereon a mau
soleum in which would be placed the.
remains of Columbus. 1
The location is ideal and peculiarly,
-. appropriate. , It overlooks the - open
roadstead of the sea so .often traveled
by Columbus on his voyages of dis
covery, and from the site one may
for Erection of a
the Twenty-one American Reblicsancl
look out upon the anchorage where-
. the humiliated and degraded admiral, ,
divested of his authority by Bobadilla,...'
embarked for Spain in October, 1590, in -
lron. The mausoleum plaa-failed of
completion; in fact,-nothing was ac-
complished, but as a substitute a man
ument was erected in the cathedral,
and in a crypt provided therefor the
remains are now preserved. At that
time it was understood that the ar
rangement was temporary, and at a
later date the original scheme of
building an imposing tomb would be
- carried out. While the monument in
the cathedral is ornate, it is not com
mensurate with the greatness of Col
umbus, nor does it constitute a fitting
or sufficient mark of respect for such
a world character.
Furthermore, the remains contained
In the leaden casket in which they
were discovered by accident in the ca
thedral in the year 1877, were- not
hermetically sealed and placed away
for all time. Upon occasions, and not
" infrequently, the casket is withdrawn
from Its resting place, the top re
moved, and the precious dust and f rag-
ments of bones exposed to the air and
the gaze and actual handling of the
curious. This, it would seem, ahould
not be. .
Every school child is taught that it
was the dying wish of Columbus that
his mortal remains be carried to and
laid away in the country he discovered,
and by what might seem providential
.intervention his wish has been re
spected through the centuries that
have passed, notwithstanding the de
liberate plan of the Spanish authori
ties tn 1795 to remove the remains to
Havana at, the time Santo Domingo
. was ceded to France.
I have often thought, and I assume
there will be no difference of opinion
on that point, that a mausoleum- wor
thy of holding; the remains of Colum
bus should be erected, corresponding
in a wav to the mausoleum oi Napo-
IUVrb-U.v
fO"LlYcf, I
leon in Lea Invalldes and the Grant -Tomb
at Riverside. The construction
of such a monument should be the con
cern of each of the 21 republics now
occupying the territory in North and
South America, and likewise Canada,
for the fact must be appreciated that
many, if not almost all the other, coun
tries' have received . far greater ulti
mate benefit from the stupendous
work of Columbus than Santo Domin
go. Hence it would be in every way
fitting -tor-all America- to Join with
Santo Domingo in paying this belated
homage in the place so beautifully
called La Cuna de Am"ica to the
original blazer of the trail.
The movement to construct such a
mausoleum doubtless would meet with
prompt and hearty approval and gen
eral support, not, only from the. re-,
spectlve governments but the individ
ual nations of America, North- and
South. My idea is that a fund of not
less than $500,000 easily could be
raised by popular subscription and de- -
voted to the object. Besides the na
tions many societies doubtless readily
would respond, among the number the ,
Pan-American Union, the "Pan-Ameri-
can Society of New York, certain Ital
ian societies, and the Spanish Histori
cal society. ,
As a further tentative suggestion,
if the plan were gotten under way, a.
massive tomb could be erected, and?
on the same a lighthouse superim
posed and a powerful light Installed
to guide by nlgbt the path of the prts-ent-day
perplexed mariner. Each coun
try assisting might supply a marble
slab or bronze tablet, suitably in
scribed, to be placed in the interior .
around the sarcophagus. .
President B or da's Promise
Mr. Pulliam's letter to President
Bordas was dated on August 4 of last
year. A few days later he received a
reply from the chief executive, of
which this is a translation: - : '
I have had the satisfaction of re
ceiving your interesting letter of the
fourth instant, and you may be as---
sured that the liveliest interest has.
been awakened in my mind concerning
the-plan which you suggest that of
erecting in this city, through the co
operation of all the peoples of Amer
ica, a fitting monument in which may
be placed for all time the venerable
At- y tr? A
11 a'm' c r !?H
V V1" " If
ytmMm:i - x c f " &0m& II
wcrc aru.rc ih Iho - f000
. 5
Mausoleum, Topped by a Great
ashes of the illustrious Genoese, the
discoverer of America. i . .
