"THE OREGON I SUNDAVi JOURNAL. 'rt PORTLAND, SUNDAY MORNING , OCT 0 SER--18,- IS l:.
LlMt BUIIUM15 : '.' ; NfeWGYMNASIUM FOR
nnnminTiwr nrninor -? 1 r-"-? ' ' ' . .'. ........ . ' " 1 . ' "" 11:
District Near Salerrf First Set- f " : 1 . "-3 -
-tled by -Early Missionaries - nj 1 lrY t P, riv , ' . '
Among Most Fertile in State, -f MlU-l 1 :( ? f i . in li -i !R ' rr-1
BrP.I.
If you have tver n Mission Bottom
you .will understand why Jason Lea
' and the mlaaionariea In the early days
with the whole country to pick from
selected - tola locality. " It la located
nine miles north of Balem and contains
- about 1,000 acres. L. H. McMahon of
Salem soma years o purchased 109Q.
acres In tha heart of Mission uotiom.
His piece Includes the site of the orlgl
nal :: mission settlement Recently
spent a day oln over tha alte of the
original raisaioB settlement with , Mr,
McMahon. ..,..';-..:.,
'Before purchaeinff thfs place,"; said
r Mr. McMslion, "I looked all over Orefon
to find a nlace that suited ma and thia
came nearer my Ideal than: any -other
place In any part of Che state." . From
the house built on the exact location ff
me original log nouse or tne mission
arlea we went out to the barnyard.
Thence we went to the . 6i acre ' hop
: rieia wnere 160 picKera were at work.
As I passed up and' down the rows
topped i back of a pretty little red
cheeked English ylrl who was leading
the jslnrlng group of pickers were
singing Annie iaurie. "i can pick 10
boxea a.day.-sha said. "Some of the
pickers, here have picked as high as
It boxea a day. Moat of them average
from? to 7 boxes though. They pay
eo cents a dox. These hops are very
heavy and large. In some yards they
can not make nearly so much as we do
nere." :-'"':-:;;...-'? ...v.,-:,....'-r ,
'The best pickers," said Mr. McMa
hon, . "are Indiana They have a high
sense of honor and will not throw stems
and leaves in the boxes. They wlU do
exactly what they are told. There are
about S2S acres of hops on Mission
Hot torn. This yard is II years old
and as you sea. bears heavily. It will
average 1500 pounds to the acre.
:-v, -l v-; " 'each Orchard ' TsxtTe.
From the hop field we went through
a " 0 acre wrchard Of young peara-
D Anioua, Bartletta. Hoilisters and Wln
ter Keltla; 'I have IS 5 acres In peaches
ana eoo acre in apples with peach fll
lers," said Mr. McMahon.
The peaches are from two to five
years old. ' .As we walked through the
orchard ws stopped- and picked large.
ripe peacnes orawroraa, uiings ana ea
bertaa. ' This land Is so rich that many
of the, trees look like eight or 10 year
old trees. Many of the trees had made
from six to 10 feet Of new growth.
7 Yes, this is an ideal peach district,'
saio. air,- aicftwnon in answer to 'my
question.- -Also ta Follett, my neigh-
oor, is me pioneer or Mission Bottom
in the peach Industry. Part of bis neach
orchard Is SI years old. I know of no
ether districfci where .peach 4rees wyi
pruauce-waen - me -trees are" more than
IS years old. f. , ,v
"Some of the famous peach districts
advertise the ..fact that their trees will
bear- up to- their fourteenth year. rWa
have some-peach tree here that were
set out iO years ago and that are pro.
cueing an average of bushels of
peaches iq the tree. ! This year from a
peach tree 47 years old I picked a 10
pound box. Front " tny four-year-old
treesI picked peaches that wa packed
zo td thiayer and four layers to tha
ousnei Dox .whienv-means : that It only
took SO peaches to fill a bushel box.
Aleo La Follett saya durina tha nam
S3 ear ht has only had three partial
iiiur;a causea oy a neavy rreese after
the trees were in blossom. All of tha
reaches 1 oTflclally exhibited at tha
Iewls . Clark fair were secured from
Mr.. La Follett's. place after. Inveatigat
Ing the various districts in Oregon and
Washington.1';" 'v.', :v..-.- ,.
