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About The Oregon daily journal. (Portland, Or.) 1902-1972 | View Entire Issue (Oct. 1, 1905)
JtJtZrmancf Wr A & ., ... . y. ... ,.....- ; , .... 4- r;-7 LL WOMANKIND, at least, will hail with unaffected joy the success . of scientists who are now.'beginning Yo ptcducereal diamonds and rubies by artU . jfcW means. ' vj.: ' . - ?" seems a paradox to say that anythtng real may be brought about by artificial, means. lind yet, these most splendid jewels of 4 -queen's tiara are themselves originally of ert flcial production -at least they are due to phe nomena of nature that man s now learning to duplicate.:, Intense heat, enormous pressure and tud tle'n cooling are the agencies, for instance, that" Isy nests of vast diamond wealth in certain farts of the earth's crust, the primary ingredi ent being-only rude carbon or graphite, Carbon being readily obtainable, it is only necessary to supply the other agencies to pro duce real diamonIs7Electricity, that mar-' velous handmaiden of modern science, has now furnished the missing link in artificial , production of the real article.. ' ; : While the diamonds and rubies now be ing "manufactured" are sma their quality is unmistakable,' and it seems only a question of time when the output of the famous Kim lerley mines of South Africa will be equaled by the retorts of the electrical expert. ; " " - The only deterrent element, so far, is that vf cost. Plants to manufacture diamonds can now be operated onlat a cost of about $$oo '4 day. In course of time, it is thought that this cost may be reduced ' and diamond "mak ing' become a recognized industry. FOR generaUons and vn - centuries, alchemists have been endeavoring tn brew gold from mystlo potions, and to produce diamonds, rubles and other - precious stones, th secret of whose mak was still Investigation long ago determined the ingredients snd natural manufacture of a diamond, for Instance, It . sras nothing mora or leas than a form of carbon . In the first place, which had been subjected to Intense snd fusing beat, and this suddenly cooled to the point of crystallisation. - " ' ' , .. . '' " ' . " ' " ' The making of the diamond, therefor, consisted sim ply in the process of subjecting carbon, or graphite, to enormous best, then to tremendous pressure sad, finally, but in quick sequence, to a sudden cooling. At times diamonds hare been found in meteorites, formed of masses of iron, which hare fallen through vast aerlsl space to the earth, (:.. - .-" ., . - - Ths Intense beat generated by rapid flight through thousands or millions of miles of air snd the sudden stoppage and cooling were sufficient to fuse ths contained ' material sad Afterward crystallise It In lbs form of dia mond. ' 7 " ' -' . From studying ths rsrlous processes snd phenomena of nature, scientists cams to the conclusion long ago that It was possible to manufacture real Jewels of th first water. ; v---; . . Of course, K was necessary first to provide all th ..; Constituent elements. ''':.';. '.'.T', " ''.'."' FURNACE' A MINIATURE VOLCANO . It was easy to find th carbon base. Beyond' this, , liowever, extreme beat and ths other processes of manu facture used In natui laboratory were needed. ; ,'-V The fact that natural diamonds have been found -principally in what are supposed to be h craters of extinct volcanoes first led to tb theory, afterward sub stantiated, that such gems only resulted from the com bination of Intense beat, enormous pressure and sudden '; j COOllng.',' .,'.'.',''.; 7, '...'