THE' OREGON SUNDAY f JOURNAL, PORTLAND, SUNDAY MORNING,' JULY J3. 1913.
v ; f Copyright, Still by the Star Company. Greet Britain Rights Itessrved, . r tc
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FACTS WORTH KNOWING Aljoiif the Way the EFFICIENT GAS METER WORKS
theMEHK
How
BMATHES-and
MEilSUKES the
-pTO HOST homekeeperi and beads of families the
I ;V gu meter down In the basement Is a mystery,
A - and usually tinder suspicion. ' Sometlmss these
usplclona are Justified, but there should not be any
piystery associated with a mechanism In which no snb
' ctantlal lnsprorement has been made In sixty years.
The three dials which register the passage of gas
through the meter are in plain view on the outside of
ihe machine. Together they record the passage of gas
In ublo feet up to one hundred thousand.
As there Is no motlre power except the pressure of
thai gas In pasalng through the meter, only the actual
consumption of gas or a leak la the service pipe causes
toy change In the reoord of tha dials. Faulty
mechanism may cause the meter to run too fast or too
low. but It cannot be "fixed" to run bp a consumer's
Ire Our SAILS All WRONG?
bill whether gas passes through or not If no caa is
being consumed and the meter goes on working, then
a leak In the bouse or apartment service pipe if the
: answer, ( v , , .
. In the upper part of the meter Just behind the dials
Is the registering mechanism. Below Is a pair of bel
lows,: or diaphragms, as ther are called. These dia
phragms Inhale and exhale gas just aa the human lungs
Inhale 'and exhale air, except that they operate alter
nately. . While one Is filling up the other is discharging
Its contents Into the service pipe. ' '
Each one, when Inflated, holds a fixed, and definite
volume of gas and measures the Invisible and intangible
substance Just as we might measure water with a pint
dipper. This alternate opening and closing of the dia
phragms sets in motion a train of gears which records
the amount of gas passing through the meter, and as
this motion must cease when the gas ceases to flow
it is obvious that the hands of the dials cannot move
unless gas Is either being burned or Is escaping. ,
The diaphragms are two circular, sheets of -metal
Joined by a , piece ' of sheepskin thoroughly saturated
with oll The skins used for the purpose have to be
selected with great care. Each pelt la examined In a
dark closet by a man who passes It over a table In which
there is a hole about four Inches square. Through this
a light is thrown from beneath, and thus any defect In
the skin is quickly revealed. It takes a flock of three
hundred thousand aheep every year to keep the gas
meters of the United States In repair .
The Measnrlnf Xunga" of a Gas
Meter. "A and B Are Each Two
' Metal Discs ' Bound Together by.
Prepared Flexible Sheepskin. When
the Gas Pressure Has Expanded A
te Its limit, B Begins to Fill, and
A to Discharge Into the 8ervlco
" Pipe. This Process Is Antoinette -While
Gat Is Being Consumed,
Tne law commonly recognises as accurate a meter
which Is not more than i per cent slow or t per cent "
fast, and In Massachusetts. New Tork, California and ,
Maryland all meters must be tested and sealed by State ;
officials before they are Installed. Many of the larger'"
cities have similar regulations. If at any time the
housewife has reason to believe that the' meter is not -registering
correctly,' she can apply to the authorities
having such mature In charge to have It tested again.
The small fee charged for this service, is paid by the
consumer. If the meter is found to be correct, or slow,
and by the gal company if It la fast' v - , ' ; .
. The gas companies claim , that their system of read-"
Ini the meter record and rendering bills for gas oon'. .
sumed reautres any error made In one. month to be.,
automatically corrected the next month," If the bands
on the dials are between two numbers the rule is to !
read the lesser number. - . : t ;:. :
.. ' K the gas man makes the minuend or upper Una of
the Sum in subtraction too large by reading, for In-: '
stance, IMOjT Instead i of 88,900 the subtrahend or lower ,
line will obviously be a thousand larger next month
than If he hadn't made the mlsuks, and so things will
be evened up, . . -
81owness in the meter is caused by friction in the I
registering machinery, in which case the company loses.
