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About The Oregon daily journal. (Portland, Or.) 1902-1972 | View Entire Issue (Aug. 31, 1906)
in: c. z:i dailx jcur.::.!; : rc"TLAi:D, fiupay Evz::i::a august ' si. , r e- -e 7 J 4 " ' . - " 5 r SGMlllC rF0 QES Amid frequent bursts of applause and ooeaslonal - Interruptions - of prolonged cheering, Mr. Bryan spoke in pert follows: - . i"Uke all leavslsra ma hive v'alUd. other land. I return with delight the land of my birth.' mora proud of tta people, with mora confidence In Ita gov arnment and grateful to the kind provi dence that eaat my lot In tha United States. My national pride ' haa been Inoreaaed by the abundant evldenoe I hare aeen of the altruistic Interest Uken by Americana In the people of ether countries. , No other--nation can ahow euch a record of benevolence and dlalntereated frlendahlp. My love -for ur form of government haa been quick ened aa I have vlalted caatlea and tow era and peered Into dark dungeons, and I am id that 6ur nation, profiting "by th experience of thrTt ndyt unhampered by traditions and unfettered By caate, haa been permitted to form a new center of civilisation on new aoil and erect bera a 'government of the people, by the people and for tha poo ple." I also return mora deeply Im pressed than aver before with tha re sponsibility which reata upon our nation aa an example among the natlona and mora aoltcltoue that we avoiding the cauaea which have- led . other . nations to decay, may preaent a higher Ideal than haa aver before been, embodied In a national . life and carry human prog ress to a higher plane than It haa be fore . reached. I desire, moreover, to acknowledge Indebtedneaa to the Ameri can official who - have everywhere shown ua all possible courtesy and fclnd-l unit ' - JgfMIILJ!t?aa3a "The flrat meaaago that I brfng f rom the old world la a massage of peace. The cause of arbitration la making real progress, in aplta of tha fact that th natlona moat prominent in tha estab lishment of The Hague tribunal have themaelvea been engaged In ware alnce that court waa organised. - There to a perceptible growth In aentlment In favor of the aettlement of International dla putea by peaceful means. It waa my good fortune to bo preaent- ar the- Uat aesalon of th Interparliamentary union, which convened In London on- July II. "Blx nations were represented and tlvoee Included all tha leading natlona of wive world. ' This peace congress, aa It la gener ally known, not only adopted resolutions In favor of the limitation of armamenta and the arbitration of all question re lating to dsbts, but unanimously In dorsed the proposition that all ques tions of every nature should be aub m it ted to an Impartial tribunal for In veatlgation, or to th mediation : of friendly nation before boatllltias ar commenced. 1 1 1t la - not neceaaary to point out tha Importance of th position taken. Tha embodiment of the auggea tlon In -treatiee would go a long way toward removing tha probability of war. While tha -Idea, la ef American origin, It waa heartily accepted by tha repre sentatives of - England, rranea, Oar many and other European countrlea. ' I believe that. If our nation would pro pose to make with every other nation a treaty providing that all questions la dispute between the parties should be aubmltted to The Hague court or aoma other Impartial- International tribunal for Investigation and report before any declaration of war or commeneement of hostilities, It would find many i na tlona willing to enter Into auch a com pact. - " ' - - "', v ' ....' aTeer Oolleoto;. ' "Another Subject connected with our foreign relation:". Iventure to suggest that we may not only promote peace, but - aleo - advance our commercial ' in-, tereat by announcing aa a - national policy that our navy will not be- used for the collection of' private debt. While protecting the Uvea ef our cltl-'on sens everywhere and guaranteeing the . personal safety of all who' owe alle ' glance to our flag, we ahould. In my Judgment, announoe that persons en gaging In bualness and holding prop erty In other lands for business pur poses must be subject to ths lawa of the countrlea In which they engage In bualness enterprises. . , "Many profitable field of Investment are new closed because the people of the entailer natlona are afraid that an Inveatment of foreign capital will be made an excuse for a foreign Invasion. XJberty fog PUtplao. I "Before leaving International pell. tlce,lerie-adtf that -our nation haa lost prestige rather than gained It by our experiment in colonialism. We have ; given tho monarchist a chance to rldt xiiU nnrjleclaratlon of independence, and the scoffer ha twitted aa with the Inconsistency. A tour through , the Philippine Island haa - deepened tha conviction that we ahould lose no time in announcing our purpose to deal