THE OREGON. SUNDAY .JOURNAL: PORTLAND, SUNDAY MORNING, DECEMBER , 20, 1908.
OTLLS STQRYS OF DISGOVERtf r . 7
Following is , the full tfext ot the
paper I on ; "That Discovery of the
Fraser. River arid! Its Significance t6f
Oregon Pioneers,", read yesterday af
ternoon before the Oregon Historical
society at its tenth annual meeting,
by the president, Frederick V, . Hoi
man: ! 1
The dedicatipn of a monument to Bt
nion Fraser at New Westminster, H. C
on September SO. lastj in honor of his
exploration, of the Kraser river. In 1808.
recalls a most daring-achievement.--- It
In an historic event Of great interest
and Importance In the history, of Brit
ish Columbia and of the original Ore-
f:on country. The Fraser -and the Co
umbta are the only rivers which break
. through that great range of mountain
which starts near the Qut of Califor
nia, and la known In that state as the
Sierra Nevada, and continues through
Oregon and Washington. as the Cas
cade mountains. This range of moun
tains finally disappears In northern.
British Columbia, " ' '
. In historical Importance this explora
tion by Bimon Fraser should be consid
ered as one of four notable events in
, connection with these two great rivers.
. These events chronologically are aa fol
lows .---' fyr-i, is,&L iv 4
" - First, -the' discovery by Captain Kob
ert Gray, May 11. 1793, of the' Colum
bia river.
Second, the discovery by Sir Alexan
der Mackenxle, June 17, 1793, of the
Tacoutche Tesse, which- is npw known
ii the Fraser river. '
Third, the Lewis add Clark expedi
tion. In 1804 and 1806, to ..the south of
the Columbia river. -
Fourth, the exploration bv Simon
Fraser; in the, summer of 1808, of the
Fraser river to its mouth.
It la tho discovery and exploration
of- the Fraser river, of which I : shall
speak particularly in this address. As
the mouth of . the Columbia -river wasH
theoretically discovered my Captain
Bruno Heceta f the - Spanish navy,
August IS, 1776, who nafned it Rio de
Ban Rooue, so the mouth of the SYaset
river was theoretically discovered by
. Lieutenant Don Francisco Ellxa, of the
Spanish nsvy. In 1791, -who named it
Boca de Florida Blanea. in honor of
the prime ' minister of Spain. Neither
of these discoverers entered either of
these rivers. But .the mouth . of each
of these rivers, was shown on Spanish
maps afterward published.
The mouth of the Fraser river Is
practically a delta. Its several exits
running through what is -apparently a
sand island, es viewed from the Gulf
of Georgia.- ,"..;....--.-, ...- ,?
failure of Vancouver. ,
' It is surprising that Captain George
VlHncotfver did not find the Fraser
river. r He was- an experienced explorer
and hod bees a - midshipman in . Cap
tain Cook's last voyage, in the vears
177 to 1780, Inclusive. But It "is no
more surprising than Vancouver's fail
ure to find the Columbia river.
In 1789 Alexander Mackenzie, after
wards: knighted- for his discoveries, dis
covered the Mackenzie river. He went
down Jhat river to where it flowed
into the Arctic ocean. In 1791 he went
to London- and returned to Canada In
the spring of 1792.. Very soon after
he started -with an expedition to cross
the continent to the Pacific ocean. He
.arrived at Fort Cblnoewayan, on the
Lake of the Hills. October 10. 1781
Into this lake flow the waters of Peace
river. With his party he ascended
Peace river until November 1, 1792,
when they came to a place to which
Mackenzie had sent ahead two men to
begin the preparation of winter quar
ters. On Mackenzie's map it is called
Fork Fort, Its latitude Is 6 degrees
9 minutes: its longitude 117 degrees,. 35
minutes, and 15 seconds, as ascertained
by observations made by Mackenzie,
i. Here Mackenzie and his party passed
the winter.
May 9. 1793, they started again on
tneir journey, ascending Peace river.