, I assure you that I will atudy the
plans which you have indicated to me
bearing upon" this subject, and I am in
hopes that your very beautiful, idea
may be brought to a realization. -, i
will give you advice in due time aa'to
whatever the government , may de
termine to do in this affair.
"From the conversations which I"
have had with men of importance both
in the United States and in Santo Do
mingo," said Mr. Pulliam, "I am con
vinced that widespread popular enthu
siasm, both in this country and in
Latin America, will greet the plan for
honoring the man who gave to us of the
western hemisphere the lands which
are now our homes. I believe that if
the maximum Subscription were kept
at a very low figure, say 60 cents, the
money, needed would be raised in a
.surprisingly short time. It seems a
reproach to us citizens of the New
World that there is no memorial truly
worthy of so commanding a world
figure as Columbus. -
Bone in Unsealed Casket
"In the proposed Pan-American
memorial the bones of Columbus would
at last be at rest, for they are not at
rest In the mausoleum in the cathe
dral m Santo Domingo. By this state
ment I mean that the bones are being
handled by the curious several times a
year. I myself have . handled the
bones. -The casket in which they re
pose has not been sealed, the result
being that Visiting officials and per
sons pf prominence are allowed to
touch' the sacred remains of the great
H . ui
admiral. Mr. Knox, when secretary
of state, and Mr. Stlmson, when sec- ,
retary of war. and their parties were
among the American visitors ; who
were permitted to Inspect and handle
the bones.
"Of course, there has been a contro
versy as to whether Santo Domingo or
Spain has the bones of Columbus, But
any disinterested man who will take
the trouble to study the question will
find that there cannot be a shadow of
doubt as to the remains In Santo Do
mingo being the true remains.
"Briefly, the facts are these: In ac
cordance with the testamentary wish
of Columbus, who died in 1606 in
Spain, his remains were Interred in
the cathedral in Santo Domingo about
the year 1637. r The remains of ' his
son, Diego. - and his grandson, Luis,
were also brought from Europe and
interred In the cathedral. The Island
remained Spanish until , 1795. when it
was ceded to France. The Spanish
authorities Insisted upon taking away
the remains of Columbus, and In that
year they exhumed what they believed
were the remains. They took these to
Cuba" and buried them in Havana.
"In January. 1899, - after the Span
. lsh-American war. the Spaniards once
more exhumed ' the remains in ques-
Hon this time taking them to Spain.
Canada. ! - 1
t
2i
t.V
tt w-;? i lk
-""5 iti't'-i-: ."
in 5a,io Domxnjo Cily
niusvoicd
Ovm,topKi
on s5cfo cf
0.;
X
."where they were given sepulchre in
Seville. It is these remains, which the
Spaniards - today claim, ara those of
Columbus. V "
r ; Finding of the Bones
,"In 1 877, however, while ; repairs .
were being made to the .cathedral in
Santo Domingo,-a casket, whose exist
ence had seen unknown. was found.
The casket which the Spaniards had
taken had borne no Identifying marks.
But this newly .found casket bore In-
scriptlons both on the outside and in
side covers, which made it plain to
every , one that it contained' the re-,
mains of- Columbus, - while the casket
which had "been taken by the " Span
iards doubtless contained the bones of
. Diego. . . v -
-"The formal-opening "of the casket
took place on September 10,-"X877t tn
the presence of high officials of the
Dominican government and of the for
eign consuls, including the American
and ' Spanish . representatives. The
Spanish consul. Don Jose Manuel de
. Echeverrt; was "convinced that the re
. mains of Columbus had only then been
found, and ha so reported to the king
of Spain. - For this ha was recalled in
disgrace, as Spain wished to insist
WW.
' V, ill
V 4, 1
and Nobla TToTa.g!-.PoT.
Col"umbua "v IrvsonptioT
cova. of laadov coffiTs
. . mi mi
'LHCQhTv of Amanvca..
o o-wtida of cova
that the bones were then in Havana.
