THE OREGON SUNDAY JOURNAL; PORTLAND, ' SUNDAY vrfORNINq NOVEMBER 8, 1908.
VALUE
Br Randall R. Howard.
A'
N EARNEST group of men had
strayed from their political dls
cuaalon and were talking- about
the resource and wonders and
1 o possibilities of the Paclflo coast
' states, when one of them put, point
, blank, to the spokesman this Question:
"And what do you consider Oregon's
greatest resource?" There was a per
ceptible moment of hesitation before
bis lips could flip back to us the single
word, "Water. Th several pairs of
eyes that were focused on him betrayed
that they had. erery one, expected any
thing else in answer, and from most
of them there shot out a tinge of scep
ticism, almost rebuke.
- "Yes. water is not only Oregon's most
valuable resource," he firmly continued,
"but the one that she most carelessly
neglects. The day will om when
water will mean more to Oregon than
hsr forests and minerals and livestock
com blned, yet at the present time we
are treating water as if it .were as In
exhaustible as air and of as little im
portance as our last year's grasshopper
crop."
The thought is worth meditating. An3
: surely there must be a kernel In the
fact that the initial bulletin sent out
by the national conservation commis
sion, recently appointed by the presi-
." dent as a result of the late conference
of governors at Washington, D. C. de
voted more pages to water than - to
any other topic Water is so common
" so awfully common that only th
harsh grating of privation or the cold
reflection of the study arouses us to
, our dependence on It and its lntrinslo
' 'value. In these days of umbrellas our
- only thought is in getting away from
water, dry-skinned and good tempered;
we have rubbered ourselves underfoot,
' macklntoshed ourselves about, and urn
breilaed ourself across half the slde-
- walk all that we may escape water
yet the serious man says that water is
v the salvation of our state and that its
' neglect is a mark of public lassitude,
A Few of the Big Facts About Water.
Cut here are a few facts. Three
fourths of Oregon Is classed as arid or
semi-arid, and the use and development
of s rid land la supremely limited by
' only one .thingwater. When the east
ern home-seeker Inquires about vacant
land he Is pointed to the arid districts
and practically all the open land In
America today Is arid: and while there
- are possibilities in dry farming and
tstock raising yet the first choice of
i land will always be where irrigation
' is possible, at least hopeful. It is well
known that In an arid section water
makes the difference between the acre
worth IVfor gracing and from f 100 to
v $1,000, even 15,000 as intensive farming
t or fruit land. The irrigated land Is
f the- highest priced agricultural lendr of -
- - our ' state today. Without water for
.. irrigation there could be no world-famed
Hood river or Rogue river or eastern
' rgon orchards. And the time seems
almost here when the Willamette val-f-
ley will put aside Its conservatism and
insure immensely better crops through,
v Irrigation, since it Is proved that .the
rainfall here is less by half, during the
' growing season, than in many sections
-.. commonly known and classified as arid.
... If the little trickle of water three
... fourths of a pint per second running
for a hundred days during the summer,
will make an acre orchard out of a
: lisardy desert and create $200 worth of
wealth, what is the value of a rushing
., creek or a deep river? Surely In the
arid section it is the water and not
: the land that returns prosperity and in
sures independence. Surely, even the
, child would say, we must be consider
ing water one of our most valuable re
- sources and are carefully guarding it
by law and public opinion. '
But the humiliating fact is that in our
P7XTrTfT TT3 TT7Q
Vi.LJLN 1 J JS.1E0
THE Balkan region may ba called
above all 'things the land of con
fusion. It is the land of war,
the land of rapine, of cruelty, of
treachery, of tyranny, of almost
all that's evil, but above all It
Is the land of confusion. It has been
' so for 1,500 years.
The New York Sun says: The con
fusion began with that Invasion of bar-
' barlans which overthrew the Roman
empire. Th Wild tribes which swept
down over the Carpathians or in from
.. the steppes of Russia found It in the
enjoyment of the Greek and Roman civ
ilizations. Some of them swept on,
. some settled down in the region between
the Adriatic and the Black sea They
. tangled up the civilization they found
with their own barbaric customs. Thev
created a racial confusion which Is still
at .the bottom of all the other confus
ions that make up the Balkan problem.
In a territory not much bigger than
" France there are to be found today the
' distinct survivals of three races goln;
back to primitive times. The Albanian,
Rumanian and Greek peoples are lineal
" descendants of peoples who have held
the country since Immemorial times.
The Albanians are of the old Illyrlan
stock. Every one knows who the Greeks
; are. Th Rumanians are nobody qufte
knows who, but most likely the Thra
' clans of old days with a strong Roman
modification, not to speak of various
subsequent admixtures.
Mixture Indeed is the racial law of
, the Balkans. Only the Illyrlan blood l
approximately pure. Even the Greeks
. . of today have a large percentage of
: Slavic blood in them.
r- The original Bulgars were a Flnno-
Tartar people, akin to the Magyars. But
the race has been so nearly assimilated
bv the Slavic people whom they found
In the regions where they settled that
the present Bulgarians, despite the
name, are far more Slay than Turanian
. In their characteristics.