Unlue rapidity is likely to result when the meter is "
placed too near the heating apparatus. The atmos
phere then geu too dry and the meter pants as if
short of breath, ,
- A, frequently unsuspected cause of gas waste is the
burners, : The standard flat-flame burner, which many
- 4 cap
xs
'. . i -,-. eMA ,:, fyh' :y "
.ThO 'Pointers on a ;Gas Meter's Dials Are Moved
hy, the f,M,B,? of th5 '? Pwsing Through Its Meas
urlns; "Lungs or Bellows. . Together, as the Dla.
F'JIL2W Jhfy lBdi:i;u rure of from 100
to 100,000 CuMo Feet of pas. t ,
of the companies supply to their patrons, burns five
cublo feet of gas an hour; but there are burners often
recommended , by dealers , for - some reason . or r other
which will consume from ten to fifteen feet an hour.
A burner made entirely of metal Is a thing to be'
avoided, as meUl is a conductor of heat, and anything!
that' withdraws beat from the flame lessens the
luminosity.- The most economical and satisfactory
burner Is one having an incandescent mantle. It not
only gives a better light, but decreases the consumption:
of gaa to three and a half feet an hour, -
There Is little doubt that Ignorant or careless house'
maids are responsible for much of the gas wasUce
popularly . charged against "lying meters. Every one
engaged In housework should be taught how-to use a
gas stove economicallyfor it is here that opportunities
for waste art most numerous and often unsuspected. J
H' AS the world been wrong all these een
Jtnries In its use of solid sails for
. . sailing vessels? Can it be true that'
If holea are punched In the canvas of the
'sails the boat will go faster? It Is claimed
In all seriousness by some foreign investiga
tors that we hav been mistaken in the
theory of the utilisation of the wind for sail
lnjc and that the rixht way to use the wind
Is to let It blow on the aaU and then pass
through, giving a chance to succeeding puffs .
of wind to reach the salla. A Gantaln Vassalo
(asserts positively that he increased the speed
' of his yacht one-fifth by punching- boles in
the sail. He claims that when there is no
bole in the sail a counter-pressure Is created
In the bellying sail, and that there Is a cone
of dead air la the sail which preventa th
ti a amMAAAiVlMir f1a af iirun t Visa siofl
AUV UlAVl VI OUT lUtlli pUMLe IUO U1IU DU
IUSI A9lvsjaaUal SMv uilfvw . ayeevsa, ea aea
foUowlng blasts of wind, weakening them to
the extent of one-fifth their power.
It is suggested that .the holes should not
be too large, and ought to be in proportion
to the slie of the sail, tor the wind should
not pass through the sail without having
done Its propulsive work. It Is well to experi
ment first by piercing two holes toward the
bottom of the sail' and then gradually ln
. creasing the number, as found necessary
Other experiments nave been made along
this line, going- even so far aa to make the
sail in overlapping strips, which, being at
tached to each other by bands a tew feet
apart, yet separate and let the wind through
after It has done, its pushing, giving room
to the following wavea of air to reach the
sails directly. Experiment has proved that
these bands should not be too narrow to
secure the greatest efficiency. Here is aa
' opportunity for some expert to determine
'precisely how a sail ought to be constructed
to secure the greatest possible speed.
WKy RIVERS Usually lty
pv TJWNO .the daytime and especially in the Bonv
J mer a thunderstorm -will never cross a large
river. This rule holds good "In almost every
"caio'except where ""there i Is'a clty dnlther side of the"
stream. At first thought this seems odd. One can un
derstand a fire or a witch not crossing- running- water,
but a thunderstorm? Perhaps the fact that at night
and In the Winter time the river forms a less obdurate
barrier may give a clue.