May 31 they came to the Junction of
Unlay and Parsnip rivers, which form
Peace r.iver. The party ascended Pars
nip river to its head waters. After
making a short portage, the expedition
came to Kh1 river, which they descend
ed until the latter river entered the
great river, which Mackenzie called
Tacoutche Tesse (Tesse meaning river).
neing a name given it by a tribe or In
dians. This Is Fraser river. The dls
covery of this great river occurred June
17, 1193.
Mackenzie descended . this river until
he was deterred by the hostile attitude
of the Indians and the. physical- diffi
culties of following the river, and by
information given by the Indians of
its dangerous character. Mackenzie
then ascended the river a distance equal
to about one degree of latitude in that
region. Here he left the Tacoutche and
went overland, westerly, until he came
to an arm or the paclrlc ocean now
caled Bentlnok Inlet, at about latitude
' fifty-two degrees. On his return trip
he arrived at Fort Chippewayan Aug-
us? 24. HS3. where his journal ends.
' It Is sometimes said in -a loose way
by writers that Mackenzie thought the
Tacoutche was a part of the Columbia
river. This was not the case when he
discovered the Tacoutche. He did not
then know that the Columbia river had
been discovered, nor did he learn of it
until after his return from his discov
ery of the Tacoutche.
Mackenzie kept a journal. In It he
speaks of the Tacoutche ' as "the great
river," and he also wrote in his jour
nal: "The more I heard of the river (Te
eoutche) the more I was convinced it
could not. empty itself into the ocean
to the north of what is called the River
, of the West, so that with its windings,
E the distance must be very great. Such
being the discouraging circumstances of
my situation, which were now height
ened by the discontent of my people I
could not but be alarmed at an idea of
attempting to get to the discharge of
such a rapid river, emphatically when
I reflected on the tardy progress of mj
return up it, even If I. should meet
With no obstruction) from the natives."
Fabled Oregon, or Brrer of West.
In referring to the River of the West,
Mackenzie undoubtedly had in mind the
fabled river described by Jonathan Car
ver in his travels. In 1778, Jonathan
Carver published, at London, the first
edition of his book, describing his trav
els in the interior of North America.
Carver was a great traveler, and also
-what we may call a great fabricator of
fictionlst. In the Introduction or pre
face or lils oooK. uarver said:
. "The account I give of the Naudo
wesies, and the situation of the Heads
of the four great rivers that take their
rise within a rew leagues or each oth
er, nearly about the center of this
great continent, vis.: Tho River Bour
bon, which empties Itself . into Hudson s
bay, the Waters of Saint Lawrence; the
Mississippi ana me ttiver Oregon, or
the River of the West, that falls Into
the Pacific ocean at the straits of
Annlan.''
In tho book itself Carver wrote of
these rivers, and showed on a map,
bound in the book, that part of the
River of the West which empties into
the pacinc ocean, a snort distance be
low latitude forty-five, the Straits of
- Juan de Fuca, and the lower entrance to
the "Straits or Anlan," running from
" the Straits of Juan de Fuca at about
latitude forty-eight to a short distance
' east of where the River of the West
was sunnosed to now into the Pacific
ocean. . Somewhat as though Puget
sound extended south to the Columbia
river. The substantial accuracy of this
' showing the present Straits of Juan de
. Fuca. a ttart of Puget sound, t and the
mouth of -the Columbia "1st remarkable
'considering that at the time this book
, . was published none of these waters
were known to exist. --
At the time Mackenzie discovered tho
' Tacoutche he knew from his voyage
down the Mackenzie river to its mouth
st the Arctic Mean that the fabled
. , Ftraits of Anlan. and those of D
Fonto-did not exist. But he supposed
the Oregon or "River of tho West might
8
M
n
exist.
Xackensies'a KMwiadgs of OoltunbissT
The .Columbia' Hr;wa. dlsw.vefed
bv Captain Rohfrt Grav May H, i79L I
about the time Markensle left Montreal I
on his Journey to the Paclflc-bcean. The!