, As I stood aCibe jeda of. the orchard
end looked -dowTt thf long- nnlforra yows
of peach area that ran for more than
a i alf mile- ' tp-' the distant' timber ' I
thought I had never seen a more beautl.
ful sight "How do you account for
this, being such a wonderful peach dis
trict?" I askedt- .,- .
-Professor 8. R. Lake, formerly of the
Oregon Agricultural College but now
at the head-of the Pomologlcal Depart
ment of the Bureau of Agriculture at
W aahington, D. C. has visited officially
every fruit district in the United States
and has made two trips to Europe in
vRtigatlng conditions there. He ex
plains it by saying that the soil on
Mission Bottom Is oomposed, of alluvial
silt' deposited-by. the river and is from
H to 25 feet deep and Its richness is
almost Inexhaustible. Added to that
the whole place is . sub-Irrigated as
you can eee by noticing the water rush
that springs up. all over the place. No
matter how dry the season the soil is
moist within an inch or two of the sur
facev It waa Professor Lake who told
ma of thia district He told ma It waa
the finest district for peaches, pears
and apples he had ever seen in all his
travels They have, grown barely con
tinuously for from1 40 to 0 years on
some of the farms here and today they
fVA .bu8hel? 10 th cr nJ on
land that has been cropped for 10 years
vnojr kwh so to 40 buahl e
wheat"
; Lakes Aboand In risK
.We went from the peach orchard to
; a chain of three lakes varying from
' one-fourth mile to a half mile in length.
"There are thousands of bass in these
Don't Let Piles
Bother You
When You Can Relieve Younelf by
Using Pyramid Pile Remedy Right
in Your Own Home.
Send far rree rackage That WlU Qive
1 1 -. , Ton Aetnal rroof.
Don't by any means become discour
aged. Try Pyramid Pile Remedy and
get the very kind of relief you want
, freedom from pain.
TMtriceep np the treatment until you
are thoroughly satisfied you have been
permanently cured.
Thousands of pile sufferers have
found Relief in this wonderful, rapid
remedy and so popular has it become
that no matter Where you live you can
go to your druggist and buy a box, price
(0 cents. ' 'V,-... ' ,-!
. If yot want actual proof, however,
we are perfectly willing to make gooJ
our rlalms and will send you a trial
package absolutely free.
Send this coupon--now today.
nam paokaos ootrrov. .
Tyrs'mid Drug Co.,-!'.. t''- ' - ,
. 487 Pryamld Bldg., Marshall, Mich,
Send me a -free trial package of
Pyramid pile Remedy in a plain, nn
marked, ronf Identlal, wrapper.' I agree
o,use same is directed, . , ,
Name'
City
K;'. ,, , .-J-''' ,tu. - -v -,,. . '
. . -S - " H ' ':
k : one- - jk , f
til IK Jv. " iJ J i .TTZTTm-- I I
nil f - ? ii ' n if . :
v x III V' IllVV'-'Vs
lr . w ' v " -''-'' ' ' ' ''
Modern Buiiding . Will .Permit
- . r.i.jL.- n i.iL..-.i!i n
'Oi runner ueveiupiueiu in
Physical Training,
' v t' (Special te The' JnvnaL) i
Oregon Agricultural College Corval-
lIs,.Or., Oct (11. The toundatlons .f
tha east wing of 'the ;0. A. C. men's
gymnasium,; the largest structure of its
kind on the coast were poured recently
and a very large crew, of men are rush
ing the work on the main building, in
order to get tha foundation work out
of the way before the winter rains set
In. Favorable weather condltl6ns hace
enabled the contractors' to make rapid
pro grass ia the preliminary work on the
new structure, and the prospects of tha
early -completion : of the. building are
very bright. . , , ; . . . .. '
,he wonderful growth of the Oregon
Agricultural college made a big Increase
In gymnasium-quarters Imperative. The
girls' and .men's classes Interfered with
each other to such a degree that neither
could.de satisfactory 1 work, i For indoor
sports such as.. basket hall, .the seating
capacity was far too small to handle the
crowds wnlch" attend 'ever' conference
game. Numerous mtnoY accidents have
occurred by collisions on- the small
floor, - ,.. -f- v ,:-. -
In plahnlng the new'-gymnaalum the
officials-looked; entirely to , the future,
putting up such a building aa would
accommodate "the. students for at least
18 years,; .By the end of that period the
building which is now to be used only
for the- giria will' be ready to be torn
down, a new building , erected for . the
men. and the girls vmoved,lnto the one
pow under way., " ,; . . ;
. Eiguty-two thousand dollars. Is the
sum .being4 spent on tthe main section
and one wing of the edifice, Tne state
legislature .voted y this amount to be
snent at this time On the building, and
the remainder -of the fudd necessary; to
complete the gymnasium will be naked
from some of the succeeding leglsla-
lakes they feed along the edge of the
lake in the Illy pods. I have seen bass
weighing as hlgn aa nine pounds caugnt
In the lakes here on my place.".