Next after the lllyrians, or Albanians,
the Serbs are the purest blooded Balkan
1 people. But they are a comparatively
recent arrival. They are probably 90
per cent Slavic. The race has been only
slightly modified by the peoples whom
they overthrew and intermarried with
when they took possession of Servla,
-.Bosnia, Herzegovina. Novibazar and
. Montenegro', where they now make up
a majority of the population.
Tangle of Population.
But the racial confusion Is not in the
blood alone. It Is still more remarkable
ln th matter of location.
For instance, of th 4,000,000 Bulgars
who live In the Balkans only about
2,700,000 live in Bulgaria itself, while
the rest lnnablt Russia, Rumania,
in.trifi-Hrrrarv and th Tuririuh nrnv
Austna-fivngary ana tne iurwsh prov-
mces. especially Maceaonia. un the
- population of Bulgaria is made up of ihr0h the hierarchy of the Grecian
Turks, Rumanians, Greeks, Gypsies ""?' v. ..,,
5,000 of them), Spanish Jews (Jf.UO), .i..JLn2?y(t"?y1, b? "?! dJ rVI,e..hatr1
- Tatars and samples of all the other S,16" nth9 -iS? JecX f ,Khr'SKia.n" U
narinnatltloH of purntui . often more bitter than that between
' only 2,600.000 of them live in Servia.r5ot, the J,tS,lJl' n.J hei,Mace"
-Th rest are scattered over Montenegro. 'donltn 1,.,?. thZ, un"
: Bosnia. Herzegovina, Novibazar, Croatia; Bpeakabh ail2v,t!e,' ma' ,MaT
eiBionia amith Hiinimrv iatria unA donia the most distressful country In
' f'sVmaUa. ! BulTof pe'r'cent'of th; 't'irhoS T
mantn'rati' VLbft. ttot klngoo'tn. ?h kJ!&",ct M ly 11,9
other half being found in Transylvania, M0ph1fjnr?!d5i"SPnheil th ,hr,k
which is Austrian; in Bessarabia, now .hThJ Si?? cAurfL iJSS0"? 0,f.
liti?' ln SerVlU D la ti slaMurn ft Bulgarla'serVl's
have kept" thel? CSrftory pretty fe7of P e"t of th Population, the Mo-
tranrs. They arrhapa fh wild- hammedans about it and the .Roman
et people in th world, and It Is said Catholics 21. ..."
- that only Pyrrhu the Threat ever cen- In Albania th great majority of the
. ouere lUjl but besides fhej ToOO 000 Popl ar Mohammedans .though frce-
a : t them nUabitin-Albnla. tha mmmimn 1? postil to the Turkish government
t li.or of tb AdrlatleLouth of Mont Thero ar. however.' about 200,000 Chrls
5 r-ro. thir are 200,000 of them id lan equally divided between the two
Greece and lOO.vOO la southern Italy . !Yet- So hate ' ach other, j. The Mo
A for Macedonia, to dacrib th hammedans. Albanians and th Turks,
confuKlon of races la almost Impossible, with at Impartial hatred.
T't- i hararterlstlc faet is the tendency ' .
of ii the races to fiock by themselves- Bulgarian Greatness, u.
Ji bfrm Is mlxttir in th towns and ther ' . " ' '". . ' .
r. a few vtllsses ln which Turks Bui" " All th multiform hatreds Which-keep
. g.-.rs aid Greeks Uv together; but for th Balkan pepploa seething ia disorder
OF WATER TO
III., xl'?:-' ' ' ' . - - i-i i I, iiKifipiim w ,7j7 mute
III-. v, . . ' . v .- . i -?S
llll" T.M . t' . rtiKi!' f'.kf.: I iJM. . - -
state where water means so much w
have only childish and antiquated laws
which can do scarcely anythine- toward
justly distributing and conserving this
element which alone can render habit-
able and productive the larger part of
2nS JS.,WeihJ6 JUSZI JZnd w.'
f2.SL7L f"-4,
but u water law l are Jorrowed frotn
?h.P2fihif".d. An-d1Srn-t-a-,,?"
Thrf f-1 wS, Wf" ?ht?.ZUnV
hif .'-A .7. i.-I1 lit. T2
- l'i 5tl?2,iwylr,".aS?.he-oc.ca:
ai- nlU-?Un p.la,y , ,n,h,hi
Sfil" J ,waiter n".8r" m?lntaln thelr
tv.butJleaI y watrl,.s Ue m0B
buffeted and beaten and trtisunderstood
and unappreciated living th ng of our
proud state. The Water situation is
very simple. In Oregon and in many
ri uh
thing as a definite title to water. The
?i iIL! A0ernm, srl.v rfflnlte iitle
to land, but ror the water that renders
the land productive and that nature
ana common sense and the experience
of older civ ligations than our own
teaches should be attached perpetually
' 'uc uicio m no Bccuuiy ui utie
and only a hazy court decreed recoenl-
tlon In law.