OF THE ERASER RIVER
discovery of the Columbia river wag not
known to Mackenzie probably until the
return of Vancouver to England in
1795, although Mackenzie may have
heard of it after his return, in tho fall
of 1793 to Montreal, from his expedi
tion, for , Captain Gray returned to
Boston by the way of the Cape . of
Good
d Hope in 1793 or 1794. Mackei
went to England in 1799 and there su
pervised., the' jubllcation1 of his Jour
nal. It was published ; in 18Q1.
" Captain George Vancouver returned
to London- in September, 1795, and his
voyage was published in London in
1798 In his book, Vancouver gave a
detailed statement of the discovery of
the Columbia river, the latitude and
longitude of its mouth, and of the ex
ploration of thff Columbia by Lieuten
ant Broughton from its mouth to Point
Vancouver, in October, 1792, a distance
Of about-. 100 miles.
- Mackenzie's- main journal of his ex
pedition was published as written by
him, subject, of course, to editorial su
pervision. But in the latter part of this
volume is a summary, possibly written
by his cousin Roderick Mackenzie, who
is said to have revised the manuscript
Of Alexander Mackenzie... In this sum
mary raooutcne is spoxen or as Deing
the
Columbia river and a map is bound
In the volume showing
between dotted
lines : the Columbia - river as . being a
continuation of the Tacoutche Tesse,
as far south as latitude 61, but no
further south. , Vancouver's voyage is
the undoubted source of Mackenzie's
knowledge of 'the Columbia river, as
set forth in the summary to Macken
zie's Journal and in said mapv ,
The course of ' the' Columbia' river for
more than, the .100 miles from its source
as explored by Lieutenant Broughton.
was hot known until the' Lewis and
Clark expedition in 1804-1806, and then
only from the junction of the . Snake
with the Columbia river. North of thd
Snake fiver the course of the Columbia
river was not known until 1811.
... Tt- first white man who discovered
and explored the sources of the Co
lumbia river was David Thompson, one
of the partners of, the Northwest company.-
He was also the first white man
to , descend , the Columbia river to its.
conUuence.. with the Snake river. . ' In
111 Thompson, In a light canoe,
manned by eight Iroquois and an inter
preter, went down-the Columbia .river,
arriving at Astoria July 15, 1811. This
was only a short time a..er the found
ing of Astoria. The Tonquln. the ship
whir n brought the Astor expedition, e;
tered the Columbia river March 24, 1811.
April 12 the expedition landed and
camped at Astoria to make that place
its permanent home.
rirst Settlement on Praser.
The- first permanent 1 settlement '"on
the Tacoutche or Fraser rlvw was made
under the leadership of Simon Fraser
on behalf of the Northwest company.
This whs the first permanent occupa
tion of the continent west of the Rocky
mountains, north of latitude 42 degrees
and -south of latitude 64 degrees. 40
minutes, and. being what was ' subse
quently known as the Oregon country.
It was in 1805 that Simon Fraser and
his party arrived in that country. I
shall not go into detuils concerning his
occupation of this part of the country
except to say that he nsmed.lt New
Caledonia and established several trading-
posts or forts, for this address re
lates to tho discovery and exploration
of the Fraser river -and not to settle
ments in the country.
nllllllREIiaiSUBHIBBEIIIIIsIIIISIIHZBlBIKBBEIII.
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"Simon Fraser was a near relative of
tho noted Baron Simon Fraser Lovat,
a Scotchman known as Lord Lovat.
Lord Lovat was a Jacobite intriguer,'
who took part in the Scottish rebellion
of 1745, which ended in tha battle of
Culloder. He was executed in 1747. His
family is one of - the oldest - In the
Scottish Highlands. Simon Fraser. tho
explorer of Fraser river, was born in
1778, on hi father's farm near Ben
nington. Vermont. His father. also
named Simon Fraser. emigrated from
Scotland- in - 1773. In the . American
Revolutionary war his father was a
British loyalist or Tory, one of the so
caJled United Empire loyalists. He be
came a captain in the British army. Ha
was captured la the war and died in
prison. - s ,r - -v -, ,
Young Simon Fraser was taken - by
his widowed mothe to : St, ' Andrews,
Ontario, which whs h(s home durmg
his youth, although he attended school
at Montreal. In 1792. when ho was 18
years old. he joined tho Northwest com
pany. His promotion was rapid. In
1802 ne became a bourgeois or -partner
of that company. :? That ho arrived at
this position when he was only 28 years
old is a proof of n4s ability and of how
ne was considered oy n is .company,
This Is also shown from his being sent
to and being placed In command. in
this new field of operation ... m New
Caledonia. . .'; ;--'.. r:': ' !