with the Fillpinoa aa' we dealt with- the Cu bans. Every consideration, commercial 'and political, leads to thla -conclusion. . Such ground aa we may, need for coaling Stations or for a . naval base will be 'gladly conceded by the Filipino, who Imply deaire an opportunity to work out their own destiny, -Inspired by our example and aided by our advloe. In so far ha 'our effort e have ' been, directed toward the education of the Fillpinoa we have rendered them a distinct service, but in educating them .we recognise that we ar making colonialism Impos sible.' If we intended to, hold them aa subjects we ahould not dare to. eduoata 'them.' Self-government, - with ultimate Independence must be assumed. If we THOSE FOR WHOM THE BEST IS NONE TOO GOOD l t f t ,'.'. fi- . : . ' ' J.-,' '! "., " J .'. ' A 5 , t '. . :. . -v. tee . 1 vv . v.- ::: K, " FALL 4 . FIVE DOLLARS jut A- ll "i , '. OLD ONLYjBT' Cvnfnnrran iv. V vr i 1 1 i - i i i ii PERFECT. HATS; Nebrc:!cbi Would Sin::!, f.xnopolies and Exterminate Trusts Abol- tion. Scttled end Uo contemplate universal, educatloa in the Philippines. As soon as opportunity of fers I shall discuss the Philippine ques tion more at length, and I aball also refer to English rule in India, for it throws light upon our .own problema In the- Philippines, but these - subjects must be reserved until I ' can apeak more In detail. . ; . "In several of the nations of Burope the legislative department -of govern ment la more quickly- responsive to publlo sentiment than la our congress. In England, for Instance, where the ministry la formed, from tha dominant party, . when an election I held upon any Important Issue, the government proceeds to put Into law th will of the people expressed . at the poll. - While our system is superior ljvmany respects, it has one defect, vis., that congress doea not meet in regular aeaalon until It months after the election. -"During thla period there 1 uncer tainty long drawn out- which to the business community Is often more dam aging than a change of policy promptly carried into effect 'Would not the nu tation be improved by a constitutional of congreaa within a few months after the election and compelling the second session to adjourn several day before th following election T . - '1 return more convinced than before of the importance of a change In th method of electing United flutes sena tors. There'll noticeable everywhere a distinct. movement toward democracy In It broadest sense. In all the coun tries which I nave visited 'there to demand that th government be brought nearer te the people. :,. , t yppmlsjr lotton of Senator. .11 must be difficult to overestimate the strategic advantages ef thla" re-, form, for alnce every bill must recelye the aanctton of the senate aa wall a of the house of representatives before it becomes a law. no Important legislation of a national character la possible until the senate la brought Into , harmony with the people. I am within the limits ef the truth when I say that the senate haa been for aome years the bulwark of predatory wealth and that It even. now ' contains so many members -wno ewe their election to favor-seeking cor porations and - are a subservient to their maatera aa to prevent needed leg islation. Tha popular branch of con greaa ha four tlmea declared In favor of this reform by a two thirds vote sad 'more than two third of th atatea have demanded It. and yet the aenate arrogantly and Impudently block - th way. . .- :..-,"' . .. - taeesae Tax Xa Seeded. "The income tax. which some In our country have defined aa a socialistic attack upon wealth, I am pleaaed to re pert,' has the Indorsement or th most conservative countries in thenld .world. It la a permanent part of the fiscal sys tem of meat of the countries, of Europe and, in many placea It la a graded tax, the rate being hlgheat upon the largest tneomea. England ha long depended upon the Inoome tea for a considerable part of her revenues, and an English commission ' I - not investigating the proposition te change from a uniform to a graded , tax. . I -have been abaent too long -to speak -with any authority the public aentlment In thla country at this time, but I am. so convinced of th luetics of th income tax that I feel aura that the people will sooner or later demand an amendment t the constitu tion which will specifically ' authorise an Income tag and thua make It possi ble for burdens of. the federal govern ment to be apportioned among the peo ple in proportion to their ability to bear them. It la little ahort of a disgrace to our country that, - while It la able to command the live of Ita eltlsen In time of war. It cannot, even In the most extreme emergency, compel wealth- to bear Its share of the expenses of the government, which protects It ( - : AiWniie fos XAbea.