TheWor.
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.'T'TyTHLN with the dawn of Independ'
nlS , " nce Day the sun rises radiantly
" ' . over the breadth and length of
the land, its rays will fall on thousands of this
country's emblems -new flags waving from
blender staffs and curling gently in the breeze
truer forts; garrisons, armories, hospitals and
fghting vessels.
Caught in the dazzling folds, the sun
toill flare back in reflections of the national coU
trs; it will fleck the shimmering field of stars
with Urht and will reveal a new star, emblem
if a new state admitted to the Union.
Because of the admission of Oklahoma
the stars on the flag on this Fourth of July
will number forty-six.
In recognition of the admission of a new
State into the Union the law requires the ad
'dition of a new star to the flag, which is of-
firiyt!1k tnly rAntitA fm tttm K'mirtU'nf Tutu 4n1'
towing the territory s acquirement of state
Tiood. Thus from the more than 300 army
'posts and stations from battleships and na-
tional guard headquarters, from government
houses and from buildings; stores and thou
sands of homes in all parts of the country
flags bearing the new star will float for the
first time on the Fourth.
The task of adding this new star to the
flag has not been an easy one. It has been :
tedious and difficult. At the Schuylkill Ar
venal in Philadelphia, the navy yard at Brook'
Vyn and on battleships for the past few months
people have been busy rearranging the stars
$n old flags and making new standards.
F
LAGS ar tupplled to army poitt and garrlsona
from ttaa SchuylklU Araanal. In PhlladalphJa,
Thar tor tha laat three months women hara
bean working, day after day. rlpplnar a tar a oft
pt axUUngr flass and replacing them attar the new
pattern, wlta the addtUoa of Oklahoma's star. Mora
than 2500 flaari have beea remodeled for axtnr uae.
At the Brooklyn Nary Tard possibly moro than a
thousand have) beea changed, while many new fiaga
bavo been manufactured for use on vessela On many
warships the addition of a new star to the colors has
been made by the bluejackets themselves. At the
Schuylkill Arsenal It la estimated that the admission
pf the new state meant the ripping off of flags of
Mout 6,000 atara These had to bo sewed on again In
tha new poalUoa required by the rearrangement of
tha field of atara 'and, in addition, something like
600O new stars, in the aggregate, had to be added. .'
, Various kinds of flags have been rearranged at tha
arsenal for use in tha army. They range from tb.
storm and recruiting bunting flag, which ' measures ,
fonr by eight feet, to the garrison flag, which Is
twenty feet wide and thtrty-alx featjn length.
Garrlaon flags can be used only at larger author
lied posts. The ordinary pott flag measures ten by
twenty feet. Arrangement of the atara on these flags .
has been changed by the new addition. " .
According tp tha government specifications, the .
rZZJlW .I?! J??''? "ranged in iii ?
1'- 7jh lh, Inthe top row, seven In the
REQUIRES CAREFUL WORK '
i IrV!" .flaM of rty-flve etars eight were
rirtnirS .:A-tR gsaj-.as
marked In chalk on the blue field. measurea and
Could one hv i peeped Into the flairrooms at the
rs-pnal duririfr February, March and Anrii l ii
ue witnessed a, very busy tcinS ThfJi1 M..wu d
sirs, with the brilliant color. ti,; ,' -
-n folding tbem. women busllr worv.a .r.T.T.7
nsr tbem. women busllr wVv. -"
j ecalpels to the etara " ur'
V ith the eharp knife they ripped the thread, hin"
! the .tar- to the flair. usInsxtSme Mrnst to
or Injure the etars. which were to be used
V, ith ths lower three rows f stars removed on loth
tun t the flag-, it was paused along to a man wh!
marVM tne new arrangement. : WBO
AV its measuring instruments he calculated th n"
Mlon. " that the etare were all an equal '
part. Thin murklnir v. an extremely delicate , t..ir
r the iirht-t deviation n the imnitemnt V ,
KReqtii
Its Pkc
'
,ir would mar the appearance. With the nlarei
f.r v atr narked in chalk the Dan were
UtlD " "ewln mhne. whVsewed 0n
;..king the stars kept-ons man butyy The stars
; .. ... Ji iii v-UX i"
THE OREGON
rt
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are punched by a die. with every blow of whloh fif
teen are out out of bales of material. , These are then;
hemmed In at the edges and placed on the flags.