Exploration of the rraser. ?'
In-the fall of 1807 Simon Fraser re
celved Instructions from the Northwest
company to explore the Tacoutche to its
mouth. It was then believed that this
river was a part of the great Columbia
river. This
lief was strengthened by
tha fact that for a long distance, to the
point Mackenzie ceased
olnt Mackenzie ceased to descend the
Tacoutche.
s, Ms course was. almost due
south, and the mouth of -the Columbia
was only about one degree of longitude
west, of this part of the Tacoutche. .
There were political reasons for this
exploration because the expedition of
Lewi, and Clark, in 1804-1806. was a
milltaryexpedltton of the ITnlted 8tates
government. There were business rea
sons to ascertain If furs could be
shipped by sea and supplies brought up
the river. It was well to spy out the
land.
Fraser knew that the mouth of the
Columbia, was about eight degrees of
northern latitude, a distance of many
hundred miles, from which he was to
start. He knew it was a difficult and
dangerous undertaking. He knew only
of the route so far as Mackenzie had
explored the Tacoutche. from what he
had learned by his own experience, and
from what the Indians had told htm.
It Is more than doubtful that lie had
any exact knowledge, or any knowledge.
of wnai lewis ana t iarx nao aiscov
ered on the Columbia north of Point
Vancouver, for their expedition hadnot
returned to St. Louis, Mo., until 8e
tembet 23, 1806. and the instructions
to Fraser to explore the river must
have lft Montreal In tho spring of i
17. .
7 Was Blffioult Task.
There could have been no doubt In
Fraser's mind that his exploration
would be a difficult and dangerous un
dertaking. Mackenzie had turned back
because he had found the river so dan
gerous to navigate. The Indians along
the river :below he knew were of a
treacherous and ; warlike character.
Fraser had no guide. He made very
careful preparations for his Journey,
The expedition consisted of 21 nen bo-
desirable.
may be applied empha- I
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BUILDING, PORTIANOR.
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US TATE COMPANY
- , :;- ninin, ouoei.
sides himself, in four canoes. The ex
act .day. that the expedition started is
in doubt, but it is not material. It
probably left Fort George on tho .Ta
coutche, which I shall hereinafter call
the Fraser, on May 88. 1808. At tho
outset one of his - canoes- was almost
wrecked at Fort George canyon. The
next two days were most dangerous
navigation. -. 4. . -7 . .. ,
j May SO the expedition arrived at tho
lowest point on the river reached by
Mackenzie, where tho latter turned back.
But Fraser did" not hesitate. In his
journal he says, that for two miles
there was a strong rapid with high and
BCc-ep banks which Contracted the chan
nel in many places to 40 or 60 yards
and -that "this immense body of water,
passing, through this, narrow space in
a turbulent manner," forming; numer
ous gulfs and . cascades, and making a
tremendous noise, . had an awful and
forbidding appearance." . .-
As the passage by land appeared even
worse, Fraser resolved to try to-have
one canoe run the . rapid, with a light
load and manned by his best five men.