Supports Over Twenty Lawyers.
Take an example of the working of
the most part each of these three peo
ples has Its own settlements.
You wlK find a Bulgarian village
more Bulgarian than any in Prince Fer
dinand's dominions, and a few miles
from it there will be a Greek village
as Greek as any In the Peloponnesus.
Making a triangle with the other two,
a Turkish village will be found where
every man wears a fez and every woman
goes veiled.
Confusion of Tongues.
Along with the confusion of races
comes the confusion of tongues. Babel
was nothing to It The Bulgarians
have a language of their own, or rather
they have Innumerable languages, for
there Is no pan-Bulgarian tongue.
Every district, almost every village,
has a dialect of Its own, all funda
mentally Slavic but Influenced In dif
ferent degrees by Turkish, Albanian,
Servian, Rumanian and old Bulgar In
fluences. Out of these the Panublan
dialect now shows a tendency to emerge
as the literary standard for a national
language. As a medium for ft the
Cyrillic alphabet, invented by St. Cyril
perhaps about 1,200 years ago when he
first translated the Oospels and the
Greek. liturgy into Servian, has been
adopted. There are newspapers and
some books printed In It.
The Servian language Is a more set
tled thing. It Is spoken all over the
regions Inhabited by the Servian people,
and thanks to -fit. Cyril It has a set
tled form. In fact It has a copious lit
erature, divided into three periods.
In the earliest age religious works
predominate; a Dalmatian period extend
ing from the Kth to the 18th century
possesses much poetry, both epic and
lyric, and historic and legandary chron
icles. The modern period as adopted
the forms of western Europe and
abounds In good writers.
The Rumanian language Is a Romance
tongue preserving the Latin forms,
though the vocabulary Is largely Thra
clan and Slavic. It also is broken up
Into dialects, especially In the outly
ing colonies such as the Zlnzars, who
live in the mountains In Macedonia But
It has had for centuries a fixed, stand
ard and there Is an extensive Rumanian
literature both ancient and modern.
Add to these tongues the Albanian,
which has no literature and hardly an
alphabet, the Greek and the Turkish,
and the linguistic confusion Is com
plete. The Religious War.
The tangle of religions Is almost
equally remarkable. There are the Mo-
hammedans and there are the Chrls-
tians. but there are Christians of the
Orthodox Greek church, whom the Ro-
man Catholics call schismatic, and
. .,..,.. , , . ,. .
there are Christians of the other Greek
h,..h wi,nm fh Roman rnthnii. .n
-"rhy-, ih. iiuh rZ:
our water laws. There is a little dls-
trlct of eight sections In the Walla
... . , -..,.,,. .,,, wkirh
TValla valleV of Umatilla county which
is supporting over 10 lawyers py Its
continuous water litigation. The pres-
ent suit has been in the courts for
hree years- and ...following the usual
C0Urse, it will probably Be as many
"-ore years before a decision is reached.
HaI'' a thousand persons have been
made Parties to the suit, and Its out-
Com a vlta matter to the 50,00 J re-
ldonts of the valley, for with water
much of the land Is worth $1,000 per
acre, and without It there is no assur-
ance and nttle possibility of any crops
at all. Perhaps Justice in the regula-
tlon and distribution of the life giving
water of thlg valley would not be too
costly even at iiiis price, ir sucn a suit
could definitely settle anything, but It
can not- I' w'u decide the present rel-
atlve rights of all the persons who
have been made parties to the suit, but
there is nobodv to enforce the court de-
cree and a newcomer may upset the
whole, court-made system by a new dl-
version or water, ana men tne entire
matter must he fnuirht thrnnrh ci
n
with a painful repetition of the fees
forithe score of lawyers, and the anx-
iety and community turmoil. Bven
nnturn whpn h nitiirallv aVitrta tv, a
channel of the 8tream,'can cause untold
"RA T TZ A XT TTZITh
jDJt.l.JrLPH W UD
and bloodshed are centuries old in their
origin.
There were the Bulgarians, for in
stance, who already In the sixth cen
tury were at war with the emperors
at Constantinople, who, converted to
Christianity in the ninth century,
reached such power ln the tenth that
their ruler, Symeon, assumed the title
of czar qf all the Bulgarian the title
Just revived by Prince Ferdinand and
ruled over a territory extending from
tlte Black sea to the Adriatic and al
most from" the Carpathians south to
Adrianople.
This great monarchy was orerthrown
about the year 1000 A. D., and we find
the Byzantine emperor, Basil II, com
pleting Its subjection in 1020, when he
Stormed the palace of I.ychnidus, and
found ln It a treasure of 10,000 pounds
weight, nf gold, equal In value, perhaps,
to 12,000.000. Mis method of signaliz
ing his conquest was characteristic of
the age. He caused 16.000 of his cap
tives to be blinded. But to one out of
every 100 men he spared a single eye,
in order that they might lead the whole
lamentable phalanx to their king, a
fugitive ln some mountain fastness. It
is related that he died of horror on
beholding them. Is It wonderful that
the Bulgar hates the Greek T
Servia'a Heroic Period.