With the rearranging of the flag at the Schuyl
kill Arsenal there has been Inaugurated a manufac
ture of the national colors. With the exception of
the flags .made at the Brooklyn Navy Tard for use In
the navy, most pt Uncle Sam's flags have been mad
by Arms on contract Hereafter many of the army
flags will be turned out from the government work
shop. It is said that about SO0O flags ars used up by .
the army every two or three years. ;
Last January the quartermaster general issued an -
order instructing the officers at the Sohuylklll Arsenal
to purchase silk and other materials to make silken
colors to be carried by regiments of the regular army.
These consist of national colors, of the stars and
tripes, measuring four by six feet, surrounded by, a
deep fringe of gold silk, and regimental .colors, bear
ing the national coat-of-arras and the number of the
regiment For the Infantry the field Is blue, for the
cavalry yellow and for the artillery red. , ; . , '
The designs are embroidered on the flag by hand,
and a staff of about twenty women are required in
embroidering ohevrons and other Insignia. When this
work Is finished it Is likely that the department will
begin manufacturing bunting flags for use at the
various posts.
At the Brooklyn Navy Yard the' government has
maintained an extensive plant ' for. tha manufacture
of flags for use in the navy. There, also, many women
have been extremely busy rearranging the star for
use this Fourth of July and turning out new colors.
MANY NEEDED ON SHIPS
Few people have an idea of the number of flags
required on naval vessela The ships most have colors
for fleet communication and also many flags for cere
monial occasions. Every three years each war vessel
Is given a new outfit the cost of which Is estimated
at 12500. About 250 different flags are required.
During one year at this plant the government ex
pended 180,000, of which amount 143.000 was for ma
terials and $17,000 for labor. Over 69,000 flags were
manufactured. , More than 40S . different kinds were
made. c v ''i -
n one year l&o.ooo yards of bunting were used.
Extreme care. Is used in the purchase of bunting. It
must be made entirely of wool and nineteen Inches In
width. Navy bunting runs thirty-four threads to the
Inch, and Is extremely light Before It Is made Into
, flags the material undergoes severe testa- .
There is a chemical test by which strips are soaked
and washed In soap and fresh water for a period of
twenty-four hours, it it then soaked in salt water
for a similar period of time and then exposed for ten
flays. Including ten hours in bright sunlight
Thus the fastness of color "vis i determined.' The
colors must not fade nor run. Besides this test the
goods must undergo a test of strength. A two-Inch
wide strip of warp must show a strength of sixty-flve
pounds in a machine, while a two-inch piece of mi.
Jng must stand a forty-five-pound test
Stars are used varying in sixe from two to four
teen inches n diameter. They are punched out In a
machine which cuts 60 to 100 at a time. . Eight dif
ferent sizes of stars are used. - About the flag-la sewn
a heading -of flax raven canvas with a distance lining
of plaited, bemp rope,. which is made onhe naval
prison shitf at Boston. ''' " "
, When. they re finished the flags are"pressed br an
'3 eft1riclronur)Uep nd 8ent to h storekeepSr, who
distributes thm n lh. .fclna . - . v ' ,uv
i At the .Brooklyn Navy
ArA ihM A .
..i - , luuuiiry
re-
machine operators and needlewomen and also three
men. They engage in cutting the material Into
strips on the floor after mathematical markings sew
JrK miDlV,trJp?.'lm h'n operated by an elec
anl nothing' tile4 J'0"" th -f";
u" in eRioiovmitnc nr Annul. ihu..A... -f.Mi . ,
the
iiuuh pei-ioas are required to make certain flaeg.
x-raiaenit nag requiring more time than nr.