-''. .. V It was only after th possibilities of tn electric fur nac dawned upon scientists that the problem Of heat , seemed to have reached a solution. Successive experi ments have resulted In providing the sudden) cooling and-,, th pressure necessary to produce real gem ' . First, apparently, to realise th results that might b got from the eleotrio furnace was Professor Henri Mois san. an eminent French chemist, at whoa shrine, per- " baps, generation of gem-loving women will worship. - vast improvements upon tn innciunini miinrai have been made. It la claimed, by Henry "W. Fisher, an ' engineer, of New York city. By applying the lfoissan . theory and Inventing special machinery to meet it, Mr. Fisher, it is said, has succeeded In producing real dia monds, although as yet of such small else as to render them comparatively unimportant tor commercial pur- '"" Even before the manufacture of diamonds was erl- naly attempted, rubles were made. , t a rubv reaiilta from causing alumina, or the material of ordinary clay, to be crystallised at an Intense lieat. Rubles Of from ten to fifteen carats can be formed, by sltlng poerdered alumina Into a gas stream going Into ', a flsme, where It la melted and deposited on tb other aid in. a urenaparent mass. ,.. w - , . EQUAL TO NATURE'S BEST PRODUCTS Rom of the product resulting from an artificial treat ment of this sort have been proirounoed to be In color ad quality equal to th best of th gems found in the rie't. whll coTildersb6' success has been attained In ' the making of. rubles, fr more attention has been de vot1 to the plan of rr.ei.ufscturlng diamonds. having learned the Initial secrets. I science, of course, m bound to go further and endeavor to produce dla- jur , ine mow cnwTry aemw m.ww-.w man. lnill th perfection of the electric furnaoe, the newee- rv Intense neat could not oeobtainea. An even after. e f- of that Important adjunct methods of precipitous lool uf of the molten carbon were not perfected. It baa now been found possible to attain lem degree of t by mean of th c!ctrl- furnaoe. Operators have . n bls-d to wear gleses nearly black In order to, .ct their eye from the intense ngnt. At ine ssme ; , in n.imsn nano may o nei over ens awning .Tlli -f1frt'..i tL Wnftt i na t,t ' . aaud, or fllat mr. UtflUI to on M tbM A Tin crjcn cutjday 1 ,i;4vju 7o3$mrx Inure ordinary crucibles. . This shows then? power. is given, oft In the ionaofjypor. Using a perforated cover, or placing a bell-Jar over the furnace even for an Jnstant. one may see vapors condense on the inside of the Jar in fine powder. - - At such fearful heat all known matter Is melted and ' volatlllied. No less than, on hundred ind fifty, bora ' power Is constantly being transformed into beat. This electrical energy will fuse the carbon-constituents, orr. rather, .the dements .of th diamond, and pre- , par them for crystallisation in the eold-plunge bath. ' To run an electrical furnace -of this . energy -costs about s cents a minute, )tt an hour, or about I WO a day. Unto, this cost is oonfllderably reduced, therefore, it , Is not probable that the artificial production of dia monds can be attempted with anything Ilk commercial advantage. Th main consideration is that a practical start in this direction has been made.To what this will lead Is a Question for tfi future to determine.' ' ' . ' The process- of making diamonds, as worked out by . M. Molssan, la comparatively simple, and based upon th known workings of nature. !: ,,.' An essential part la to dissolve the carbon in iron, fused at about COW- degrees, -iron dissolves ; large amount of carbon -at thla degree of heat' Next, It la necessary to cool this mass suddenly, In order to form's solid crust on -the outside, while the' Interior I still molten and seething. 1 . . ' ' s - , Th outer layer, of course, contracts under the cool- -ing process, while the Inside still tries to expand, and xerts great pressure to break from Ita prison. - $50,000,000 to UARD-HKADED Eastern financiers who have fought and conquered In the battle for. wealth have list X X n4 to th scheme evolved from' t be brain of an.f orern Methodist evangelist, and, listening, nave given Indorsement to the most gigantic step yet taken toward a social revolution. The Rev. H. 8. Wallace's keen blue eyes flash and his heavy reddish moustache Is fairly aqulver when he geta Into a discussion of the subject on which he has put nine earnest years. Hla Blsmarcklan forehead wrinkles as he explains the workings of the Co-operative