V
I' 1
HE Philippine Isianaa
governed wttn twt uorrup-
iniu titan uf - - -
. union.
..The statement was emphatic. More
over,-it u by on who la In position to
know, ona who has ma in in cioeeo
touch with Philippine administration for
ths past three rears, and who provea uv
..Phtltrmlne Hener.
j.vyuiiam i. jsnimun, -vkaw . mh.
who left thla .city In aa a soiaier in
the Second Oregon Volunteers, returned
two weeks axe lor tne nrst xime sines.
He haa been for thre or four years In
the service of the Insular treasury
nartment aa special examiner. His mis
inn was to inveatlcats irregularities
provincial official. That he did bis
work -well la attested by the fset that
many Americana one In high esteem a
island officials are sojourning in buidio.
tha nenltentlarv
A "carnet-oa- aoministrauon m
greater efficiency and honesty than a
full complete-, representative form of
aavernment in tne uimea piaiasi - i u
aemed aatoundiaa. Mr. John
ton was asked to specify. - u alarms
With aa much facility as be established
his premises, and prefaced with another
r ample. - - ..'-:-1 '"
' I am familiar with adminUtratlon In
the regular army, aaia ns.- -mm m.uvw
that 1 drastic, and monetary aSalrs are
checked and racuouheil w nil evnaua-
tivv csrfc But I say unhesitatingly tnat
civil administration of tn insular ana
prevlitclsl -Island govenunent.js netier.
lionev la cnecaea - inere ummmnmij.
With , the energy and Integrity of the
head offlclala malntaiMd -as at Treseht,
tn'Phtlipplns will nJoy a government
not exceeded In fidelity to tnos seryca
tv nv In our home land. '
f That this verdict may not be accepted
aa the speech of an employe. It la well
t. not that Mr. Johnston baa severed
his connection wltn tn government ser
vine. He has lust taken a position In
' , riUplaOS TfO (rOOd."
said Mr, Johnston. "There is too much
deceit, revenge and shlftlertness in most
rillDlnos to ever pertmt their becoming
of nTgB te ether er thowoelvoavyThe;
Killnlno will not amount to mucn untu
th Malay Is worked out of hla nature
and he Is madsr a new race. One of
them no sooner gets Into office than he
commences using hla power to get even.
with his personal enemies. - If the
brightest of them are given power and
not held to strict account, -this will be
one of the first developments or Its use.
They will also squander publlo funds,
and. contrive innumerable means rot at
verting them from the proper channel.'
Mr. . Johnston la not Impressed with
Filipino civilisation. - But he stoutly
stands up for the United States colonial
government Since entering the treasury
service, lie has bad charge or several
provinces where Irregularities in so-
counts were discovered, and haa ox
parted many more provincial administra
tions. : This work took him from north
rn Luson to'Cebu, Mlndoro and all the
prominent - southern islands . save Mln
danao, where the civil government has
never been established, owing to the tur
bulence of the Mores- 1 .
Little Is known th America of details
tit the island government The system
worked out la semi-representative, only,
ind the franchise has limited exercise,
raxatlon, schools, constabulary, munici
palities and provisoes hsve unique fea
tures. A fall . description of 'the form
nf government ' wss furnished by Mr.
Johnston, by studying which the work
if the American officials In maintaining
the reeord credited to them will be bet
ter understood. .-. ,: ', . .,,t ,- v- -
' yne Island Oevenuseat. ': '
First In powr Is the Philippine com
mission, consisting ot -Civil Governor
ruke E. Wright and Messrs. Worcester,
Imlth and Ide Amerlcana). and Senors
Luslaragw Llgarda and Tavern (Fili
pinos),, sil appointed byT the president
fhe-slvil ewfrnar't cabinet 1 made-up
if-be - members of this -com mission,
Mr. Ide being-' vice-governor and eecre
tsry of the department of finance and
lusHce. Mr, Smith, secretary of the de
lartment of publlo Instruction. . Mr.