A thunderstorm, as generally understood, is a large
.dark cloud lying low, above which are very dense white
clouds that look like exploded cotton bales; from this
cloud formation heavy rain falls; before the rain there
is usually a violent squall of wind, Just before the wind
there is a sharp drop in temperature. A thunderstorm
always cools the air for a while, and usually lasts about
aa hour and a halt, Such a thunderstorm is common
in Summer, particularly when the air la sultry and op
pressive and it is found all over, the world from the
Equator to the' Pole,
jS! di4 thunderstorm eome tromT What gate :
it birth? In the answer to these questions lies the
answer to the problem of the difficulty the squall finds (
sat 4wieius Hiua rTJ0
Air la hftfttad from the, YnsHnm mi .w' sm
ww wwwmmb ev ,a j si va ub p uu
are transmitted readily, aa the air absorbs very litUe.
Dry earth reflects little of the sun's heat, transmits
ery light audabsorbs It nearly all. If therefore
radiates heat well. -Consequently the air Is heated little
from the surface of the earth upward, not from the
upper layers downward. Heated air rises, therefore
there must be a break in the upper layer of air to let
the heated air through. These rising columns of warm,
; moist air rise until they reach a height where they can
expand. As gas expands it cools, and the moist air
cooling forms a thick, white cloud. If the cloud Is large
enough the cloud cannot hold the moisture, a rain-cloud
, forma beneath it, the dew-point Is reached .and raln
orops form.
. In the meantime the air under the cloud becomes sud
denly colder, and consequently: heavier. This makes
H descending current of cold air. The air under the
flQUfl becomes colder for three reasons, because ot the
reaction against the rising hot air. because the air
dou1 u "Med from the sun. and because
?uta? raindrops chill the air through which they
c.old "whes-to tho earth's surface be
cause of the forward movement of the shower, and also
to replace the heated air which is rising up tha column.
Since the life and continuance of a thundershower
depend on the steady rise of a column of heated air. it
becomes easy to see why a river forms a barrier. . Water
reflects a great deal of sunlight and absorbs most of
the rest. It radiates Tory little. The air Is therefore
colder on a river, and there la a gentle curent toward
either bank to take the place of the air rising from the
land. In order to keep up the aupply of cooler air flow,
ing to the two banks a descending cold current of air
forms over the river. When the thunderstorm, depend
lng on a rising condition of heated air, Is oinfronted
by a descending current of cooler air, it cannot go on.
The storm, then, either Is deflected and moves along
the river bank, or It stops abruptly. forms dense cloud
masses and some distance beyond the river catches
another asoendlng column of air. and huiids a new
itmnTT TTTTT TTru A
mxmsmi
By HENIU JOLY,
Member of the French Academy
One may say that Ithe civilization of a
'society is measured by Its civilizing in.
i i . t
; . . " - -L. M. ' A. J 11.4 MA l(1la.
- inr in ii i in in t it 1 1 ii am buuw uia aiaitrw w w
" own' civilization. The only thins; that
calght be said against this double proposi
tion Is that it la too apparent too self-
' evident
There Is in the world no lack of socle
. ties which are behind or which, worse
atm, have stagnated, gone backward or
decayed, strangers to civilization. How
then does the part of the world which
- flatters lUelf with being clviUzed behave
toward these? In three different manners.
In many places it exploits tnem, in oinera,
still quite numerous, it colonises them,
while those which It civilizes are unfor
tunately la minority. To exploltr-the
word la really sufficiently clear in itself
: means simply to look tor a new source of
wealth among the people to whom you sell
and from whom you buy on profitable
terms. To colonize also means to try to
Increase your wealth and extend your in
fluence, but at the same time to endeavor
little by little to make the natives take
part in the economic and even the social
life ot the colonists who are sent out to
live among them, but it la clear that for a
long time it will be the colonists who get
nearly all the profits from the colonised
solL' To dvlllte means to prompt a coun- '
try, whether you colonize it or not at the
, same time, to strive toward the higher
- conception of life, social, rellgloua and
. family life, which the older nations pos-
" sessed In their better daya.