Servla also has its heroic period. In
1050 Michael, Its grand shupan, was rec
ognized as an Independent sovereign by
Pope Gregory VII. Its power reached a
climax between 1331 and, 1335. when
Stephen Dushan called himself h em
peror of the Rumellans and ruled over
a territory which embraced Bosnia, Al
bania, Macedonia, Thessaly, part of Bul
garia and Greece as far as the Isthmus
of Corlrh.
Stephen Dushan Is the great hero of
Servian legend. He lies buried in, the
Studenitza monastery in Servla land
when King Peter was called to the
throne he made a pilgrimage thither and
kissed the dead emperor's brow.
The remains, wrapped ln their ancient
winding sheet, are encased in a coffin
of black wood and on the breast lies a
golden crucifix containing in the center
a particle of the true cross. There Is
an outer coffin also which was present
ed by the ancestors of King Peter, th
Karageorgovltcbes. It is a massive af
fair of silver with a crimson velvet
top and a great silver cross upon It.-
when the obrenovltches wer ln pow
er ln Servla this gorgeous casement was
hidden away in the cellar of the mon
astery and King Alexander and. Queen
Drags presented- a wonderful et of
golden vestments to be used ln the great
ceremonies of the monastery church.
Nowadays the vestments' are ln hiding in
the cellar and the silver coffin is ln ev
idence again. The Servians expect- th
Kmperor Stephen to reappear as a' sort
of a. Messiah. .
Turkish Conquest
The overthrow of Servla was finally
completed by the Sultan Mohammed II..
'who, having taken Constantinople ln
1453, devoted his attention to the Balkan
region. From this time until th be
ginning of the" nineteenth century Ser
vla had practically no history, but an
offshoot from its people kept up th
fight against th Turks unceasingly and
without over being overcome. ,v
After the battle of Kossovo, 1n 1J8,
a band of refugees under one Ivo, th
black, took possession of the rugged
mountain tract Just above Cattaro, on
the. Adriatic shores. i The region was
named Tzrnagora, or the Black moun
tain; the Montenegro of today.
Ivo is another of the heroes whom th
Serbs expect to com -back some day
and help drive th Turk out of Europe.
The Montenegrins still wear a badg of
mourning ln their caps for him. HI
spirit has certainly been continually
alive in the littl realm that he found
ed. UndeV Its prince bishops, who suc
ceeded each other for more than three
centuries from uncle to' nephew. Monte
negro hast1 not entry resisted Turkish eon
quest but has frequently sent armies out
to Jttdrlbasar and Uaoedonia and in
OREGON
?t xt"; ;z f& Z-
AN EVIDENCE OF
WAITED WATER: VPPLtt
trouble for. under the law. nobody has
a right to reshlft it. ,
Waitinn'for New Laws
"w
in some sections of the state water
...,,, v,.. .
.
a"d peace and Justice
Is seemingly
maintained by the exercise of common
snnait and thA maloritv rule. But as
th. ..s.m.v.iinlt.r K.n..- -nr thtrl,lv
settled and Water more valuable, per-
flicted tremendous losses upon th sol-
dlers of the porte.
The Great Awakeninsr i
nc ureal waaening.
It is a singular clrcutnsunce Wat th.
awakening aga nst the Turkish domina-
tlon which lasted for nearly 850 years
after the conquest showed Itself In v-
eral regions about the same time. Just
at the period when Alexander Tysilant
... . . , , . , ,
was putting an end to Turkish mlsrul
ln the country which is now Rumania,
Greeks were starting that heroic
struggle for Independence In which Lord
Byron played a picturesque part The
Servians simultaneously began a bitter
and determined fight to throw off Turk-
tsh rule.
In 11104 Kara George, wh was oer-
tainly a peasant and perhaps a brigand,
finding that he was down on a list of
persons to be massacred, took to the
mountains and raised the standard of
Io1iL ete?te i"18 Turkish force
and in 1806 he took possession of Bel-
grade.
The Russians helped him for awhile,
then deserted him. and he was obliged
to take refuge in Hungary. The Turks
swept over the country ln 1814 with
murder and pillage. They crucified 806
Christians at Belgrade. But now one of
the lieutenants of Kara George began
V?,l0om,u&wlth n"w '"fn"1- Thl w
Mtlosch Obrenovitch. also a peasant, a
swineherd, who haf acted si spy for
- . . . L
ivara ueorge in me early pari or me
struggle, xi is Dan a a in 181ft made such
headway against the Turks that the
CONTENTMENT
A little bird sat on a tree.
And sang this song right merrily:
"I'm glad, as glad as 1 can be.
That I'm a bird upon a tree."