Porbeo. secretary of the departraenf of
ommerce and police, and Mr. Woreeeter.
ecretery of the department f the inte
'lor. The native members of the com-
Mission have no department secretary-1
Each of these departments Ismade up
f buraus,-at-th head of which Is a
ihief. , Take,' for Instsnce. the, depart
nent of finance and justice. ' It com
r1see a bureau of the Insular treasury,
i bureau of the insular auditor, and the
ittorney-generar bureau. The presl
lent Indicates the departments for the
ommtaalonera, and the secretaries of
be departments assign their buresu
hlefs. ' Nominations for bureau, chiefs
ire msdelby the secretary to the com
nlsslonV which approves the sprmlnt
nt . All subordinau offices are filled
.iL-lgjm ". mM'-'- 1:-.
oa a, civil-service basts. It being i
peclal effort, (to . observe clvil-i
rules la this lespect. Assistants
beau chiefs, or deputies, ar appointed
by the commission, subject to approval
or the elvll-aervlc board.
. Provinces ar laid out for elvlL
ernment, and districts for school pur
poses, the bounds of both being nearly
Identical aa a rule, but not necessarily
Ivor each province there la -a gov
ernor, a treasurer, a supervisor, a secre
tary and a -president of the provincial
board of health. The governor is elect-
rod by municipal councilors, who in turn
ar eieccea oy in voters ox in prov
inces. All subordinates of the provin'
elsl sovernmcnU must pass clvll-serv
Ice axamlnations and must be approved
ltiy the secretary of that department,
'Wha Ona To.
' The franchise Is disqualified. Ceba
sas de berlngaya, or heads of precincts
under the old Spanish regime, have ttie
ballot ex-offlclo. Each person wher was
headman in the old precinct needs but
establish this fact' Then each mala oa
the tax roll Is entitled to vote. This
property qualification la liberally and
generously interpreted as a rule, yet
finds few aspirants for th Trsnchlue.
Each man who can , read, and write
cither English, Spanish or the native
language la given the ballot This In
terpretatlon tt th law Is again liberal.
and If a Filipino makes any showing
whatever In this direction he la admit
ted aa an elector, , -
Tbe electors-named my vote for mu
nicipal councilors. Municipalities are
arbitrary divisions of, the province, usu
all onnt.lnli.. un lnnn,t..l . ...
8n Francisco. andJsnot ilng'o-ttOwi!. and are not municlpoHUes In the
jasau itattttTor his prala. sens In which American city govern
LI,m"lr-"-l'm l:' .... L .. I
ment ar spoken of aa euch. such rau
"'c'jtt4estrlTidedMn,toj:our
the number of councilors elected being
graauatea acooraing to tne population.
nrsi-ciass municipality has a dopu-
i4iioaoi.ovetSJz&.iiuu pe
titled to-li councilors, second-class
haa more than 11,000 and less than 2,
400 Inhabitants and is entitled to 14
councilors, third-class over' 12,000 and
less wan is.ooe Inhabitants and is en
titled to 10 councilors." and tbe fourth
class is any municipality having more
than, 1,000 people and leas than 12.000.
and la entitled to eight councilors. Tbeee
municipalities are incorporated the same
aa in this country. The municipal coun
cllors may' also levy a municipal tax
(subject to limitations), -elect a presi
dent e, and finally vote for the provincial
governor. Local qualifications of elect
ors require that they should be residents
of the municipality for six months prior
to tne election where they seek to vote,
Americans otherwise qualified are per
mitted .to vote at these elections, and
any elector la eligible for office,
Pew PUlpiae Electors.
Mr.' Johnston says that the franchise
finds few to exercise It In a munici
pality with a population of lt.OOO peo
ple, 200 voters la a big average. Aasum-
lng that there la aa adult male for each
live or tne total population, tnere should
be about 1,000 electors In this instance.
whereas It is found that less than 10 per
cent f this number actually exercise
tne franchise. - Btrenuous efforts are
usually made to bring out a full vote-
but the vast majority of Filipino men.
with the liberal . qualifications named,
eannot vote. However, it in believed
that - the next generation will ha ri a
larger percentage of voters, as many-of
ths children are learning to read and
write. -
Councilors are elected for 'two years.
half of the total number each year. The
presidents v is leeeedMTor' lTjrjttitll
Every twcaTi"he"c6unclIors of
province meet at the capital thereof ond
elect the governor for two year. All
councilors attend these provincial elec
tions; as a rule showing keen Interest.'