Christian Fed- ration to be capitalised at $30,000,000, build a great manu- featuring and realdentlal city In tb Willamette Valley, develop l,fW),000 acres of land In central and eastern , Oregon snd create th greatest co-opera 1 1 v empire the- woria nas anowa. . , Me. W.ll.ra mtmm MM..kln. A tk. toAftnl tit tnv Snd ' happiness in s life yet t eome when he became Imbued 1 wun ths Idea thst the road to future bleeeednese would be with the Idea thst the road to future bleeeedneae would be much easier It the oreaent life were made more comfort- 'Is iv! ",r m present lire were aiaae more roramn "P" nd Plnt EveraOlJCiMbaJtetnjttvjtlcjilpg Tils scot. f'gm,uraUon, """-:' " , -. m srnmim 4" & -m iff MlilJ I ", , - , " "1 5 in i i. v ii .it i . ft at. . r i i i. i n . , 1 h - 's. : " I -',,; A, ' "''H j... ' - . 'ft :. )' joutjtav ;c.:ilu :j:,-dav ;:c?.::r c w i s 11 1 x .-w v. i r - . r -j f.--' r . j v - m mi mm. wMm?smm. mm , v. .. m . m mm, mm a iv w ' a a at i 7 This i presaur ,1s ; that which la needed to crystals ' Us th interior molten heart Into diamonds. If th initial heat Is great, enough, the transit to water sufficiently quick and the resultant pressure of ths . exterior ; of th mass upon' th in-' tertor ' strong, enough, . a diamond formation will re sult. ' v--; '.;.. '.';'; ' : r i Th greater fitt first lieat and the more sudden and pronounced th cooling process, therefore, th Bearer th product approaches the pur diamond brought to ha per fection in nature's workshop. ' t - . . With th great possibilities of the electrlo furnace attaining a heat of SOOO degrees harnessed to the uses of science, th next problem was to plunge th heated mass of carbon Into th pre per sort of cooling agency. Molssan tried many plans. and so did Mr. Fisher. Back This Christian As th financial plan bas been worked out, bonds are. ' to be Issued for th entire capitalisation, tn sums of fiOOO, bearing i per. cent. Interest, and maturing In fifty yearav Principal Is guaranteed by the Title Guarantee and Trust Company, of New York, by retention of a certain sum. from the subscribed amount Invested, and the Commer cial Trust Company, of New Jersey, guarantees payment of the Interest tor five years, thus. It is urged, absolutely guaranteeing investors against loss or principal, of pay ment of Interest for five years, and leaving th federa tion free from any indebtedness or obligation for a Ilk period. , -. ; - . . i r .4 - i r 1 i This unique and absolutely original financial arrange ment is based upon the solidity of Oregon, upon the Inten. tlon of th atockholder forming the company t its ln cepnon 10 invesi oniy in Oregon tanaa tnai may reason Shlv hm A jinaiKl I M waltiiM Stf- Mr. ka.Ma. - having acquired earning powers. One-fifth of the total : aiy oe expariea 10 00 u rapltallsatlon t be covered by th bond issue, or $10,000,000, capitalisation te be cover to be tmmedlatelv Issued. .. Officers, of th federauoa whese-aame sppear oitr th i got npratioa papers ar u g, Wallac, presidents O. D. . . akk. M m r -i sT g ?a "a. eassai . j 'ires mt)f 11' v " r" 1 sH 1 ' . f f A A V -:-tt- I II II i I II I :.- l li .; r 1 1 Nothing els sesmed to bring th sam results as a : plunge Into cold water. ' , ' '..' ; ... "-,: -,.--'..: . Th upshot of th whole business Is, according to tb . reports of scientists enoged In th experiments, thst diamonds even now almost aa true tn value and aa beau tiful in effect as those dug from th famoua Klmbertey mines of South Africa have been secured from th cruci bles treated In this manner. - Aa yet, however, according to reports, - th diamond Co-operative Plan Btaley, secretary, and F. 8. Ootshall. treasurer. Other incorporators named are th Rev. David Leppert. of On tario; the Rev. W. B. Randall and Henry Btaley, of Fort- .' land. Management of th federation will be reposed In a, trusteeship composed of fifty members, Oregon will be . represented In this board, to be known as a directors' trust, by fifteen members and th remaining thlrty-nv ' will be chiefly from New