711 izea, ten dv tourteen and three by five
... tumiin m a Dtue grouna bearintr the'
i?iiSnV 0t lhe Un,Ud Mates, sewn by feu. To
-Ina? Vim I8" bout a month is required.
. llk ' UMd 'which cosu $9 a pound.
. i 1 L';V: . .... : " (rl
SUNDAY JOURNAL, PORTLAND, SUNDAY
!1f i "J-. A 4 Hit 1 - ; -.n. ' o . ' - "S, V lf
JcPW7zgr aa;ti$e StGnr, cK&tjv '
l.-. -OvtA-ivA. i&- nv.w&-, wW8.
LI Si
NO OJSE knows when the nations of India
learned the secret of making ice by N
' ture's processes, when the temperature of
the air ia 13 to 20 degrees above the point
of congelation. And yet they do it. .
IJunng four or five months November to '
March the
eople of India make ice in large
he method is an ancient one: the
quantities.
v ii
MMNGWArURALlGE
KORNING, JUNE 2V , 1903
44
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.,.'-. ' ' : . ' " . 1. .
The largest flag In use costs MO.- This it the United
States ensign. No. 1, which Is thirty-six feet long and
twenty feet wide, " '; . .
The flags already in use In the navy were altered
by the tailors, soma of whom necessarily- must be.,
come as skilful with the needle as the women oper
store. No machines., however, have been used on the
ships, and the jack tars have made all ths alterations
by hand. ' -
The addition of a star to the blue field, as one can
realise, means considerable work. The position of thl
stars requires the most careful arrangement for the
preservation of Symmetry. '
In proportion to the flag the also of the blue Held
cannot well be changed, and with the addition of new
states the stara mutt most likely be made smaller.
Many suggestions have been made from time to time
for a change of the position of the stara On idea
which has been favorably spoken of Is to arrange the
stars in a circle and keep on adding stars on tha out
side as states are admitted.
In this respect, however, officials deem a rear
rangement as needing long consideration. (Should the
flags officially . be changed, a tremendous amount of
labor 'would be required to change these already,
made. Even the adding of one more star necessitates
a great deal of labor.
Much more complicated, indeed, ; Is the task of
&a;
people know nothing of tha scientific reasons for
the results obtained. ' .
EELDS where ice is harvested most successfully
have a black loam soil upon a stratum of sand.
Trenches, a couple of feet deep and 130 feet or
. v so in length, are dug, the bottoms and sides be
ing packed hard-and allowed to dry thoroughly under
- maklnr national flags than In the days shortly after
Betsy Ross, In her little home in Philadelphia, un
folded the first glorious emblem of the nation to tha
- admlrin eyes of George Washington. The speclnca-
tlonf of the government for the materials, slse and
method of making various flags are explicit '
Garrison, post, storm and recruiting flags must be
made of material weighing not less than One and
serea-elghths ounces to the linear yard, ; measuring
nineteen Inches In width and containing not lets than
thirty-four threads of warp and thirty-two threads of
fllllng to the square Inch. Seams must be made of a
particular width and stitched with three rows -of
tltchlnir. Stars must be placed at definite distances
apart When they are made all the flags are carefully
Inspected!. For the making of garrison flags 160 yards
of bunting are required, for post flags forty-five yards
and for storm flags eight yards.
Each post and garrison Is entitled to two post and
two storm flags, each recruiting station to two storm
: flags, each fortification to two storm flags and to
each field hospital two storm flags. From all of these
this Fourth will float the new forty-six-star flag.
From the Schuylkill Arsenal, where the flags have
been altered, they are sent to the quartermaster de
partments at New Tork, Boston. Jeffertonvllle, Ind.;
6an Francisco, St .Louis and Omaha, from which
points they are distributed. !