Filipino are nearly always chosen for
the office of governor, of provinces,
there being but one Instance of an Amer
ican receiving this honor. He had been
appointed governor of Leyte Island, and
when the rirst election was 'held, won by
a majority of the ballots. ' In the non-
Christian or mountain provinces tbe peo
ple are not given suchs full franchise
powers. In ths four or five provinces
coming. under this class electors are per
mitted Tcr cnoose tneir municipal offi
cers, but the governor Is named by the
civil" governor of -the insular , govern
ment. ?-zn i t TL
"Elections are ai way a accompanied by
frauds -and -various crimes," said .Mr.
Johnston, "and the number -of .protests
sent op to the. civil governor from the
provinces Is legion. The cIviKgovernor
has a reviewing power. Protests agajnst
municipal officers go first to the pro
vincial board and then to the civil gov
ernor. ' .There la scarcely aa election
which does not. bring forth an effort
. XST. i . - " CAPITAL-
after it is over to oust the auccessful
candidate.'
Filipinos -name their ; own ' election
Judges in th provinces. At the present
time, and In fact since elective powers
were granted,' the usual party division is
for or .against the 'friars, or the Fraile
and antl-Fraile parties. Tbe friar party
embraces all who favor the old Spanisb
friar church rule, while the opposition
Is the. following of the Agllppay, the
Filipino who has established himself an
Independent pop and" la struggling to
free the people from the control of the
Spanish priesthood Parties as a rule
divide election Judges between them, and
American Judges are chosen where
available, as the. Filipino seems to have
confidence that the American can best
serve la, this capacity. .. .
: . : .: school am mbue.
Schools have made considerable prog
ress, out m system i piaiiuy at a, tow
ebb yet The only American teachers
used In the country now Is a superin
tendent of the school district, which cor
responds to a province, and the princi
pal of- a municipality, wbo acta as
city superintendent Others as a rule
are Filipinos. ; It Is not rare to Ond
HAM VlllnlM VAIlth , IK e IS wKa
M""" f -Tf-'---
has Just mastered a- smattering or mng
llsh, to be, instructing tv or 0 FUlpIno
children, A strenuous effort is being
made . to" eliminate the old. Spaniah
4 method -of studying aluuJ, anit'''"gdopT
American -customs. . within another
generation the standard of teachers will
Improve, . l theeducktlonpt,J111plnos
chosen for this work will be further
advanced, and the most Intelligent are
being chosen. Teacher throughout
province are appointed by the division
-superintendent, and are subject: to his
order of removal, but all teachers are
paid by the municipalities.
A school year Is Indicated, during
which pupils must be taught in all the
provinces, this usually being eight to
nine months. - To maintain the schools
definite tax is set apart under the
old law that bas been in force until
tbe paat two months, the school tax
was one quarter of one per cent on all
lands of a province, which money la
collected and turned Into tha provincial
treasury and redistributed' again among
the municipalities. under ths new law
there , Is a certain percentage of other
revenues devoted to school purposes In
addition.
Filipinos take kindly to educational
work, and usually give a good attend
ance.-ai-They show eagerness to learn,
especially the English language, which
la being taught in all the schools.' In
the poor sections, where children have
to-work In the rice fields harvesting
time, -there is a falling off In that
son." There-fe-no religious Instruction
or any kind in the public schools.
. Oa Protestant School.
The Catholic church atlll 'maintains
educational Institutions, especially In
tbe large cities. One Protestant mis
sion school has been ritabllsbed, it be
ing known as tn Biuiman scnooi, tax
ing its name from the donor or the fund
used In .building it . This hss a good
attendance, ranging well toward 200,
and is In'-T'"' r- " I
higher education.
School building are often crude, yet
as many aa 1(0 to 200 children often
being - crowded Into one institution,
where "wooden benches - are arranged
around - tbe aide of a . shack and the
children are packed aa close aa they
can be kept on these seats.. As st pres
ent only 1,000 American teachers ar
permitted to be employed In the Islands,
and. these are paid $74 to $125 a month.
At the capital of each province a
secondary school la ' maintained- out of
the provincial fund, thla being ' Inlthe
nature or sHracaacmiror: -rmiege-for-the-
Filipinos. In these practlcslly all
teachers are American, and the children
advanced from the primary schools are
given. moreUherough I net ruction. -
-' ' ' . Lead Tax System. -A
change has recently been made In
tax laws,: tha effort ef the new order
being to lift some of -the burden from
land interests. Until, the new law went
Into effect, there was merely a land
tax, industrial tax and custom receipts
to support the Insuler, provincial snd
munlclpisl government. ' The Und tax
continue as before.' It la first assessed.
by the provincial board of assessors,
snd then revised by the provincial board
of revision. - Ths latter consists of the
provincial officers and two additional
residents of the province chosen by th
civil governor of -the - islands for this
work. The .revision board has heavy
duty to perform, aa the Filipino asses
sors often levy with a revengeful hand,
trying to drive an enemy out "of exist
ence. Assessments of land stand for
five years after made, so that thla work
doe not oocut often.