A pretty golden butterfl)
Among the blossoms fluttered by,
by,
Ana asicea ner mate, woo
nigh:
wanaerea
"Who would not ba a butterflyT
. ..... '
Ai tl,nyJ,IULa dal,r"now?.r
Unclosed her eys when -passed th
. . fb,wf r . - , ,
And .m I led to feel th sun' warm
.. . power:
"It is so sweet to b a flowr."
. , , . , v
A gent , playful summer breej
Blew o'er the nelds snd stirred the tree,
7bJ5ff.-h-5-SBJ?.-;i?,eVi .
. ' - "-"" w w.m .
breeze T"
And Jack, a chubby little boy.
With romping dog snd rattling toy,
Cried out, with shouts of keenest joy,
"It's jolly Tine to be a boy."
Donald A. Fraser In the Delineator.
The. Sea Hate.
From the London Dally News.
Soft It sings in shining ripples, glad
... Je?ea'h.u'eolaen. da7-
With a laugh among the du grass, a
it flings Its jewel SDrav:
ButJ hate Its smiles and whispers, for
beneath the white, curled crests
Lies the great black heart of terror and
the wrath that never rests.
,... , ,. . . , . . . . ,
Hldden from the blessed daylight. In
nritB cavit,hvSf and throb- .
With a dreadful choking gurgle and a
. . ond of dying sobs;
And th long dark trailing seaweed.
lifted , on Its ebb and . flow.
Is like hair of drowned women Whelmed
wunin in unueriow,
Through the pale-green dusks of twi-
ngpi, irora iam roiiins mystic line.,
:;eVuiar.bttt,r-'ai,-.
But I flee th siren music of th cruel
luring flood, . "
For 'tis dootti .ii In Its message and the
answer In, my blood:
,.jr. . . . . . ... - . .
F. O'Neill Gallagher
The Only Kind.
From th Baltlmor American.
"Do you 'think our favorit has
ehn2 1 wJn 1 that prise flahtr
"Oh, yes; h bae a flghUng cftaae.V
Great Power GenerateJ an Ttousands o Acres Irrigated ty Splendid
Streams Possibilities in tLe Future Development cf Ttis Resource ;:
,
suasion and argument go t the winds
and open strife is sure to follow In
time. Such an example may be taken
from Crook county, There' is a fine
mountain creek which has already r-
covered from the desert thousands of
acres of land. Under proper utilization
Jt lB capable of recovering as many-
more acres. But who is to say what Is
proper utilization? Our state law Is si-
lent on the oolnt. One man may take
Anshiio-h nfnt.r iunA thin In an AtiiAl
case) to flood . his entire farm six
Tangle RaCC5 Tonues and R-ltfoua Beliefs Wkick Dates Back
BarWan Invasion of Europe-Centuries cf Struggles Atfainst tne
sultan was forced to make terms with
him.
Kara George came back Into the coun-
try. but Mlfosch betrayed him to the
Turks, who killed him., Rivalry thus re-
moved MUosch ha 1 Pclaimed
lllJ9.
lty waa rec0gnized by the porte and
then began its
rPan Btat- ,Th1e,,desc1endant," LP. Kara
onBDtor thZM
co!l?'lreJ?. Ior . e. 'nrono.
The-Obrenovltches were deposed in
1842 and the Karageorgovitches seized
th tifl of prince. A few years later
a prince of their line was assassinated
and th Obrenovltches came back, and
thus It was that Prince Milan, an Obren-
ovitch, found himself on the throne at
the era of the Russo-Turkish war.
Another region in whteh the standard
of revolt was raised ln the beginning of
th nineteenUi century was the south-
ern section of Albania, where the fa-
mous or Infamous All Pasha, the Hon
of Janina, established for a few brief
years a sort of Independent power. Those
who are Interested ln his career can
gain a good view of It on easy terms
from Maurus Jokal's novel "The Lion
of Janina"
Bulgarian Atrocities.
All these struggles ln the early part
bf th nineteenth century brought free-
j , .,.. . ...
dom. 'n on8 deKree or another totha
ni.tlnn.il.. a.At,A- -
uvivu8 owLt-a. auwuioi ucm-i
struggle against
1876
the Turk hpnan ln
lur" oegan in
ln tne8e m ter there seems to b a
sort of contagion. It Is certain that
a,n,':plde,n,01 r unrest ran through the
Balkan peninsula In that year Bui-
aria, which had been so enslaved as to
e called the peasant state, after cen-
turles of submission, showed signs of
awakening. The brutalities of Turklsn
rule seemed to be brought to a head by
l the establishment of a Circassian col-
ony in the heart of the country.
The peasantry revolted an atne Bsitii
Bazouks, th Turkish irregular soldiery,
maintained especially for purposes of
atrocity, were sent in to put down the
uprising. . . .