-' v "I have referred to the Investigation of international controveratea under a ayatem which .does not bind the parties to accept the findings ef the court of Innitlrv . Thla nUl, ka WMl In lllaa I be used In die putes between labor and capital. In fact. It waa proposed aa a means of aettllng auch dispute before It waa applied to International controversies.- It is a Im portant that we ahall have peace a that we ahall live peaceably with neighbor ing natlona, and peace la only possible when it .rests upon Justice. In advo cating arbitration t differences be tween, large corporate employers . and their employes, I believe we are defend ing the highest Interests of three partlea to the disputes, vis, the .employers, the employea and the public The employe cannot be turned over to the employ to be dealt with as the employer may please. n , t . . Begalattag- xepleyere. " "The question sbmetlmes naked: Van not I conduct my business to suit my self 7" is g plausible one; but, when a man. In conducting hla business, at- .f r AS) Y Izrtrld Cilil : am U V7UU L3L3 Longer an Issuer-Advocates Tariff Reform, v tempt to arbitrarily 'fix the condition-! under whioh hundreds of employea are to live, and to determine the future of thousands of human beings, I answer with no hesitation that hs haa no right to conduct hla own bualneea la auch a way as to deprive hi employea of their right to life, liberty and pursuit of hap piness. To support thla position, I need onlyjfertO-iha.-lawa regulating .th safety of mines, the factory lawa nxtng the age at which children can be em ployed and uaury lawa establlahlng the rate of Interest The effort of the em ployer to settle " differences ' without arbitration baa done much to embitter him against those who work for him and to estrange them from him, condition- deplorable from .- every stand point. , ii j . -" i i Strike an agd srwors. ' v "But If it la unwise to make the em ployer thersole onstodlan-of the rights and. Interests -ef. the employes, it is equally unwlae to give the employea un controlled authority over the rights and interests of the employer. The em ployes are no more to be trusted to act unselfishly and disinterestedly than the employers. . . In their teal to secure a present advantage, they., may not only An l'nH hut mi future gain, r The strike, the only weapon of the employe at present, 1 a' two-edged sword, and may injure the workman aa much aa the employer, and, ven when -wholly successful, is spt to leave, a rankling. In the bosom of the wage-earner -that ahould-not bo there. - "Society, moreover, haa something at atake aa well aa the employer and em ploye, for there can be no .considerable atrlke without' considerable - loss to the public. Society, therefore. Is . Justified In demanding that the differences be tween capital fend tabor ahall be settled 5JT pS&CGTUl" HlAftASi If A pFftt A 1)4)11 1 lnflt partial board Is created to which either party to an Industrial dispute may-appeal or which can of its own motion in stitute an inquiry, publlo opinion may PRINCIPLES ADVOCATED BY BRYAN . Universal peace through international arbitration.'' " ' - Self-arovernment and ultimate Independence for the Philippines.- . - Ksf orm of congress by popular election of senators and Ita con ven- lng shortly after election and adjournment before the election following. ( An Income tax. '., ' Compulsory arbitration for disputes between capital and labor. "Universal eight-hour work day. ' , : . ., Silver question settled by larger volume ef money received through . increase in production of gold. . - ; . . . f Extermination of monopojle by complete overthrow of trusts. . Abolishment of the campaign fund. v Imprisonment for guilty trust officlsls. Federal license for interstate eorporatloha. ,. . i Retorm of tariff abuaes. - ' Publlo ownership of railroads, trunk Una by federal government, local llnea by the atatea. . - 4' ' , , preservation of Individualism M alternative to socialism. . - Abolishment of special privileges a foundation of plutocracy, which th menace of republic. . - . . .....:.,..'...-. be relied upon to enforce th finding. If. there Is compulsory submission to rhveetlgertenrtt Is not neceossry -that there shall be compulsory acceptance of the decision, for a full and fair investi gation will in almost every case, bring; about a settlement t J, . . .V ? ' Oorernxaaag by InJaaoUoa. " "No reference to the labor queatlon la complete that doea not include aome mention of what la known aa govern ment by Injunction. Aa the main but poee of the writ I to evade trial by Jury. la really an - attack upon the Jury system and ought to arouse a unan imous protest So long a the meaneat thief la guaranteed a trial; by - Jury, a Jury ought not to be denied to wage earaeraw However, aa the writ la -usually Invoked in case of a strike, tha tm port an ce of the subject Would be very muoh reduced by the