-. The provincial tax to sustain the pro
vincial fund cannot - be less than ona
Quarter nor more than one half of 1
per cent of the land valuation, and the
municipal tax must be as high as one
quarter and not to sxeeed -three eighths
of 1 per cent making a total tax. for
these ..purpose of not to exoeed seven
eighth of 1 per cent on land valuaUns4
This limit Is fixed to prevent excessei
of any kind." v ' .
Thla land tax is collected by the pro-l
vlnclal treasurer, and after apportion
ment. Is returned to the municipalities,
when- It is available for disbursement
One-quarter of the municipal tax -must
be for primary schools and If the as
sessors have levied theotherquarter
permitted. It IS available for municipal
expenses. Of the provincial tax one
eighth of 1 per cent is devoted to) main
tenance and construction of publlo roads
and the balance of thla levy Is available
for general provincial purposes, includ
ing maintenance of . the - .provincial
schools. - . .. , -c--:
The" provincial board is composed of
th governor, who is chairman, pro
vincial treasurer and provincial super
visor who Is In charge of public prop
erty and supervises road construction.
The supervisor is supposed to be a civil
engineer,- :
Road building la in - charge of the
province and th Insular government.
The latter haa In charge several .general
projects, affecting large areas, paying
for tbe same out of the insular govern
ment funds, which consisted under the
old , order of Industrial taxes and cus
tom receipts. Tbe provincial fund set
apart for roads la fully used with good
results. . . ,
Surveys of the friar lands bought by
the government have just been - com
pleted and arrangements are being ins.de
to sell these lands to the people. It
was found that the friar holdings em-
From the London Express.
OUR thief Is often ss nimble
. fingered as a Cinquevalli; In
your burglar In good practice
mar be found Napoleonic strat
agem; ypur forger J' sometimes gifted
with the instincts of tin admirable en
graver. But theae low class folk are
dolts. Bunglers and greenhorns com
pared with your scion of the aristocracy
with expenajyetgataj-anrl s nsnr nai-
ance represented by an overdraft
An education at . an historic public
school, a popular career at the univer
sity, many friends of both sexes, mem
bership of the best club, a pleasing
pollnh, and the absence of any vestige
of moral sense combine to render the
modern society highwayman a pecu
liarly dangerous individual. " ' . Y V"
The social highwayman to whom ' I
refer has a keen eye for a likely vic
tim. It may be aa elderly dame whose
husband represents newly acquired and
shining coins, snd plenty of them, or a
youth-with- a fat legacy at his back, or
n"lhen"b'f 'COinBiei w who has become a
personalis of political and social ambi
tion. But whoever - and whatever - he
may be, the highwayman settles down
upon him wltfl the sympathetic kiss of
the Inquiring horse fly when It nestles
on the beck of your hand in the sum
mer weather. ' .
Our highwayman begins by. treading
delicately like a second Agag. He la
content aft first to feed, shoot and per
haps sleep at the expense. of his en
tertainer. It Is only gradually that hs
develop hi msny schemes for trans
ferring part of ths coin abova mentioned J
. apaaaaa-j-.
braced -vast . areas. The government
bought such as came under the head
ings of haciendas, or plantations, leav
ing realty adjacent to churches and hsld
Incident to these with the friars. While
nothing la stated publlolyr lt la generally
tntknated throughout th islands that
the government did not get much of a
bargain in these lands, not what was ex
peeled when the deal waa made. ; .
-, - Chuck Was Divided, - - -
Church affaire have resolved them
selves Into friar and anti-friar factions,
the political division corresponding to
this line. Agrlppay Was a priest under
tbe Spaniah regime, and had some trou
ble with the church dignitaries and In
augurated the ' Independent movement,
declaring himself the -pope of the new
"""h Tt"r pr r1"' "r""r l
fore It became apparent that the gov
ernment would acquire friar lands, and
haa since seemed to hold Its own. In
some sections Agrlppay's adherents pre
dominate over tbe regular Catholic and
again are Outnumbered at others., The
Independent movement seems to have
spread all over the Islands. "Struggles
for control of tbe church property have
resulted. Agrlppay'B people, where they
controlled a place, thought, that they
had a right to the church and were
seising them. - The Insular government
has recognised the title of the regular
church party to all such church property.