Now, where doea .Trance stand? It has
been said that she has not always under
., stood to exploit the countries she has
taken possession of. But this is perhaps
' a praise as much as it is a criticism. Our
country Is not as grasping as some others,
and it Is more merciful to the conquered
, countries. It is also said that France can-t
; not colonize, and this la undoubtedly true
in as far that, our tamillea not being- very
prollflo, we can not send out true colonists,
But la those places where we have "
nough colonists, asin Algiers and Tunis,
France performs a civilising work which '
it msy proudly., show to Its friends and
; enemies,, though It has r Its weak points,
It cannot be denied by anyone that France
has done and is still doing; more civilizing
' work than any other country. Why? No
one ought to be surprised when I say it
clearly and without hesitation, because
. France has Jeen the first to send out and
is still sending out, at great sacrifice, men
who do their work in the most disinterest
ed manner ' and whose whole heart and
soul is in their work, , ..
We must not forget that civilisation Is
complex; It Implicates material and tem
poral as "well aa spiritual and moral bene
fits. But the first no more in our colonies ,
than at home and perhaps evpn less do
not necessarily carry with them the others.
We do not see signs that the administra
tions which are so Indifferent to every
thing which does not conoern revenues,
custom duties, promotion of officials, im
provement of means of communications,
are doing very much to teach our colonial
subjecta respect of women, love of work
and abstinence from intoxicating liquor.
On the other aide the missionaries cannot
boast ot adding to the material wealth of
the yellow or black races by their Bible
lectures. Nevertheless, they do teach
them to curb their desires and passions.
Inspire them with love of family, and by
their own devotion show them an example
of charity, for they take care of their or
phan, nurse their sick and place at their
disposal all that they have learned them
selves for this very purpose, they show
them bow to cultivate their soli end im
prove the construction of their houses, all
without any hidden thought of exploiting
them In their own interest Far from Im
peding the work of the adminlatrators, of
the honest merchants or of tyie officers
and engineers, It Is quite evident that they
pave the way. " 'Fy.;; y:;1:
Thus If colonization does , not always
civilize, Civilization thua propagated oc
cupies the front rank among our means of
colonizing. Whoever 'does not civilise
colonizes badly. Just as whoever does not
colonize is never sure' of being able to
exploit long or unopposed.' To sum up,
every nation that . does not observe the '
hierarchy ot the three ways of action and
influence,-or still more every nation who
attacks it Introduces within itself a germ
and institutions." - The number of States
In which there' are more Protestants than
of decadence which In time -win breed
others.
The time has passed when believed
that we gained anything by impoverish
ing the people who were our rivals. Who
ever Impoverishes bis subjects, bis vas
sals, bis colonists or even his neighbors,
impoverishes himself at the same time.
What is true ot economic changes which
benefit both sides is equally true ot what
Is properly called civilization. Exploita
tion which debases the one party corrupts
the other and both suffer. The great
ancient empires found this out as did also
Spain and Portugal later.
To-day we understand, of course, to pro
mote the exchange of products. We love
nothing better than to see the negroes
gather plenty of rubber and make money
to buy our cotton goods, or our machinery.
We aak nothlnc better than to aee the
banks of the Tigris and Euphrates pro-j
duce enough to enable tho inhabitants to
order great quantities of our rails and
locomotives, but win these people overt
una means enough to build a capital like
Babylon, which was as large as Paris, Vex
saiUea, St Denis and St Germain together?
And it they, were able to build It would
they be able to keep It from degenerating
any more than their ancestors were?
The task which our colonizers should
set themselves, la not only to rebuild the r
material ruins, no matter how beautiful
or imposing they may have .been they
must first ot all build up the first of all
institutions, the family, and through the
family, what the family alone is able to y
' give, the Conciliation between ; the spirit
of liberty and individual property and the
feeling of duty toward society, the love of
material work and the love of the eternal '.