York and other financial centres. Including -som of ths best . known v financiers of this country. - . - The Executive Committee, having entire management of the manufacturing, industrial and commercial enter-, prises In Oregon, will be constituted of the director from the State, among whom. It Is understood, will be In cluded J. Frank Watson, president of th Merchant' Na tional Bank of Portland: R. I Durham, vice president of th Merchants' National: N. B. Blagen, president of tb . Bucoda Lumber Company; Samuel Connell, president ef the Northwestern Door Company: C. E. 8. Wood, on of th beat known lawyers on tb Pacific coast; Harry L Corbett. principal atockholder of the First National Bank of Portland: N. O. Ralstonr president of the Oregon Sav ings Bank, Portland; Wallace Nash, attorney and dealer in real estate, nd M. S. Wallace. 1 - With such men in charge, the financial standing seems assured. When things get o going there will be established Creameries, cheese factories, woolen and unen muis, rur nlture and wood en ware factories. Town sites ill 1 11 be founded In eastern Oregon where Irrigation projects may. be developed or acquired, and every branch, o: 01 a gricuiture,' , fruit growing and the livestock inausiry wln and the livestock IndustM ill do en- be en- gaged in Negotiatlons ar now under was or for th purchase of t the Corvallla and Eastern Railroad, with a port at Ya- . q ulna Bay, to be extended diagonally across the State of. Oregon and connect with a great transcontinental line at -Wlnnemucca, Nev. Connection with Portland up th Willamette Valley la also included In th scheme, . ASSOOATION NOT. A CHURCH" - ' "Approval snd aupport of labor leader and of those prominent In modern movements toward more healthful cities, safe and desirable factory labor, Improved homes for working people amid leasant surroundings bas been gained,- said wallls Nasn, of the directorate. "One great danger to co-operative Institutions has neon evolved rrom etrorta or unqualineo men to get power, control and management.. Thla la avoided In the.constl- tutlon of the federation by recognizing and providing for ownership aa trustees and management of the lands, town sites, electric and other transportation facilities, and, la fact, of all properties, by trained and competent men. Such Ideas ar mad th basis of contract with eaeh active . member, by which' the member secures his right to em-" ployraent, so far aa capable of rendering service, resi dence on federation property, ownership 0 a home- by long and moderate payments, various social advantages and t a very large share In the ultimate net profits of the enterprise. He disclaims all right to Interfere In man . agement or to any vested rights In ownership, of ths properties. .. ... , . ''Whll th constitution is openly 'Christian,' th nam rest on a promised adherence to - the ethic of Jesus Christ. The federation la not and absolutely renounces "any claim to be a church, Th righta of all members to hold membership In any branch of the Christian church by their free and Jibsolut choice I more clearly stated. "The bondholder gets per cent Interest on his bonds, fixed; but. also, a further Interest up to another i per cent, contingent on profits. "The worker gets his wsges, at th 'currant rate for such labor a he supplies. He gets ths social advantage ot ar house-in th federation town at a stated price, fixed- -on coat, with I per cent, added, and paid for on the In-, stslment plan. Free schools, classes, medical attendance, provision for widow snd orphans, snd all such ad van-' fages ss com from rsldnc In a modern, healthy, well built, well-drained and well-managed town are assured. -The share In the net profits from the whole enterprise are" his. which, after providing for oulgolnga, maintenance. -management and betterments, will represent shout 7& per cent of such Croats. Th distribution of profits win b made per capita ao t&at VtiT. acttvg tnmbr. bJa ibjiraV1 wjii w; . toJ of commercial valu. . , . , 1 . It Is. believed that tb