Th populations of towns and villages
f wiped out. The houses were
burned, the women outraged or carried
off to Turkish harems, children wer
slaughtered In their mother's arms, and
men wer burned allvedn the churches.
hundreds at a, time. When the news of
thes doings was spread through Europe
by Januarius Aloysius MacGahan. tfia
famous correspondent of th London
Payw,Te,eT!:aPhl th1re WM aa.!.,nco?-
iruiiauie uuiuui di ui uuirui, iu mo i um
of th- Turk in the devastated regions "
WaBut "simultaneous with th Bulgarian RoumanU's Progress,
lnsurrectloa the Servians under Prince while all this waa going on ln Bul
MUan had declared war on Turkey. Tho , 7 " , . JI . i n the main tiros
troops sent against them also wasted garla Roumanla was in th mam pros
their country with murder and pillage, perlng greatly and olvlllzlng herseir.
In Bosnia and Herzegovina was also a Thfl natjonal exhibition held two years
revolt and also more atrocities. .,, , vnnr the for
Montenegro declared war on the sul- ago at Bucharest In honor or the ror
tan and an army of brave mountaineers tleth anniversary of King Carlos acces-
sultan's troops went to oppose them,
there also were unspeakable cureltles
m arched Into Macedonia, wnerever in
uti-nn th. rhriattnn nonulatlon.
i. r.miiii wmiM
take the lead in ending this domination
of murder, lust and robbery;- but Eng-
lonri r.ncr niadstone. tanin'orlzed . and
negotiated; - Russia went to War, and
with th Roumanians. Servians .and
Montenegrins as her allies, drove the
Turks back past Plevna and Shlpka
pass, over the Balkans Into Roumanla
and as far south almost as Adrlanople,
whn th. sultan stive wav and signed
h trutr nf Run fetefn.no. by which he
surrendered the greater part or nis of Bernn has been one of material prog
European dominions, ress! , The capital. Belgrade, ha. been
r t i..ii ' ' ' . - -tistiv rohnllt and modernized ln th
ujnircil UK nei lira. .
-- ' . , f.mt as th trade of th country
Thu 2JTSlt5 tZLVXSZuZ
Bde1 tn troubles of th Balkan penln- tTiem and agriculture ar flourishing. Its
suli. but -'It wasdd much . for Europe's : : government -however, has been a trou-
Jealousies.,- Th congress of Berlin was . blespm aKalr. dehaucneriaa
' .. . . .... i h th.V-.King Mitan ,tound th deb
called in H7I to revise It, and by- th
treaty which It framed the greater part
of Macedonia was restored to Turkey,
ik... i .v.. ,.-
h r -i..i .r. r i
Ust 10 year a - i
Koumania. which had for years been
flourishing independsnt principality,
Inches deep every S4 hours and dyna
mite the headgates of other water users
who object to the waste, while scores
of other tfater users and prospective
water users will not have enough to
save their crops from the hot winds" or,
wator their stock. This particular com
munity, typical of many others, Is wor
rying along, hoping for a new water
law. And If they don't get the law
there is only one thing to do take the
whole matter of the intricate water reg
ulation before a court and lawywrs that
perhaps never saw an irrigated farm,
who will go quibbling on pMhtejnt for
years with a lighter or a minus bank
balance as the only permanent gain to
the water user. All through eastern
Oregon, as I traveled last summer
there was the same waiting and hedg
ing and retardation in the irrigated
districts. "As soon ss we get this
water matter settled," they would say,
'ws Intend to fix up the ranch." There
is the deserted shack of the man who
was sold a useless water right by an
Irrigation . company operating under
state laws; there Is the dry. ditch -that
is empty because somebody is willfully
wasting or hoarding the water jthat
God surely meant for the common and
general good of man; and there is the
, at&loue settler and capitalist waiting,
he'-knows not how long, until he has
some assurance of the stability of his
Investment before he will build dams
or ditches, and improve his land.
Only Half of the Story T1&
-And only half of the story has been
told when we talk about the. Immense
' value of water, for Irrigation to the arid
land of Oregon, flven .more valuable,
. some day, promise! to be our great
tat wealth of water power. A single
--II !C
Sk
example will catch the point It Is es-
tlmated that the lower 36 miles of the
Deschutes, river If harnessed today,
would yield an annual Income of 6.000,-
000, and the school boy knows that this
bit of water power can bo duplicated
many times in our state. ine commer-
cial value of a single horsepower is
from 80 to 76 gallons per day, and
theoretical horse power Is produced by
7 gallons of water Tailing- through
Ji. k tetfl nar Mrnnrl. With A. mpntR
picture of such a horse power trickle.
xm
of Struggles Aga
yielded a province to Russia, and Bul-
garia was forced to give her ln return
the Dobrudscha, a low lying region on
the eastern coast of the Black sea. Bul-
Bar la herself was limited to a narrow
nd'U was'nLd toVmpIl
bound-rle. which to this day confine ner
amBb'"la8Bnd Herzeaovnla. inhabited by
peop0Ie,,acloSelyaklnB to "the Servian
were turned over to Austria for admln-
Intra!! jr. control, although the nominal
sovereignty was still vested In the sul-
tan. Montenegro had her complete lnde-
pendence acknowledged and guaranteed
Wth a considerable extension of terrl-
tory. A semi-Independent province was
established tn eastern Rumella south of
Bulgaria, with a Christian governor an-l
Its own laws, but paying tribute to tho
porte.