We next went to a 76 acre ash swale
on some beaver dam land where the re
cent work of the beavers is in evidence.
In going through the primeval growth
of firs along the lake we scared up
arouse and pheasants. "I do not allow
any shooting whatever on this place."
said ir. McMahon. Last year w sowed
a field of buckwheaj for the bees. We
did not cut It, and in the winter you
could always see- from 60 to so unina
pheasants in the field.
"Mission Dottom oemg rormen oy me
deposit of fine silt from the river
means that there are no stones nere
you can not find a wash tub full of
stones on the whole puce, rroiessor
E. ft Lake Introduced . the low open
head system of pruning In Oregon and
California. That Is the system We use
here. The greatest trouble we have is
securing skilled labor to prune ana
care for the trees. The trees should
be cut back heavily to secure a strong
root system. la the past men used to
work without being watched but I ftnd
it difficult to get that type of worker
nowadays.! '-;.?''''.;;. '-"''iVr--'' ';''.' ;.'',';
N onogenef ian Also Gives Re
cipe ; for Living to Ripe
Old'Age " ;
Indianapolis, Ind Oct 11- Kicked out
of bed by Abraham Lincoln, a "distinc
tion" which 0r. B. C Richardson, of this
lty, enjoys, has not Interfered with his
health nor his disposition. "He was 90
years old October 7, and says he Will
Jive to be a hundred.' - ', .-.-f - - -.' -,i -.
How to live to be a hundred years old
Is Dr. Richardson's hobby. Here is hew
he says he Is going to do It:
- "Eat much less than- Ignorant appetite
calls for. '; ,''
"Chew what little you do eat with ex
treme care..'- -.',"5?';t,,;i ;,;,-. '.-!,';-:.-.--i
"Take a cold plunge every morning. :
'Work every day, whether you feel
like It or not. ., ' ';.-:,'i"'jv'-,'i.
"Keep ryour; mind clean, as well -as
your body. - '' '. ':'';.-. ,':.'.; . Cv ,: "iV
"Leave stimulants alone..iJ:"':-!',!''?
. "Take regular mental and bodily! jrec-
DMia ni ngnt to vanquish old age
RiEND
AY
LINCOLN
FROM BED
Dr. . Richardson looks, Ilk a v robust
man of CO his pet hobby Is Lincoln and
the story of how Lincoln kicked him out
of bed is his pet story. ; A remarkable
diary covering , tl years, and written
from memory a few years ago,' relates
many interesting incidents of his friend' j
;,Vf - '!'''-''''- -f ,v !,'' -.-'' -,r i ''- ':-'.
. A.
Top New-j gymnasium .under construction at the Oregon Agricultural
..college. f " - a ) t s '
Bottom, left to' right James O. Arbuthnot, Instructor of physical edu'
: catiofi? 'Miss Carolyn M Plock, instructor, of physical education:
E. J; Stewart; physical director; Miss Miriam Agnes Thayer, head
": of the department of physical education for women.' ' A
tures. In the main section and one wing
will be the rooms most needed at this
time. 'The fund will not totally equip
even thls 'much'bf the building, but
enough can be purchased to make occu
pation possible, .1 , -r, , , ; - v. iC,
Ample recilltiee of Vew Balldlar
According to the 1 figures submitted
bv Dr. K. J. Stewart athletic director
of the Oregon Agricultural college, 3500
men will be accommodated in the new
building without crowding. Three floors.
a basement main floor, and second floor
comprise the total space. - This has been
divided in the most economical manner.