adoption of a aya tem of arbitration, because arbitration would very much reduce, even if it did not entirely remove the probability of a trtk. : TT " r ' The Bl(M-Xoj Bay. Just another word in regard to the laboring man. Th struggle to secure ejrht-hour day ta an International : p. r- - - 1 trusilt and It is favor of the working man. The bene fit of the labor-saving machinery have not been distributed with equity. The producer haa enormously multiplied his rapacity, but so far the owner of tho machine baa received too much of the Increase and the laborer too little. Those who oppose the eight-hour day do it I am convinced, more because of Ignorance of conditions than because of lack of sympathy with those who toll. The removal of work from th house to th fsctory ha separated the husband from hla wife and th father from hla children, while th growth of Our cities haa put an Increasing diatance, between the home and th workshop. "Then, too, more 1 demanded of the laboring man now than formerly. ' He I a cltisen aa well as a laborer, and must have time for the study of publlo queatlona If he la to be an Intelligent cltisen. To drive him from hla bed to hla task and from hla task back to hi bed ta to deprive tha family Of his com pany, aoclety ef hla service and politic of hi (nfluanc. , ' SUve Vet aa Xssa.. . ."Thu fsr I hav dwelt upon Sub jects which may be regarded aa strictly nonpartisan, but1 I am aura that you will pardon me If in thla presence I betray my Interest In those policies for which the Democratic party stands. I hav not had an opportunity to maks a Democratic speech for almost a yean and no one not even a political enemy could be so cruel a to forbid m to speak of those policies on this ooeaalofi. Our - opponents nave derived not only partisan pleasure but also partisan ad vantage from ' the division caused , In our psrty by the money question, "They ought not. therefore, to i be grudge lhe satisfaction, that. w find In the fact that unexpected conditions hav removed the cauae of our differ ences and permitted ua to preaent a united front on preaent laauea. The un locked for and unprecedented Increase In the production of gold haa brought a victory to both -the advocates of gold and the advocate of bUnetalllem the former keeping the gold atandard which they wanted and the latter securing ths larger volume of money for which they contended. We -who favor bimetallism are aatlaf led with our victory If the frlenda of monometallism are satisfied with their. And we csn Invite them to a contest of seal- and endurance la the effort .to secure to th people th right which hav been gradually taken from them by the trusts. ; Campaign Tnnda Pros Traata. "The Investigations which have been In progress during the paat year hav disclosed the business methods of thoee who a few year ago resented any In spection of their scheme and hid their rascality 'under high-sounding phrases. These Investigation hav also disclosed . V ..;. . ' " ' '' th source of enormous campaign fund which have been used to debauch elec tions and corrupt the ballot The peo ple aee now what they ahould have aeen before, namely,' that no party can ex terminate the trusts so long aa it owea It present success to campaign con tributions secured from the trusts. The great corporations do not contribute their .money to any party, except for Immunity expressly" promlsed-or-dearly Implied. . Th president baa reooramena- ed legislation on this subject, but so far hla party haa railed to respona. ."No Important advance can be mad until thla baneful influence la elimi nated, and I hope that the Democratic party will not only challenge tha Re publican narty to bring forward affect ive legislation on this subject, but will aet an example by refusing to receive camoatsm contributions .from the cor poration and by opening the books so that svery oomriDuior 01 any consider able sunt may be known to the public before the election.. -, , .. Praia .for Booeerelt. "' ', "Whll men may differ aa to the rela tive Importance of laauea and while the next -congreaa will largely anape tne Villus1 s. Urgtrl""' """" which the coming preslden- tlai campalan wlir be louaUL T think It la safe to say that at present the para mount iasue In the - minda of a large majority of the people la tha trust issue. I congratulate President Koo seven upon the steps which hs haa taken to en force the anti-trust lawa, and my grati fication la not leasened by tfte fact that he has followed the Democratic rather than the Republican platform in every f adveneefcaa made, It - ha heen a great embarrassment to him that the platform upon which he was elected waa filled with praise of the Republl can atye record rather than ' with promises of reform. Even the enthu siaatlc support given him by tha, Demo crats haa enabled the champions of the trust to taunt him