"At the time of the finding of the
casket. In 1877, In handling the bones
and dust some fragments fell upon
'the, floor of the cathedral. These
fragments were taken by various per
sons. The Italian consul was one of
those who picked up a pinch of the
precious dust, which he sent to the
town hall of Genoa, the native city
of Columbus. This dust now reposes
In an urn in the town hall, and there
is no question In the minds of the
authorities there, as there was no
question In the minds of the Italian
consul, that this dust is part of the
remains of Columbus.
Scattered Fragments
"In 1878 the archbishop of Santo
Domingo sent to Pope Leo XIII an
other bit of the dust which was ob
tained when the casket was opened a
second time. The University of Pavla.
in Italy, which Columbus attended as
a student, also got a fragment of the
DRAWINGS BY
THREE caricatures preserved at the
City Historical Museum at Lelp
- sic, Germany, have Just been iden
tified as the work of E. T. A. Hoff
mann, .the famous writer, whose name
has become especially familiar In this
country of late years owing to ' the
opera, "Tales of Hoffmann," so fre
quently given In American cities, tbe
libretto of which Is based on his weird
stories. , . t e -
Besides writing, Hoffmann ' was an
able artist, excelling In particular as
a caricaturist, yet tbe examples of his
work In Lalpslo have been credited for
years to another. The discovery of
the real history . Is especially Inter
esting Just now. when - all Germans
are much Interested in their war of
Independence ; against - Napoleon 100
years ago, for the Hoffmann carica-:
tures were made during that struggle,
and all .three of them lampoon Na-
poleon and France. . - . -
remains, having sent a request for it.
Still another small fragment was taken
by the engineer in charge of the ex
humation, which passed into the pos
session of G. W. Stokes of New York.
In 1901 this fragment was presented
by Mr. Stokes to the Lenox library,
being preserved in a small glass vial.
"It has been proposed that the re
mains of Columbus be taken from
Santo Domingo to San Francisco next
year in order that they may be shown
at the Pan-American exposition. . But
hostility to this plan has developed in
the Dominican republic, it being felt
that it would be sacrilegious to make
an exhibit of the remains, while it is
pointed out that there is danger of
some accident happening, by which the
remains might be lost Or destroyed,"
The Bulletin of the Pan-American
Union some time ago printed a de
tailed account of the finding of the re
mains of Columbus in Santo Domingo,
with some discussion of the contro
versy over the Dominican and Spanish
claims, the article in question being
written by Enrique Deschamps, con
sul general of the Dominican republio
at Madrid, who cites various authori
ties in support , of the Dominican
claims.
Senor Deschamps opens his article
with the declaration that "the con
sensus of unbiased public opinion is
that the real remains of Columbus are
those which rest in the cathedral of
Santo Domingo." After explaining
how the remains of Columbus were
brought to Santo Domingo about 1637
and burled Jn the cathedral, Senor
Deschamps continues as follows:
In 179S Spain ceded the island of
Santo Domingo to France under article
9 of the treaty of Baailca, and Lieu
tenant General Gabriel de Aristlzabal
of the royal navy thinking, as became
a soldier and a Spaniard, that it would
not be worthy of his country to leave
the revered remains of .the discoverer
of America under another flag, made
an earnest endeavor to have them re
moved to the capital of the island of
Cuba at that time under the sovereign
ty of Spain.
There was no tablet, inscription, or
mark of any kind on the tomb of Co
lumbus, and the Spaniards.' when they
undertook, during the following year,
the exhumation, as they thought of
the remains of the first admiral, had
nothing to guide them other than tra
dition which said "that the remains of
Christopher Columbus had been said to
rest in the chancel of the cathedral on
the side of the gospel. 1n the place
where the throne of the bishop used to
be placed."
These indications appearing unques
tionable, the exhumers of 1795 made
their search "on the aide of the gos
pel" and found the remains, which tney
removed to Havana. The new exhum
ers of 1877. of whom we will speak
later, guided by no other clue, found
the same "stone casket, hollow, of a
cubic shape," though' empty, its con
tents having been removed at the end
of the preceding century.