The mosrHmportant part of the base
ment will be the looker rooms, showers,
and large swimming pool. The latter
will be 50x100 feet ranging in deptn
from S to 12 feet, with a, concave bot
tom. Aquatic sports will tie Introduced
into the field of sport at O. A. C, and
the pool-Is built o as to accommodate
10 men in races, each with a five-foot
lane In which to swim. A complete sys
tem of showers- has been planned. The
pool will be emptied ' three times a
week. .-
Aside from locker rooms to accommo
date 2500 men! in the basement the low
er plant and 'heating plant will be in
stalled, so that the gymnasium will
be Independent of the college heating
plant, and can have heat without firing
up the whole college system.
Tha 'main floor will .contain the big
gymnasium room. This floor will be
of sufficient, else to allow 200 men to
perform calisthenics upon it at one
time. The area will be 90 feet by 110
feet and will be finished in hardwood
flooring. Leading to the, basement will
be a number of brass sliding poles, so
that the floor can be emptied in a little
ship with the martyred preftldent Dr.
Richardson .met Lincoln at' Charleston
when the doctor was engaged In dentis
try In the early '80a -
"Mr. Lincoln came to my boarding
house," writes Dr. Richardson, "and our
acquaintance soon' became" close and
friendly. ' Lincoln made Charleston
his headquarters during important court
sessions. "When - the city -was very
crowded, Mr, , Lincoln and I bunked to
gether (to accommodate our landlady.
"On one such occasion ' Aba partook
too much of extra strong, corn beef and
fricasseed honey cakes . and other ram
bunctious dainties with inclinations toward-
nightmare. " - - v- '
' "Suddenly he planted his No. 10's
square in the middle - of my . back and
knocked me out of the four-poster to
tne center of the dingy bedroom. Not to
be outdone, I tiptoed downstairs, drew a
bucketful of water and dashed the water
square in the snoring .countenance of
Abraham Lincoln. He slammed the door
in my. face and let me sleep on the rug
Just outside the door." .
MAN SHOULD ATTAIN
AGE 0FH 00 YEARS
-,,
London, . Oct ,11 In ' a, discission on
the comparative longevity of , man and
the animals, Blr James Crlchton-Browne,
presiding , at the annual i conference of
the Sanitary Inspectors'- association,' at
-As solid and firm as your own teeth.
two or more roots or teeth in
' A
ill
n - vr a .' wnrartt r
';..
-President and Manager.. ' .
- 2 Years In Portland
. - r 4 t CRQWN'y fxS'vi r rfl
. . ; J S 'llt -':,-TOOTH fcM'Jr?Zi:i
3 1 LiU- V;.''-:
SE?pENTAK;W'lilf
V.' " X. i
yi':44;''S. ,
rAtzjnro tm.jtHo, tks aits
if.BBUaaoe.-on T'urd Street aw v.:..-
- . - ' .. m ..... , ...... .
C." IS UNDER CONSTRUCTION
over one minute, and will enable the
men to. reach the dressing rooms di
rectly from the main gymnasium floor.
In the main corridor will be the show
cases full of the trophies won by the
various athletic teams In the past, From
the main corridor will open the offices
of the director of athletica. . In these
offices will be. rooms for the examine
tlon and treatment of students needing
medical attendanoe, beside the receiving
rooms. - .."-.' ; . .'-i,
A wrestling floor, special fencing and
boxing rcoms, and a small 'complete
gymnasium, storerooms and drying clos
ets will complete the equipment' of the
main floor. In the wrestling floor will
be padded walls and floors, and a spec
tators gallery to seat a large irftmber.
On the second' floor will be a large
gallery, -running entirely around ; the
main floor. Around this gallery , will
be a running. track, IS laps to ths mile,
Thyaloai vraialng- Oompnlsory. .