Ideal. But how are we to inspire In others '
what we have destroyed among ourselves?
It civilisation' , of. to-day shows more i
signs of degeneration and decadence than
promises of progress, Is It then possible ?
to abolish the first and at the same time '
realize the others? Here we must remem-'
ber that, losses ; Increase and accumulate
as do gains, but In regard to the losses, as
well as to the gains, there are Intervals
and breathing spells, which everyone can
not help seeing. The hlstotio determin
ism is no chlmersv It is always possible
to find It again, tor no matter what germ
we develop It Is bound to go on developing
and we cannot help discovering a strong
linking together of causes and eff acta.
Which is the causa which Is to deter,
mine our future and Imprint. Its stamp
upon It? Even on the very eve of events
It Is very seldom that any man la able to
Prophesy correctly. :
We must not do as certain statisticians
do who take . hold of some discouraging
sodal phenomenon, and, making this their
starting point, prophesy evils which must
inevitably come. . These people will tell
us with mathematical precision when the
time win come when we shall all be In
sane, or the time when there shall be no
more children born, followed naturally by
the time when humanity shall cease to ex
ist Thus an English scientist has recent
Oatholloa. X quote these remarks without
making any commenta. In the same way
I quote a remark by a Hiss B j "The
right of UTlng one's life u incompatible
with the burden of i large family," to
which remark, Dr. Ploeta, (President ot the'
International Society" ot the Hygienics of
the Race, added flist "It Is to be feared
that the white race will be greatly hand!-.
capped by Its low birth rate in. the strug
gle which must eome with the yellow race,1
Let us drop these too distant perspec
tives and simply look at the present v The
complaint made in regard to Rhode Island
does not stand alone, for similar complaints
are periodically made in Holland, Belgium
and Switzerland. If the Canton or Geneva
sees Its character of being the Protestant
Rome disappearing from day to day It Is
simply the same phenomenon which the
ly given his country three hundred years, , American delegate mentioned In regard to
not one year less nor one year more; be States la his own country.
fore all Englishmen are to be mad. . Hap.
', plly, however,' human societies are - not
like strata of ooal wtileh do not Increase
and of .'which It Is possible to calculate
' when they shall be exhausted. We have
many times before seen reforms and resms
notions, so there Is nothing to prevent us
from hoping the best from the future.
' Civilization Is, first of all, selection, I
do not mean that It should reserve Its,
benefits for . a few, on the contrary, 'It
. should wish, them to .become the property
of all ; and endeavor to make; an accept
them. ; But before fferiner them to the
, nasses, It should have them tested and con-
i solidated by an elite. A This elite would ?
alwaysflnd lUelf faced by a solid opposkf
tloh, the open enemies, and besides these. '
-'the people, who are already disgusted with"
end tired of the past conditions, but who -are
too lukewarm to strike a blow or take
: -y upon themselves new responsibilities. ? At I
v the present time the best thing to do for :
. this elite, which is determined to servo -
clvlllxaUon by defending Its faith, doctrines
y, and customs, la to Increase and add to the
number pf those who sympathize with it X
'Sf-T-At. the Bugenio Congress In London we
,': heard an American delegate complain that
, ;ln more than one' State . of the Union,
and particularly ta Rhode Island, the new-
One most always have an ante and
masses. The' maases without the elite
would first stagnate and then go back,
This la why every power which under the
pretext of eauality lsloollshiy Jealous' ot
aa eUU oountaraots the lntereats of
civilization and of all humanity. An ettte
who would remain Isolated almply to be
permitted to Uve Its own life as the Amexi
eaa miss wanted to 'would soon fail a Tie.