But as they knew what the first ex
humers had not known namely that
the remains of the family of Columbus
rested in the same presbyterium in as
many different caskets, while search
ing for those of Don Diego, it being
supposed that - Christopher's were in
Havana, and Luis' having been discov
ered there only a few days beron
they found, not the remains of Diego. .
whi
itch, as will be seen, had really been
taken to Havana, but those of Christo-
pner insteaa.
The record of the exhumation in 1795
makes no reference to any authentfo
document settinar forth that- at trie
place where said anonymous remains
were being removed those of the dis
coverer were located; and if such doc
ument had existed the clerk would
have assuredly made a note of the
fact, as he could not have been un
aware of Its great importance. Such
a document would have accounted for
the absolute absence of inscriptions on
the top or sides of the casket, or on
the loose plates thereof, which in fact
were all that remained of said casket,
as stated in the record. This record,
signed by Jose F. Hidalgo, the olerk
of the chamber of royal Audencla of
Santo Domingo, reads as follows:
HOFFMANN, FAMOUS WRITER
That they were made by Hoffmann ,
was discovered by Herr Fried rich
Schultze of Leipsic, who tells all about
it in the German magazine, Das Llter
arische Echo. Herr Schultze found a
letter written by Hoffmann to Kunz,
a Leipsic publisher, dated March 24,
1814, In which he mentioned all three
of tbe caricatures. Hoffmann wrote:
Men who suffer from gout usually'
have an excellent temper. Often when
my sufferings are acute I write "con
amore," but if the -pain becomes alto
gether too cruel I take up my pencil
and draw caricatures on events of the
day. Baumgartner has published the
following caricatures of mine:
Picture- showing Dame Gallia
(France) freed - by the allied powers
from the devil that had possessed her.
One showing Dame Ciallia rewarding
the physicians whom she had harmed
while possessed of the devil, and prom
ising tirem still further presents. .
Joachim will soon publish snothef
called "The Exequies of the Universal
Monarchy." - -
"On December JO. 1795, a caaket was
opened situated on the presbyterium ..
beside 'the go pal, in the main wall
and step before the principal altar,
about one cubic yard In site, and there- .
In were found some plates about a
third of a yard long, of lead, indicating
that it had contained a box-of said
metal, and some sections of shin
bones and a number of other parts of .
a deceased person, which were gath
ered up on a tray,-, together with all
the earth contained in the same, whlcii.
from fragments mixed therewith, were
recognised as remains of said body.
Therefore, according to the record,
there were exhumed the remains of
"seme deceased person," supposed to
have been those of Christopher Colum
bus, this supposition being based
solely on tradition, which had it that
the remains of the first admiral rested
on that side and in that part of the
presbyterium. -
As was very natural at that histori
cal moment, no protest whatever re
specting said removal was heard In
Santo Domingo. In its place, however,
a vague and uncertain rumor gained
circulation In tha capital to the effect
-that the remains of . Columbus were
still in the presbyterium of the cathe-
The enlightened people of the coun
try paid no attention to the unfounded
rumor, baaing their incredulity on the
general belief that on the right side
of; the presbyterium of the cathedral
the only remains were those of Chris
topher Columbus, and that the act pf
bis exhumation having been made pub
lic and solemn there could be no doubt
that they had been removed to Havana.
Yet, in the face of all this skepticism,
the -traditional rumor persisted year
after yar, though vaguely there being
no one interested In affirming or deny
ing it. To that rumor, then, is due in
part the find of September 10, 1877.
Senor Deschamps explains that on
April 77. 1877, repair work was begun
In the cathedral. All the work was
done under tha Immediate supervision
of Canon BUlinl. On May 14 a metal
lic coffin was found containing human
remains, ths remains being visible
from the outside. Without opening the
coffin. Canon BUlinl ordered work sus
pended until the arrival of the arch
bishop, then traveling in the interior.
In June. Carlos Noael, a Dominican
historical authority, was permitted by
the canon to examine-the casket. Senor
Nouel found a plate bearing this in
scription: The Admiral Luis Colum
bus. Duke of Veragua, Marquis of "
(supposedly Jamaica). On September
1. the archbishop invited the civil and
military authorities . and the consular
corps to be present at the opening of
the casket of Luis Columbus.