It is Intended to put the new gym
nasium' to much greater use than the
old one. Participants Jn soma form of
athletics has heea madJX compulsory by
a recent jnandate issued -from the de
partment of 'pBysieaVducaUorVfor
every student of whpni gymnasium work
IS required. As 600 men are registered
in tha freshman' and sophomore classes,
the two organisations of which 'gym
nasium work is required. '
The physical eduoatlon department is
headed by Dr.'E. J. Stewart who has
been with the Institution since January
1, 191L Assisting him Is James Ar
buthnot, instructor In physical educa
tion, and wrestling coach." Mr. Arbuth
not came to the Oregon Agricultural
college in 1909. Miss Miriam Thayer
Llandudno, said that 100 years was the
period man ought to live. '. -''' ":
It they fell short of that, they ought
to he ashamed of themselves. It would
be entirely due to the ignoring either by
themselves or their progenitors of the
laws of health. . ; y , . ; ,
Mr. John Mole pleaded -the necessity
for wholesome food. He declared that
there was an Immense amount of guess
work In tha provision and preparation of
our food.- wi - . r, .' ' V.T :..; .'.-.--
"In my opinion," he said, it would be
quite safe to say that only a very small
percentage of those whose business or
duty it is to provide and prepare our
food supply' ready for the table have
even a moderate knowledge of Its com
position or suitability for meeting the
needs of the body. It does seem very
extraordinary that , such an amount of
blind indifference should be allowed to
prevail In connection wKh such an Im
portant muer. . ; , . irt -t ,
' Manuscripts Lost .on - Streets. .
Parle, Oct 11. Among the-property
lost last week, in the streets f Paris
and unclaimed y.the owners, were five
long prose manuscripts, Tour long manu
scripts in verse, and two t concerning
which fhe police are not certain whether
they are In verse or prose. 1 ! i
There are also 43 corsets, 721 bunches
of keys, 2S boots 'and a hare, , which in
a year, and a. day will become the
property , of , the. 'finder If he likes his
mm ktarh ' T ,'t.- y - .J, ,',-,,- ' ;i,
Eat anythingi ! i All you need is
:ther law. Fuiiir snarantaed. t
GOtD '
CROWN
Places. With flexible anetlon-v. A:-;
The very best and latest in modern
f dentistry. No more falling plates. v '
washihotobt. . . oositbb. '" - -'-
;-, y .-, ... Portland., Oregon
w j ., I, .... ,i
I'M
is at the head of the - department of
physical education for girls, assisted by
Miss Carolyn Plock. .The classes are
c large In the men's department that
a .new assistant la being sought, -and
aa soon - as . President Kerr Is able to
find a man qualified to take tha place
he will be added te the faculty.
taste or pure
maple in
Cabin: Syrup
makesVybu
want more
it Vmighty
fine these mornings with waffles
or wheat cakes.k
TQWLE'S
., j t.4-:- .--tHvn , k m "ss. a '" m -4. a , jbbsbsbbs
is i a picasing; anu neaiuuux - eiicacy lor-
Get a can or Log Cabin Syrup ; from',. . -i -.
send in his name and325 cents, nd:a-Si5MM; ,
ijffiidffi -
,1' 'U v-
:--'i:VB
'i"';;.A",i-:i:,5j'''i'i''Cr?!
'.f;'-"?';-r ,;-. ', I-,'v '
r, TlfAfV :fc,e
30.
r '.-
'.U''rl-"''
road bu.lij:;:g has-;
CHARACTERIZED
if,, ,u , i 1 '
History ;Teaches;.Nationa:,Der
cadence, Generally?' Manifest
Tif Poor -Class of rTighways,
- 1 ' i - ..-"!,
One of the unvarylpg(lessops of his
tory Is that progressive, prosperous, and
great "nations "built good roads.' Stag
nant, pooj and weak nations built no
road a' '. , I " , -N w , v
The first roads were paths beaten by
prehistoric -animals between their ' feed'
lnrf places and " their, watering' lioles;
Primitive man found it easier td follow
these paths than to break a way through
tangled fo.resta or -over -rough country.
Besldett these trails brought hint to the
haunts of; the game on -which he rsub
slsted.' .-iVid-.-rf V-' ift;..4-
- He- lived along, these v trails 4 and
camped where he slew an animal until
it was eaten, or he used, the trail as a
road to carry his food supply to lil
cave, -. He had ho means of travel except
afoot and np transport medium save his
own back. Even-today man prefers to
live along the roads most convenient to
supplies, jW,w,v,.-.??i.yY.,.f v.-
With i ortrahlied v society .Vcame f the
building of roads and only by -constant
Improvement of these means of trans
portation and communication have na
tions progressed and prospered. ... ? ,
1 !- . JSgrptlaa MoUMmrn..
The Egyptians, maintained a ' great
number of highways for 'commerce.',: The
solid construction of. these roads is
made evident by traces oft them,' that
still exist, -c j- '
.The Phoenicians ' were the-greatest
traders' and, coloniaers.'of, early .times.