The Formative Period,
...
Not a few changes have taken place
since this arrangement was made. In
lm Roumanla raised herself to the
. . , -,, . -riian nr
rank of a kingdom. Prince Milan of
Servla also assumed the regal dignity
In 1882.
Bulgaria hsd chosen as her ruler
Prince Alexander of Battenberg, but he
enjoyed under the treaty of Berlin only
the rank of prince and the sultan re-
mained his suzerain under the treaty of
g"""-,. TIirtnnTonSBuUarU
Rumella and Us annexation to Bulgaria
In 1885. ,',,
d. ..(.. .AAfaJ Kit In train S3 a rv I a
declared war on account of this aggran-
.Aimm nf lt next door nelehbor. and
uunoia iwicovwj, "
there ensued that opera Dourre struggle
wki.h waa , .in. htti and
which has afforded Bernard Shaw thtf
opportunity for his amusing comedy,
-Arms and the Man "
Alexander showed powers both as a
statesman and a soldier In this crisis,
Indeed he was a highly capable ruler:
Dut RU8,ift could not get over the Rume-
,lan ann(.xatlon andtne high ambitions
of Bulaarla generally and Alexander
became the scaoeaoat of Its rage. His
capital became a hotbed of Intrigues
,,.ln. kim.
mft-nnasn urta tn his inlurv: the
wires were pun-u v
-truggle became too strenuous for him
hrtt,,.ted in 188S.
prince Ferdinand of Coburg was
eiectS In hi place. Ferdinand was
amDluou Tand wily and with his great
Minister Stambuloff he kept on
widfnauo the strength of his state
Jnd his own hold upon it in spite of
hostile , conspiracies.
From that time to this tne prince has
been laying pipes and pulling wires to
e8n- himself king and Hd his realm of
fSf nominal subjection to the sultan. H
v . . . H, succeedea.
,ion to tn ruiersnip wm
onstration of material and Intellectual
oroarress.
i "nrter the eenlal guidance of Queen
M-h h nmmia "Tirmen Rvlva."
literature and art have gained new head-
way; but even the revolt of tho peasant
.rn lout vear aaainst the great
landed nobility and the money lenders
showed that a readjustment of condl-
tlon Is still necessary in this most fa-
vored cf th Balkan lands. r
.
Serviaa , Dark Story.
oervta . r . .
irk. hiatnrv.Af Rervla since th treaty
of pa"t, ami Vienna more to his' tast
than ruling over the Servians. Me ab-
dlcated the hron in. 188, Jnf.
........ n Alexander. Still SO TOUng that
mnnell of rerency had to b estab-
llshed. t i ,
One fine ay when M 'waa about 1
Alexander asserted hlnteelf. II seised
can we estimate the commercial value
of the thousands of falls and rapids of
our riversT. . : ,.
Th". 8,?n U point to an approaching
electrical ag for our nation and the
world. The coal beds are limited; our
last stick of wood will be put. into 'th
furnace in UtUa more than a generation
at our present rate of consumption. No
one has measured th Ingenuity of man.
but the only present substitute in sight
ror an this consumed coal and wood Is
the heat and power resulting from eleo
trlcal energy. And th scheme Is thor
oughly practlcabler-grantlng cheap water
Gettinj; "Htni-Out." '
TJher ar llttl' straws of evidenc
flying everywhere, all telling" us that
there are men of money who ar read
ing th times and building themselves
a warm nest for th future. ' They ar
even now . at our open pantry window
picking up th free "hand-outs" and
not saying a word. Not that capital
should not be encouraged to develop
natural resources, but the publto should
at least realize the valu of their gifts
and glv them with strings, attached
If such a method should be for the good
of future generations. They should at
least not kick their wealth to th gut
ter and allow it to be picked up by who
ever will. Under present law it is Ab
surdly easy to acquire th fullest guar
antee that our law can glv to water,
whether used for Irrigation or for
power. Supposing I, either as a cap
italist or the agent of a capitalist, saw
a waterfall or a creek that I could use
or knew would b valuable later. I
would merely stick up a notice of my
purpose and intention to acquire' such,
on a bush or tree anywhere near then
file this notice with the county clerk
of that county and presto, it is done.
If I can guard my Interest and bluff
others off I am sol owner of a river.
I am supposed to begin work on my
claim within six months and "pursue it
diligently." but there is no such neces
sity providing my Intentions are specu
lative; I can merely refll on It every
six months.
Imagine th confusion. The Des
chutes river at a single point. Bend, Is
over appropriated by 40 times its sum
mer flow; the records of filings on the
whole river are in seven counties, and to
visit their county seats would require
1,000 miles of travel, on half by stage:
and even with these records w would
know nothing about our relative rights,
for the whole matter of the relative
value of water rights Is one for the
courts to interpret. It is not strange
then that many of the ditches of Cal
ifornia under jurisdiction of a very sim
ilar law are now owned by the old law
yers who used to defend them; that two
million dollars have been spent in wa
ter litigation In one county; that 14
people have been killed over on ditch
squabble.