On this occasion it was decided thfat
advantage should be taken of the op
portunity to explore the cathedral fur
ther, attention being called to the an
cient rumor that the bones of Chris
topher Columbus were still in the ca
thedral. Accordingly, on September 8.
under supervision of Canon Billini, fur
ther excavations were undertaken.
Two days later the excavation work
disclosed the end of a box. Canon BU
linl again suspended operations, while
the archbishop, minister of the interior
and Italian consul general were sum
moned. On their arrival the hole was
enlarged and the box came plainly to
view. Its top was covered wltlv-j-the
dust of centuries, but the words, "First
Admiral." abbreviated, forming part of
an inscription, could be read.
The examination was again suspend
ed, while the cabinet ministers, munici
pal council, consular corps and other
officials were summoned. In the
presence of these officials, on the
afternoon, of that day, as Senor Des
champs explains, the box. which proved
to be a leaden casket, was taken from
its long resting place and opened. The
remains were inside, while inscriptions,
both on the outside and inside of the
cover, proved, to the satisfaction of
those present; that these were the
bones of Columbus.
On the outside of the cover, in ab
breviation, were the words: "Discov
erer of America The First Admiral."
On the inside of the cover. In abbre
viation, except the name, were the
words: "Illustrious and Noble Person
age Don Christopher Columbus."
Among the remains was a silver plate
bearing the words "Christopher Colum
bus." On the sides of, the basket were
the initials "C. C. A.," supposed to
stand for "Christopher Columbus, Ad
miral." Strong Body of Evidence
Among the authorities from whom
Senor Deschamps quotes in support of
the Dominican claim is the Liguria
Society of Genoese History, which in
vestigated the Columbus controversy.
Its secretary reporting in 1878 as fol
lows: With the evidence now available, th
remains which were discovered In the
cathedra of Santo Domingo on Sep
tember 10. 1877, must be considered
as the true mortal remains of Colum
bus, but not those others which were
removed - to Havana in December of
1795.
Senor Deschamps quotes Adolfo Cro
nau, the historian, as follows:
Both the anchor of this work and the
Witnesses left the place convinced that
the venerable remains of the great
discoverer rest in the cathedral of
Santo Domingo.-
The Spanish writer. Dona Emilia
Serrano, is quoted by Senor Deschamps ..
thus:
The remains of the immortal naviga
tor which have given rise to such con
troversies shall be for ages and ages
the prised treasure of the cathedral of
Santo Domingo, Its most precious Jew
el, and to this shrine future genera
tions will repair to render homage to
Columbus, the man who represented in
his day and age the greatest and best
type of universal genius.' .
Count Roselly de Lorgues, historian,
is quoted as follows: r- -
These subsequent discoveries leave
no room for further doubt. Tbesa are
finally the true relics of him who re
vealed to us the Immensity and mani
fold wonders of the earth.
The late Thomas C. Dawson, who
was American minister to tbe Domin
ican republic Chile; Colombia and
Brazil, is quoted thus by Senor Des
champs: -
As regards the remains of Christo
pher Columbus, there can be no doubt
that they still rest in the little and
ancient Dominican city.
In the first named of tire three th
"devil". Is none other than Napoleon,
who" is shown flying away from the
lady, Just out of reach of the bayonets
of; the "physicians." In the second
. caricature the presents which grateful
France is handing out to her deliverers
are : territory formely occupied , by
Napoleon.' '-Thus, ' Austria Is shown
receiving a basket in which are pack
ages labeled "Trieste, "Flume." ete..
Prussia getting another supposed - to
contain Danzig and Westphalia, while
'England Is demanding free 'trade.
The third, representing the burial of
Napoleon's universal monarchy. Is the
most elaborate of the three. It was
made by Hoffmann for distribution In
England, for which - reason the artist
wrote out the title in English below
; the ' picture. : It ",. shews "universsl
monarchy" on a hearse being borne
to the grave, followed by Napoleon as
chief mourner, ; : .