They established great, commercial land
routes by which their merchants Jour
nejfed to the interior of Europe, i Asia
and Africa to gather cargo for their
ships. The highways of Carthage were
the models of the, Romans, the greatest
of road bulldera . .-:" - ' 1 ,-.'!,
Under Darius Persia stretched 8000
miles east to west Excepting Home she
had the best system of early roads. -1
The cities of the Medea were connected
by highways and postal communication
or government business was maintained
over these roads. Couriers, riding in re
lays of horses, covered,; 240 miles of
more in 24 hour. , '
Many years before the Christian era
A:'V:-'Al,t-
vi'u--f.
.;SJ'-.',.:v',-tt,i-ll!;ji,
9t
EVER
ViGO
0
mm
mM. u (die-. (:kihi&$t M S :,
L0g iHM Mmsw pj,
mm ii
"7 . t 1
the : Chinese - b'egan-' to chunk ni t i
wide, ' durable, roadwuys, pov, v ,
hewn - blocks ' ot stops : perci y , )
and. well peniented. f J '
In Greece rnuch time and money wa.i
given to state roads. .. , , . . ,- ,
-Athens waa connected with her h
bor, thff Plraeux, more than f')iir ml,
distant by : 'highway 200 yardu whla .
which has been scarcely equalled.
"r I' Jtomans Were fast-Masters. '
- The provinces 'Of Jmperlat Rome war
connected by more than io.000 miles -of
solidly constructed highways. The Ro
mans Improved in the pn of road build
ing which they ' learned- from the- Car- -thageniuns.
They laid -out' roads. wlthv
low grades in straight lines from." sta
tion to station, building bridges, tunnels ,
andradCfCtS to " evercome , najflrftl ou
ataolesAvarnv4oundattoiCwaB' pro
vided always". Wherever necessary tho
ground was rammed .with,. small- stones
or fragments' of brick, a pavement of
larger stones weaid,next, firmly set -in
cementi,A';'?',.ri,ri.'.'.-'V-v,'rtv
This method has "not been Improved '
pn even in the present day. 'It Is the'
beat bajse for 'laying Belgian block a' or
wood or asphalt pavement Sometimes '
these' early wagon roads were- double- -'
tracked -with a .raised footpath in the '
ii i-f 'Immense lams Sxpended. j? , j , ,
Immense sums were expended by the
Komans In construction and upkeep of
roads. -No.v other, publio outlay, was i
larger. This imposed, a .heavy - burden' -on
the people but It: was -justified oy
the . results. ';.,?: f',:.i,i.).t,lwj!, v
In the middle ages transportation fa
cilities were exceedingly crude. In the
seventeenth -century .a, systerm of roaia
and , canals' was .established in ;. France ,
hy-Louis XI.' ,:-., tj-;-.Vi'vieVM . ' .
--Frederick- the Great recognising) the
lack iOf . transportation , facilitiea as the ,
chief , cause of industrial depression be
gan to construot turnpikes , and. canals
in .jfrusaia. x -. . , f . , o,
'After the ; Romans left . England . the
aA m ih,v .trttkA ,Kllfr nM-l-.,,
Inter-communication,- Although the first -turnpike
act was passed In 16fi,. turn
pike roads were not extensively .adopted
lrt England until th, last half , pfj, tha
eighteenth, century. j ,i-i-...,v.-a ,
:"v -. 1 " . . .
' , Heavy .Question in Balance. ,
; " London, OctH.-VA notice on tha door-
of ; the ; town . bH 7of Castelpanet-par-
Bealraount, ia' 8outh France, summons
the members of the munlolpal coancil to -f
a special meeting s with the following -agenda:
:itte"?". fM.; r.-V;
, "Discussion bf the 'mayor's report oh '
the- advisability or buying two brooms
tor. th,:munloinal. ltttnien,"'-i;""-i';1- ,
. "Urgency In person only. - rv r, '
' ' "Tfour presence Indispensable,'- , "a I
'ri i -i ' i ''iii i- , ' 1,
I ijetrolt,' Mlch.,vhas been mW ' the '
permanent headquarters tf. the Ama1ga-"
mated Association of Btreet and ElectrW
Hallway employes of 'America. ; , ' ' ,
........ J 1 V
).;
. I,
,.v-