Urn to Its own egotism and disdain, 4t
would eeaae to be an elite but almply a.
minority, tor these two words do not mean
quite the same thing. It would disappear
as .disappeared the Roman patricians be )
fore the Christians "and Barbarians. . But
did these patricians really stlU oonaUtute
an eUteand did they still represent crrlU.
satlon? ' . .
When from the seats of the Coliseum,
this masterpiece' of architecture, these one
hundred thousand Roman citizens,' already
decimated by divorce and voluntary steril
ity, let Christians be torn to pieces by wild
beasts, where .was ; civilization then?
Where was the. elitet And where would
the masses soon be? The .elite must la
time, become the masses and the masses
must always have a rejuvenated elite. ,
Salvation Ilea In the families, the cities,'
't Malthuslan propaganda was ,-a danger to the churchee and r the nations. ' When
ue . preaonunance 01 Angio-Baxon ideas . . racts anow that we have realized the truth
; Catholice was decreasing, he said, because ;'b of this we mtm g ht our civilisation Is
-of "-the greater birt rate among the " progressing. " , t
Snap
1 Shots
UaOlng by the entraaee ef a large
state In the suburbs ef Dublin ete
tire hue dor e&rrad out of zranlt.
A'1 ?nfUaineB aoln tr ta aetor
tbouvbt be would have seme run with
the Irish driver.
How often. Jack. e they tee4
those two blc dog-el"
"WneneTer they bark, elr. wee the
straightforward Teply.
,
That was a good, thenrh rather a -towmt,
pun which was made by
a-Srlln,.ttI'Sh tndnt whe h
"Why U Professor Jones the treat
est rerlirallst of the aser and, on all
"aivlng It up,", said, "Beoauae at the
. end of ertry sermon ef his there la a
sreat awakening."
.. . ' , " . .. :'
n vender if It Is really as dearer
e'us io dye the hair as doctors say."
"Certainly, only more so. I had aa
ancle who tried It, and he-was mar
ried to a widow with ala children la
Use than thr months."
;; .. -
Louiser-Why do yon think tha widow
wants to marry aaalnt
JuliaShe keeps her age dark and "
her hair light
:'e..,e .
"My wife la a wonderful vooellst
why. X have known. her to hold aa
audience for hours" - ,
. "Oet or
"After Whloh she would lay It la
the cradle and rooK It to sleep." '
- .v., lit , ,, , .r
."It did Jack ae good te marry hie
stenographer, for she continued the
habit of the office la their home.
. -.How sor
"When he etarte te dletate she tehee
him down." --aeg
- - v ;-e -e ,,-.:
Old Geni X tell you. my men, yea
are not sufficiently careful ta pro
viding for a rainy day. .-,
i- Working Man Well. I duhfio Wet
more you want Here's our Jack
worke o nights and X works r ta
daytime, and one suit e togs does fee
W pair ef usl . , . . .
.-.:,.-:" x.;.-i',ft''K,- '
Pred - My dear ' Cora, let tola
i thought console you for your level's
death.. Remember that other and bet
ter men than he have gone the same
way. ,
Bereaved One They haven't all
tone, hare they?
A short time - age " a commercial
traveller, Who Is a great wag. caused
eome amusement la a well known he '
tel In a&iaeheeter. . , . - ,....')'
-On arriving at the hotel he made
bis way ta the office to register. As
h glanced down the list ef gnesta.
h was seen to amile, seise a pea. and
Slg0. , ,:, i.y.y v ,. ,,r,.
Hta entry followed Immediately that
; ef "Lord Boston and valet." end read.
,"X Barbery ai vanse.7;,;"":',"
: The moto bus stopped and the eosi ! '
doctor looked ' expectantly ue the
steps. -But no one descended, and at
last he stalked up Impatiently, v,
"'Sire, you," he said to a maa ea .
toe. "don l . you want Washington '
.Archi . . ...... ( .'i-
Tes," was the reply.
Well." retorted then conductor,
come-down for It -I can't brine? ii
. en the bus for you. . ; .
r