Oregon has grandmotherlsh water
laws for, perhaps, two reasons. First,
our water laws, such as we now have,
were framed In an early day by eastern
people wlio did not know, nor could they
know, anything about the problem of Ir
rigation nor the possibilities of water
for power. Further than this' the situ
ation Is due to the apathy of the Irri
gatlonlsts and voters and the opposition
of those whose business future does not
demand modern water laws. Strange to
say, a modern water law has never been
made a political issue and few voters
and fewer legislators have an Intelligent
opinion on th subject. However, the
matter has been agitated for several
years by many state departments In
cluding the land board, the state attor
ney and the state engineer. 8everal
western states have good water laws,
notably Idaho and Wyoming also
Canada. The mainspring of theise laws
Is that "beneficial usi' shall be the
basis of all rights to the use of water
and that water for Irrigation shall be
appurtenent to the land irrigated. They
provide for definite water titles, relia
ble water records and necessary polic
ing; some of them also say that power
franchises should not be perpetual, but
limited to a fixed period of years.
to tne
Turks
th reins of power and clapped all the
regents Into prison, Und then followed
14 years of capricious rule, such as
might b expected of a boy who was
half a genius, half an Idiot
The end came ln June, 1903. Some
say It was an Austrian plot to create
chaos which would have justified the
Austro-Hungarlan kaiser In seizing and
annexing Servla ln his dominions. Oth
ers hold that the endurance of Alexan
der, had reached its limit and that it
was to prevent savage despotism and
massacre that regicide was -decided on.
Anyway, the fact Is that on the night
of June 10 the regiments quartered in
the capital surrounded the royal palace
and after a long and fevered search, tn
the course of which some faithful at
tendants were struck down, a band of
officers found Alexander snd Draga hiding-
ln their night robes and killed them
both.
With Alexander died the last of the
Karageorgevltch dynasty and King Pe
ter, the head of the exiled Obrenovitch
house, who had been living almost In
poverty ln Switzerland, was called tn
the throne where he still sits, not ov-r
firmly according to Austrian versions
of the situation, but firmly enough ac
cording to the accounts of many Inde
pendent English observers.
Present Day Hopes and Needs.
What all these- new countries need Is
peace and capital to develop their re
sources. It Is believed that they have
enormous mineral wealth which England
would be glad to develop were It not
for the war risk.
Roumanla Is the most settled down of
all, but she still looks upon Bessarabia
with an eager longing hopeless, for
Russia never lets go.
Servla had hoped by some torn of
fortune to win Bosnia and Herzegovina
from Austria which has Just killed
these hopes by the act of annexation.
The people of these provinces are full
blooded Serbs. They have fought the
Servians' proper and they were Incor
porated in the old Servian empire.
Perhaps they would rather be part of
free Servla than subject to Francis Jo
seph. Perhaps they would prefer their
own independence. Vienna says that
they are happy and contented today,
but it is certain that they made a bitter
resistance when Austria took them over
in 1878 and again in 1903, when compul
sory military service was imposed on
them. The discontented ones among
them cried out that they preferred Turk
ish misrule to Austrian oppression.
Montenegro is a prosperous little re
gion of amazing simplicity. There Is a
state council, but Prince Nicholas the
prince bishops were dropped In the mid
dle of the last century, but the Danllo
Petrovltch line persists rules with the
arbitary and unquestioned authority of
a tribal chieftain. What he and his
people most like would be to tack on
Novibazar to the little realm.
Albania Is wild and disorderly beyond
imagination. Life Is secure in the Ys
qul country in comparison with th
northern section of Albania. There It
Is tribe against tribe, all against the
Turk, all against the Serb, all against
the stranger. The country Is wlldlv
mountainous and densely forested. Th'i
whole population outside of a few
towns, lives the life of brigands and ln
the towns It Isn't much better.
Finally there is Macedonia. Greece
wants it and Bulgaria wants it.
The tangle, of race, religion and lan
guage In It has been described. The
Macedonian bands raid the Bulgarian
villages; the Bulgarian bands raid the
Macedonian -villages. The Turkish sol
diers raid both, to Inflict punishment.
The bands escape and ,the villages ar
burned th men shot and' the women
violated.
Both the Macedonians and the Bul
garians freely admit that their purpose
Is to-provoke a repetition of the atro
cities of-1878 so that Europe may .take
the land from the sultan. The Greeks,
hope they will ret 1t The 'Rals-ars are
confident that they will win It.
Latterly an International police, work
ing for the porte. has been laboring to
tranqutllz this wretched country. It
has had only a qualified success. Th
Macedonian auestlon will be more than
ever the "Balkan war cloud" when th
recent changes ere ratified and the Bui- ;
frarlan are in full enjoyment of their '
ndependenc. .-