The effect of this decision, will prob
ably end -these, contentions, but A grip
Bay's people are not In good spirits over
the 'result There are numbers of the
friars still In the Islands, although they
are not. as numerous as in the old days.
Protestants have not done a great
work in the islands, the SUUman school
being the most substantial gain made.
Protestant missionaries have been work
ing diligently and Mr. Johnston says
Into his own pockets. There is, first,
the political game to be played. A well
born friend of mine. In the post of sec
retary, bas made a steady Income for
years from a rich vulgarian, who left
to him the selection of a suitable con
stituency, the engagement - of agents,
the allotment' of subscriptions and the
entertainment of the proper men. In the'
division. ; ' T
:Thf'n ' tfnln, thr'r n1 11 "
golden of geese, the men snd women
anxious to cut a figure In society. The
social highwayman who can claim such
a victim- acquires an. assured Income.
There are commissions from a score
of tradesmen; there are commissions
from othsr . highwaymen ,who are de
sirous of an introduction to the golden
reesey.hr1 question; sndrln lastr there let
the expense which the highwaymen al
leges he hss Incurred In securing due
publicity for his potion's doings.
'Let me give an vmple. My friend
A. th heir apparent 'to a peerage, was
shepherding Mrs. B from the states.
Mr.-- trad; bouxht arA'- suggeetloa
wonderful collection of china. "This is
all very well," said the astute. A,. "but
now we must get the collection adver
tised.'' Mrs. B. consented, and A seht
an Invitation for dinner to C, a writer
of some note In the art world. C came,
wss shown the china, wss struck by Its
beauty, and out of eheer admiration
wrote a column about It In 4 weekly
paper, - Some months later C met D. a
friend or Mrs. B's. "Hello, C." said D,
"I ' hear your price have .gone upf
"What do you meanT' "Why.aMr. B.
tell me she hsd to psy you 1100 for
that article on her china!" - '
( that IhejT are socoropilahJnf so me tilAg
and have assurance of more later on.
.. Tribute to Ooaawabnlary.
The constabulary does moat of th
aever . military work ;-. now, : r ; . Each
municipality has Its police, composed
of native subordinates and officers, bat
these accomplish little. The oonatabur
lary, which number from 160 to 200
In each of the 14 provinces, as a rule is
commanded by American or English of
ficers, although latterly . Filipino lieu
tenants are being placed In provincial
companies. . In-Mindanao - the regular
troops still control, aa civil government
ha aever been established there, but
elsewhere la the islands th civil gov
ernment Is . uppermost and uaea tbe
cons tab ularly . to suppress : ladronea.
'aaa Issnss
until reqvwtMed by the provincial gov
ernor to aid' bla constabulary, and this
Is barely ever occurring. Each province
Is under the command of a senior In
spector with rank of captain, and he ha
two to four lieutenants, the constabu
lary being divided Into platoon or
squads throughout the province.
A high tribute Is paid by Mr. John
ston to th work of th constabulary.
They have shown themselves capable
of coping . with almost , any "condition
arising. . All ' are armed with carbines,
shotguns . and revolvers, and only in
frequently are mounted. ,. When a
ladrone raid is reported, the constabu
lary proceed to the ground quickly and
punish severely, often killing many of
the natives sympathising or aiding the
ladrones. '. In a few" Instances the
American captain bas been deserted In
a close. place, and had to fight single-
handed until he could get out. but as a
rule the constabulary will stand with
their officers and whip a much superior
body of ladronea. Many daring adven-
A always said C acted Ilk a cad tn
telling th facta to Mrs. B. True. A -had
pocketed the ' 11 0e. and C had never
asked for or received a penny; but all
the same, A considered that C waa "a
low writer fellah, and no gentleman.