-ut the attempt was unsuccessful, the
canoe was dashed against a rock, but its
crew fortunately saved themselves by
climbing up the rock. The rescue of
these Ave men was a perilous act, en
dangering the lives of all who took part
in it. Fraser says in his journal:
- Tb.e bank was extremely , high and
steep, and we had 'to plunge our daggers
at Intervals, into, tho ground to check
our . speed, as otherwise we were ex
posed to; slide Into the river. We cut
steps in the declivity, fastened a line
to the front of the canoe, with which
some of the men ascended in order to
haul it up, while the others supported
it upon their arms.. In this manner our
situation was most precarious; our lives
hung, as it were.. upon a thread. -as the
failure, of tho Bine or a false step of
one of the nwii might have hurled the
whole Of us- Into eternity," '
The Indians advised him to abandon
the river and travel overland. Fraser
says in ms journal
.ii
'Going to sea by an indirect wav was
not the oblect of mv nnriertn Lino- I
therefore would not deviate." -
He proceeded on the land a short dis
tance wka horses obtained from the In-
M
dians. He then voyaged by tho river
several days under great perils, at times
portaging his goods and canoes over
mountains' and across canyons and ra
vines. Sometimes they went over rapids
and through canyons, which it is said
never before nor since was attempted.
July i the expedition came to a place
where the channel, contracted to a width
of about 40 yards, encloseiLby two prec
ipices of Immense height, bending' over
toward each other. ; The water passing
through rolling "In' tumultuous waves
and with great velocity, had a frightful
appearance." ' It was Impossible to
carer the canoes overland. The whole
party without hesitation and with most
desperate daring embarked In their
canoes. In his journal Fraser says:
"Thus skmmlng ajong as fast as
lightning, the crews, cool and deter
mined, followed each other in awful si
lence, and; when we arrived at the end
we stood (.azlng at each other In silent
congratulation at our narrow escape
from total destruction."
Here the Indians made a map and in
formed Fraser that It was absolutely
Impossible to -proceed further-bv- water,
but ho continued for the day. On June
10. he -became convinced that at least
at that stage of water, the summer
freshet being on. he could not continue
by- water. Bo -he left his canoes- and
cached a part of his supplies. The whole
party then proceeded on fool, carrying
hevy' packs, occasionally' traveling by
water" in canoe hired from the Indians.
July 2 Fraser and his party arrived
at one of the mouths of the Fraser,
probably what is called the "North
Arm." Althoughsome writers have en
deavored to belittle Fraser1 s achieve
ment and have asserted that he did not
reach the mouth of -the river,. It is -now
completely established that, be did reach
the mouth of the river. In -his journal
he gives Its latitude as "49 degrees
nearly." He adds, in his Journal: "The
river Is therefore not the Columbia. If
I had been convinced of this when I left
my canoes I would certainly have re
turned." ' The latitude of the mouth of
the Columbia river,- as published- by
Vancouver in his voyage, Is 46 degrees
and 18 minutes. r...
Dr. George Bryee? truly says in' his
Mscoimt Ceases
m Swinton Lft
oiiday,
At f -P.'M.
Thursday we announced to the public that we would
discontinue the giving of ten per cent discount on
SWINTON lots; that they would be sold at regular
prices, beginning Tuesday, until Christmas, and would
be ADVANCED TEN PER CENT December 26.
The response to this advertisement was instanta
neous and magnificent. This response showed plainly
that the PUBLIC KNOWS that LOTS in SWINTON
are a MOST DESIRABLE INVESTMENT.
Are you one of those who bought on Thursday or
Friday or Saturday? If not, remember that you've only
TWO DAYS to get in on the ground floor.
Remember also that it is almost absolutely certain
that EVERY LOT will be sold by tomorrow night.
Procrastination is a thief of time, and also of opportu
nities. "Putting things off" may result in many re
grets for you may result in your SEEING SOME
ONE ELSE who was forehanded and far-sighted make
several hundred per cent on SWINTON property you
might just as well have bought at less than regular
price.
The price you pay .for these wonderful SWINTON
lots includes grading of streets to city grade, laying of
water mains in front of each lot and the clearing off of
all brush are ready to build on. Never before in the
history of this city has such a splendid investment been
offered to the public as SWINTON lots.
It's a pity that we can't show what these lots really
are in cold print, but we are more than willing to show
you the lots themselves. An inspection of them will
convince you very quickly and speedily that they are a
good purchase.
Automobiles start from our office, 109 Fourth street,
Couch building, every thirty minutes. Again we say,
"Come and inspect."