with following Dam-. - 1 1 ' i ' . ' " oc ratio leadership. He has probably gone aa far aa he could without Incur- 4-r4g-tho hoatlHty-ofthTleadera of-ht own party, t The trouble 1 that the Republican party I not In a position to ' tpply effective . and thorough-going reform because it haa built up through special . legislation tha very abuaes which needed to be eradicated. .'""'', . Wktt Viturl X. "Before any intelligent action can be taken against the trusts, we must hav a definition of a trust Because no cor poration ha an absolute and complete monopoly of any Important product the apoldgiats for th trusts Insist there are In reality no trusts. , Others Insist that It la Impossible to legislate agalnat auch truata as may exist without doing Injury to legitimate business. For the purpose of this discussion, it 1 suffi cient to draw the line at the point where competition eeasea to be effective, and to designate as a trust any corporation which controls so much of the produc tion of any-artlcie-that-lt-Vao-flx-the term and conditions of sale. ' To Prevent Monopoly. "Legislation which prevents a mon opoly not only doee not Injur leaitl- ate Duamess. out actually protecta legitimate business from Injury. We are Indebted . to the younger Rocke feller for an Illustration which makes this distinction clear. . In defending the trust system, he Is quoted aa say ing that, aa the American' Beauty can not be brought to perfection without pinching off buds so that the 100th bud can receive the full strength of the bush, so great industrial organisations are Impossible without the elimination of the smaller ones. It la a cruel Illus tration, but it presents a perfectly -accurate-picture of trust methods. , "Th, Democ ratio party champions tha cauae of the enterprises which are menaced they must not be sacri ficed that one great combine may flour, lah; and, when the subject is under stood, we shall receive the cordial sup port of hundreda of thousands of bus! nes men who have 'themselves felt the oppression of ths - trust, or who, having observed the effect of truata upon others, realise that safety Ilea not In futile attempts at the restraint of trusts, but In legislation which will make a private monopoly impossible. ..War Vpoa Trust. '.. ' "There must be no mistaking an Iasue. and no confusion of the line of battle. The trust as an - Institution will have few open defenders. The policy of the trust magnates will be to Insist upon reasonable-legislation,' and then they will rely upon their power to corrupt legislatures and Intimidate executive to prevent the application of any reme dies which interfere with the trust. Our motto must be. 'A private monop oly la Indefensible and Intolerable,' and our plan of attack must contemplate th total and complete overthrow of the In dustry. We need not quarrel over reme dles. We mustahow .ourselves, willing to support any remedy which promises substantial advantages to the people in their warfare against monopoly, PalsoB fot Trof Xlaga. ''Something Is to be expected from th enforcement of the criminal clause of the Sherman anti-trust law, but this law must be enforced, not against a few truata, a at present but against all trusts, and th aim must be to Im prison the guilty, hot merely to recover a fine. What ia a fine of 11,000, or ven 110,000, to a trust which make 1100.000 whll the trial ia In progress? If the criminal clause I not good enough to be en forced. It ought te be' repealed. If lmprleonment la too severe a punishment for the eminently respect able gentlemen who rob 10.000,000 bt people -of hundreds of million of dol lars - annually, the ' language- ef - the statute ought to be changed, for noth ing I more calculated to breed anarchy than tha failure to enforce the law against rich criminal, while It Is rigidi ty enforced against retty offendera . ,"But It. I not sufficient to nforc existing law. - If 10 corporations con spiring together in restraint of trade ar threatened with punishment all they have to do now la to dissolve their seps rT't-J."'T?Orr' '" tbell property over to a new corporation. The new corporation can proceed to do th same thing that the separate cor poration attempted, and yet not violate the law. We need, therefore, new legis lation, - and the Republican party not only fall to effect auch legislation, but faila even, to propose it Ths Demo cratic party must be prepared to pro pose new and efficient legislation. -;Recent Investigations have brought to' ngni inai nearly an erooxeaneaa re vealed in th management of our large corporation nae been due to the dupli cation "of directorates. A group of men organised or obtained control of ' sev eral corporations - doing' buslnees ' with each other, and then proceeded id swln die ths stockholders of the various cor porations for , which thay acted. No man can eerve two