He'd hsve given him a "tenner" out of
me wpvum 11 w nu wum ur 11. 1
: The ' social ' highwayman haa sharp
ears.
et
Ifi smart party, he Is ever on the watch
for something convertible Into ready
cash. An official secret is always worth
something, if you know where to place
it "Therefore no, secret is safe with
him. And officialdom goes on fulmlnat
Iqsj - agalast untrustworthy editor and
mythical reporters, whereas it is offi
cialdom's own cousin, the Inpeeunlous
of --honorable- -BUlrr-er my- Lord - Jack,
the esrl's fifth boy, who la really the
offender.. ,v ........ "
The social highwayman ag a con
noisseur la the most amusing type. His
method la simple, His rooms are f ur-
uth4,vtb an extravagant .beauty..
Colored prints, tapestry, pictures, chrna.
old 1 furniture, adorn walls and floor.
But they don't belong to him.. Not a
stick nor a frame la hla. To this I can
swear by the shade of. Dick . Turpln.
They are furnished bt the dealer round
the corner, and our friend gets 21 per
cent on anything be sell to bis guests.
It waa said of one of these "con
noisseurs" that you could not admire so
much as a warming pan in. bis rooms
without finding it on your doorstep
when you got, home with a neat bill,
stating the price, attached to the han
dle. '-,,''
Th city man often finds employment
: : 1
tares sr -experienced . by tn officers
and men, ." .. ?.....
: There baa never really been a single
case of treason among the constabulary,
say Mr. Johnston,. Tbe only time -when ,
such .a charge seemed possible was ;
whoa an entire company deserted . with,
their -guns,-but they had been paid Ir
regularly and had much to complain of.
and , seemed to be resenting this nor
than 'turning against the government.'
Inthis instance regulars were hurried.
to the scene -and drastic -punishment
was meted out to the deserters, who
were nearly all captured, with their
rifles. Filipino officers cannot be re- "
lied upon to any great extant and it Is
th spirit of th American fighting at
the bead that holds, hT.JDllriinfl TftT-
ieftx"wttr evre BghUng.
Wlth this - order . of ' government.
Americana supervising anf directing all
things of 'moment, the Portland man
aaya that splendid results to efficiency
are being obtained. Bat the native must
be watched all the time.- Many- of the
American put in office tn the early
day have been removed for cause. At
present wherever there 1 the allghteet
evidence-ef an irregularity, thorough,
expertlng' -of provincial books la com
menced, and everything connected with
financial affairs is enecked ever with
painstaking accuracy. , If any official 1
found short, he is broegnt up vui a
short turn.-' Several official formerly
In high favor are now serving -from to
IS years In the island penitentiary, and
the- wholesome -lesson haa been learned
everywhere. Mr, Johnston believes that '
the system of checking up all . officer
handling money will, be effective in .
maintaining absolute honesty so . long ;
ss ths heads or tne oepanments ana -bureaus
have the same high purpose
animating work at tha present time. :
"for the highwayman. The-connection
resembles tbe shark and tha pilot nsli.
The pilot Introduces tbe shark to Its
prey AH the expenses Incurred thereby
are paid by tbe shark and, a percentage -goes
to his ally. I know -or a man.whoita
dinners. are the talk Of -society, tihi
Savoy,- the Carlton, Clarldge's, hold his
name in high esteem. , But be does not
Among his rich and dlstlngulshml
gueata a quiet little Hebrew Is v
present. - Score ef . most useful ac
quaintances has -he made by those
recherche repasts given by bis dashing, -open-handed,
popular friend., But It la
the little man who pays. -
Such la tbe social highwayman. And. '
remember that. If 4 her I not plunder
for -him- In the exploitation Of politics,
or social ambition or articles or vertu,
be will have at the man with money,
with wlnea, cigars, motor, bouse prep-,
ertlea, and wbo caa ssy what beside.
For he la a robber, aa I have said, of
Incredible ingenuity. Almost doe -he
tdeserve-fcla reward. . " .- . -I.-,..,,.
a Off.' -:. . rj'';
From th Chicago Record-Herald.
Why should government Interest
themselves la the healthfumes or un
healthfulnes of the food people eetr
asked the man with - the tnirse jm ..
knowledge. . -
-For the reason." repnea '
the Infonustkm to give out. " " '
automobiles and grafi'--
accident ra d 't o
the population -of tSe - . s
hss got to t ::- O r -
tUrtttdh - - ' - . , '
... ....S.'.V .i' '. . - , -v ..,.-.
.A
1
....... iT!-;.-. ---
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