smaller gems thus produced will be of great us in pclishlng and grinding, -Just as tb flaking and dust of real diamonds are employed,. Those who ar engaged in the scientific reproduction ; of nature's gems ar confident that In course of time th processes of natur themselves will be equaled, "and that in artificial. retort gem that have hitherto been con sidered almost beyond yalu will, be manufactured as readily a hemp rope or linen for garments. v ' ',' It is of vast Importance that a start has been mad . -ami that diamonds ar being produced.' There 1 llttl doubt that the gemshus msaufsctured will grow larger In course of Tim, although th cost of .artificial produc tion will not mak th retort of science aa aggressive competitor of natur for som years, it la thought. . What will b tb final result , . f If.th production of costly gems is artificially in creased and their cost correspondingly cheapened, almost very, womaa will be enabled to wear diamonds. -. As precious as tb po session of a diamond Is to the averag woman's heart, will she be so desirous of wsar ing on if every other wont an does sol : Tim alon caa'tell. " . CURIOUS HAPPENINGS THE . WORLD OVER , . Lightning struck the hennery of Mrs. Fowler, In Bloomfleld, Conn., and killed on hen out of a hundred perched on th different roost, but did no other damage. v;";, , ,. ! Th Levant Mine, ultuated near th Land's End. Eng land, goes down vertically for 2100. feet and la worked laterally under th bed of the Atlantic, considerably over a tnilo from th foot of the cliff. Tn mln gives em- ployment to 815 men and 17S boys, and practically run th village of St. Just. ..4 '.'"... , v '-..... - ..','- f ...,L--LLl tj- Mediterranean 'moth hv closed two Minneapolis r flour mills. More mills are expected to ahut down soon -In order to get rid of these peeta. Th moth gather un der the silk cloth through which the flour Is sifted and. j form webe from ona to four Inches In thickness. They ; ..also eat th cloth, making It impossible te sift the product. p :r ' '.. ; (' . - .,.-. Members of th Stroudsburg. Fa., bar ar Interested In a will left by Charles P. Wallace, who spent his last years aa a porter in .an Albion, Mich., hotel. Wallace be queathed to Etta O. von Etta, who cared for him In hla last illness, a lawsuit, instituted before his death, for a , , half interest In th large estate of William W. Wallace, . . of this town. v ' ; '.'.,"'. . ;'' l a., uison, or Dauas, wis., went to Bt Paul to set a wooden leg.HavIng only one leg to stand upon, h foil by the wayside, and was takon before Judae Hlne. In an- f.r . inquiries as 10 now ne acquired nis "load," he said that the stump of hla leg pained him. and h bad bathed it In alcohol. Ten Cava. swer to th Juds A trial for assault without a word being spoken took" pise before Justice of the Peace David supple, In Nobles ' vine, Ind. Tbe defendant was Charles E. Underwood, charged with assault ar.d battery on Joseph Bysr and wife. All three ar deaf and dumb. Th oath were ad ministered In writing. Some of the motions In answer to questions were of such fore that there could be no mis take In ths Interpretations. ,.'.' ,,' .' i " ' : . .''":,' ' Racial Ban Francisco, th bootblack-wlio went to England to fulfil bis ambition to shin King Edward boots, wa obliged to content himself by performing that ' office for the Lord Mayor of London. Raolk went to Buckingham Palace and got past th policemen at th entrance gatea. bearing a letter he had written to Lord Knollye. asking, bis assist an v-li placing himself physic ally and figuratively at the King feet. Lord Knol ys re fused to aid him. . - , ! ;...'.'''",' J , A military company composed of the daughters f Boon oounty farmer has been organised, with head quarter at Englewood. eleven mite soulheaat of Colum bia, Mo, The first public drill txk pise at a log-rolima curious visitors from sll psrt of th country the girl .1 'aii.iTw, wh tu ne presence or a orowa of. soiaiers gav tnitmg exnjbrtion, going tnrougB ta aaanuAi of arms like yterns.