Columbia Trust Company
Seventh Floor, Coach Building 109 Fourth St. Nesr Wcshington
bookt "The remarkable history of tho
Hudson Bay company," : referring o the
latter entry In FTasers journal. "Hrsjr
difflcul. It is to distinguish small from
great actions! Here, was a man mak
ing fame for all time, and tho idea of
the greatness of his work had not
dawned upon him."
BIT WsU Xamed. .'
And Simon Fraser's exploring expedi
tion was a great work, not only in, its
accomplishment, but In Its effects. It
la proper that this river should always
bear his name. In exploring a known
river he discovered It. While the
Fraser river is navigable only a short
distance above Its mouth, it makes a
water grade possible through almost
impassible mountains. The great wagon
road and the Canadian Pacific railway
utilize this arade.
Without delay the expedition returned.
without notable Incident, arriving at
Fort George, August 6. It seems some
what strange that it took the party
36 days to go to the orean, and only
34 days to return. Had Fraser known
of the conditions he could have made
his trip much easier by waiting until
later In the season, after the summer
freshet was over. But this fact does
not In any way detract from nor
change the- renown to which this in
trepid hand of sturdy Nor'westers,
and especially its leader, are entitled.
There Is no other large river on tho
Pacific slope so terrible or so dan-
ferous to follow as the Fraser, unless
t be that part of the Snake river be
tween Huntington. Or., and Lewlston.
Idaho, along which Wilson Price Hunt
snd his party wandered so helplessly
and almost hopelessly In the fall and
winter of 1811.
Those interested in this perilous ex-
J edition- of Fraser should read his
ournal, which Is printed as a part of
a work, in two volumns. written In
French by R. Masson. entitled, 'Res
Bourgeois de la Conpagnlo du Nord
Quest." Tho Journal of Fraser lsprlnted
In English. There are two editions of
this book. The first was published at
Quebec in 1889; the second at Montreal
in 1890. Although not an old work,
it is now very difficult to obtain.
In preparing this address I have been
kindly given interesting and Important
Office Open All Day Today
Bee.
3 1st
Information, personally, by Judge T. W,'
Noway, - of New Westminster, British
Columbia, ' who, ' notwithstanding bis
Judicial duties, has found tints to be
come a diligent student and a scholarly
writer ' of -British Columbia history, t
have, so far as - possible, examined
original sources of Information in an
endeavor to be accurate In statement i
of fact, ..
Simon Fraser continued hv the service
of the: North weet -company until the
coalition of that - company " with tha
Hudson's Bay company, in 1821. ' April
19, 1882. at the age of 88 he died t
St Andrews Ontario, v where he had
lived as a boy,. t -
In recognition of bis exploration of
the Fraser river, Fraser was offered
knighthood,-but his limited means pre
vented his acceptance It is said, how
ever, that one reason for his refusal
was that he believed that he was en
titled to be Baron Lovat. as the near
est relative of the noted Lord Lovat, of
whom I have spoken.
Simon Fraser was one of the intrepid
explorers and hardv pioneers of the
Pacific northwest, men who found ' the
wav nn.A nthara w.Kawa I
-to follow. The armies of occupation
and of civilization follow slowly on.
In a few years he '.was succeeded by
the great leaders and successful fur
traders of the Hudson's Bay company.
At the old. the original Vancouver, on
the Columbia river, came and ruled,
Dr. John McLoughlin. the father of
Oregon, James Douglas, . afterwards
knighted, and Peter Htone Ogden, all
held in grateful memory in Oregon and
Washington.
In this 100 years since Simon Fraser's
explorations of the Fraser river, the
whole Pacific northwest has grown la
population and in civilization. Ths
days of centennials, beginning with
that of the expedition of Lewis and
Clark, show that while the long sgo
of this part of tho continent is com
paratively new, its traditions are those
of a hardy, a brave, and an Intrepid
people.
Tomorrow, Monday, last day for dis
count on east side gas bills. .Don't over
look gas appliance sale.
' .-1 :
Sunday
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