Besides the larger flags, possibly 800,000 emallH
stamped flags will be used by , the militia on the
Fourth, all of them bearing forty-slx stars. , ..t
Briglit and new, with glowing colors, these flags
will greet the sunshine and morning breeses on the
"Fourth. They will symbolise the advancement of these
sovereign states, and the proud distinction of state
hood, now officially recognised, attained by Okla
homa '. . :
4 The "Switzerland of America"
LAKES county, one of the most picturesque of the
northern counties of California, Is so named from
Clear lake, the largest body of fresh water In the
state. From its varied scenery of mountain and lake.
It has been called the "Switzerland of America" Sev
eral creeks run Into Clear lake, one of the principal
being Kelsey creek. Each spring the flsh run from
dear lake up Kelsey creek to spawn, sometimes in so
Treat numbers that wagons In crossing crush many of
them, It happens in some seasons that the dry
weather, coming on suddenly, causes the waters of the
creek to subside rapidly. Then the flsh are left strand
ad and die la countless millions. The farmers cart off
wagonloads of them to uae on their fields as fertilizer,
and the stench arising from their decaying bodies
makes th neighborhood almost uninhabitable.
the rara of tha sun.
Thete tranches are alwava duar to run east and
west A number of them may be dug side by side, the
lot belnar called an Ice "farm." .
Tile "farmer" and his helpers place small sheaves
of rice straw in the trenches, with loose straw scatter
ed on the top, to the' depth of a foot and a half, so
that the surface of the straw bed la about six Inches
' below ths ground level. ; '
Spaces for walking are left between the trenches,
and at Intervals large covered earthen water Jars ars
srank Into the ground, so that the supply of water Is
kept convenient ts the icemakera
During; the day the employes of the "farmer" turn
'the straw in the trenches at Intervals, so that it Is
kept thoroughly dry, and they also All the large re
eeptacles with soft, pure water from nearby springs,
in order to be ready for business when night comes.
- Only one thing now remains to be done. This Is to
bring out from the storage place the shallow ungiazed
, earthen dishet In which the water is to ba frozen.
These dishes are about nine Inohes In diameter at the
top, diminishing to five inches at the bottom; they
"- are one and one-half Inches deep, and the ware Is
. one-quarter inch thick. The vessels are so porous as
soon to become moist throughout when water is placed
: In them. ."- '-" - f' "' . ' .. '. - y'v;,,. ;: rj,
When night approaches the men place these shal
low dishes in long rows upon the" straw in the trenchea
Then, using little pots tied to the ends of bamboo rods,
: ths men fill the dishes with water taken from ths
'.. large receptablea
Each dish on the straw Is about half filled with
water, although the quantity -varies according to the
expectation of ice the natives can forecast the crop
pretty well by the aspect of the heavens and the
evenneis with which the air comes from the north.
;-;.WeSt t . r A r v';vv;;
.' When the prospects seem favorable about half a
pint of water Is put Into each dlah: otherwise, the
amount Is smaller. About E000 dishes are placed In
. each trench and the lee yield is expected to average
. something like a quarter of a pound from each vessel.
When the heavens are clear and gentle air currents
are eomins; from the northwest freesing begins about '
midnight The natives watch closely for the appear
ance of tha first films of ice in the dishes; they then
mix the contents of ' several dishes together and .
sprinkle the other dishes, saying that thia helps along
the freesing procesa The thickest loe is formed about
morning; it Is often an inch thick. - .
"The lea dishes," stated a writer, in describing the
proceat, "present a large moist external surface to the f
air currents, producing rapid evaporation and a lower
ing of the temperature. The water which percolates
through the porous trays exposes so large a surface ;
to the breese that it is promptly frozen. In addition '
to the evaporative effect we also have the influence of
heat imulatlon to fall back upon in explaining the
.phenomenon. . . .
'The thick layer of dry straw In the Ice beds forms'
a large surface, which Is a poor conductor of heat
The heat can penetrate but a little way Into It during
the day. Bo soon as the sun, sets, this large and pow- '
erfully radiating surface la brought into action, and
aft ectt the water in the thin, porous pans, themselves
strong radiatora" , , .