masters, and tha di rector who attempta to do so will fall, no matter how much money he makea be fore bis failure 1 discovered. Te Curb Their rower. ' "Many -of th trusts control price by the same methods. Ths same group of men secure control of several oompetlng corporations, and the management' la thua consolidated. It Is worth while to consider whether a ' blow may not be atruck at tha truata by a law making It Illegal for the same person . to not aa director or ofXloer of two eornoratlons. which deal with each other, or are en caged in the same general bualneea. "A still more far-reaching remedy was proposed by th Dftnnr ratio jlwifnrm. p 1000, namely, the requiring of corpora tion to take out a federal license be fore engaging in Interstate commerce. The requiring of a -license would not em barrass ... legitimate corporations It would scarcely .Inconvenience them while It would confine the predatory corporations to the state of their origin. "Juseas a license to sen liquor leave th possessor of the license to aell only In aceerdanee with the lewsnrf tha state In which he resides, so a corporation li cense granted by a federal commission would not Interfere with the right of I eacn state o regular foreign corpora tions aomg business within Its borders. If corporations were required to take a federal license,' the federal government could then iaaue licenses upon terms and condition which would protect the PUDIIC, "A corporation differ from a human bsing in that it haa no natural rights. and as ail of ita rights ars dsrlved from the statutes, it can be limited or re strained accordingly, as th publlo wel fare may require.. - i . ' - Oontrol mt flnneiajM ' ''"The control which conaress haa over Interstate commerce Is complete,- and If congress can prevent the transporta tion of lottery tlcktta through the malls by ths express companies, or by freight ii can certainly forbid the uae of th malls, the railways and the telegraphs to any corporation which la endeavoring to monopolize on article of commerce, and no party can long be credited with sincerity if It condemns the trusts with words only, and than permits the trusts to employ all the Instrumentality of Interstate commerce In th carrying 'out of ita nefarious plans. . , "It 1 far eaaler to prevent a monop oly than to watch it and punish it and thla prevention can be accomplished In Br practical way by refusing a lloenae to any corporation which control more .man a certain orepor tloa- ef -the- total product this proportion to be arbitrar ily nxed at a point whioh wIU give free operation to competition. . "Th tariff queatlon is very closely allied- to. the trust question and the re duction of the tariff furnlahea an eaay meana of limiting the extortion which the trusts practice. , Tart and the Trusts. ' '. "Whll j absolute free trade .would not necessarily make a trust -Impossible, still It 1 probable that very few manu facturing establishments would dare to enter Into a trust if the president were empowered to put on the free lists ar ticles competing with thoss controlled by a trust Whll I shall take occasion at an early day to consider tariff re vision mors at length, I cannot permit thla opportunity to pass without ax- -BRILLIANT SATISFYING LIGHT QUICK HOT FIRES PERFECT SERVICE Has a HeatinValue Far in Exces u Gas Furnished on this Coast v -At Yoiir Sofeo . ' - . ' : - ' '. - . ' . : IBs Portal i Every . shape aid ; every .shade Our assortment has never before been so complete. -This label is your guarantee of worth : - ; ! ; !PEER OF ALU; $3.00 HATS Youmans Sole gents for the ; . famous Youmans' Silks, Operas and Derbies. Derbies .......... 85.00 . Silks. . ........ . f .88yO . , Operas. $8.50 For durability and style it has no equal at the same .price. ..All the popular shapes and colorings.. ' pressing the. opinion that the principle embodied In the protective tariff haa been a fruitful source of a great deal of political corruption, as well as the support of many of . our Iniquitous trusts. -' - ' "It 1 difficult to condemn the manu facturers for uniting te take advantage of a 'high schedule when the schedule Is framed on the theory that the Indus tries nsed all the protection given, and i: la not likely that the beneflclarlea of these schedules will consent to their reduction so long aa the publlo wait for the tariff to be reformed by J,ts friends. : ' - 'But one ef the worst feature of the (Continued on Page Six.) ,-,.' . ''"'- ' . ; ,' , : ; . 1 Phone Private Exchange 2G new season. ; V Stetson ; 'Headquarters .for the John B. . Stetson Hats. -We show by f ar the freat est . assortment of staples v and novelties in the city. , urn GUT RATES For 39 Cn Calf fl.e Odd Crowns. Trewna... .....f.f" rows .......1 U I '.'. if.' 91.00 Gold Crowns. f 10.00 Plate tll.fr Plates rulings, ap from.... J Boston Dentd Pcrl:rc StlM - t