Ike Monroe Doctrine and. Its Application I
Br FREDERIC J. HASKIN
f f "HE Monro lertriH beside be
I i lag Um MM Important snd
1 ' A far-reaching principle sver
, - " enunciated by our governaaent,
; la alee the ImM understood and
the most commonly mUteternreted.
Notwithstanding Um feet that our coun
try hu Mar times bMi sertouely to
mired to International discussions, by
omDttuadtng Its recee-nHioa and eeour
tag lis inviolability, the average Amer
lean ottteen end ere tends little about Its
origin, history an' effect. Lilts the
Christian ratigtun," It" ta bun -rater-'.
prated 1 ft hundred different way. In
e-peeklag of K. aa emtnent jurist MM
j that be had rsd upon tba subject, as
. ,he had upon tKs aebular hypothesis. yt
fee fait aa unfit ta pass aa opinio 090a
on s the ether.
' The reason lawyers hesitate to ba
, sutod ob tbla much dlaeuaaad doctrlaa
la becauee It la not aa incorporated law,
but merely a national policy, orlalneilng
from a declaration mad during tha
v Monro adnlnlatratlov. Although It has
" never been Indorsed by eon tress, It la
sanctioned by such unanimous pub! la
MiUmmi that It la Just aa effective aa
" If It had baea tha subject of legislation.
It la absolutely a non-partisan laaus.
1 having baaa championed aa readily by
' Cleveland aa by Boonovolt. Tha latter
baa eald that if eueh poJIey was not
In affsot It would ba necessary forth
' with to create It. Tha sre-ument that
K oannot ba recognised- aa a principle
- of International law la a mare waata of
' breath. Nobody oarea whether It la or
la not recognised, any more than ana
cares whether tha declaration of Inde
pendence or 'Washlngtoo'a farewell ad
dress are so recognised- The difference
of op hi ton among the European powers
amounts to little aa Ions aa tha senti
ment -of tha American people la united,
and thetr navy large enough t back up
their opinion.
Tha genesis of the doctrine may ba
found te the correspondence between Mr,
Canning, minister of foreign affaire for
Oraat Britain la ISM, and Mr. Rush,
mm.
E.
C OILTHER ef this Ctty and I
SC. Adam of Salem recently
eoaapletely encircled Mt. Jeffer
son far the first Mate la the old
. snslft history, sad added aa th tanrals
gained years age when they mode a com
, plete walking tour around Mt. St.
: Helens over sofl never touched by the
foot of maa uatU then. - la three days
Mr. OUtner sad Mr. Adame asosnded and
circled Mt, Jef ferson and taoagh the
evperienee was not altogether pleasant
for seen two hardened mountain climbers
the memoriae retained are amly f the
enjoyable kind.
One thing that the sttmbera dl
eovered that did not delight them was
' tba havoc wrousbt bv big bands of
sheep that had been permitted to roam
'St will ever tha mountain- ranges and
had trampled tats dust the moot beautl
ful nark soots of tha astir range.
-Where two years ago we found
beautiful meadows this ttaas wa found
only dust,1 sold Mr. OUtner. "We found
thousands ef acres of tba saost wonder-
., fully beautiful Country utterly despoiled
. by the bands ef ebeep that had eaten
, ewe the roots and tha shrubs. On the
- north aide of Jefferson we discovered
a valley of S.tM acres covered with
: carpet of deep grass and decked with
millions of multi-oolored wild uowers.
- Tbla la an Indies I enervation." -i
Besides bringing aews of this herete-
fore snsnnouneed garaea . spot tha
oilmbers discovered that the entire
: north aide of Jefferson at eovered with
btg gtaciers sa extensive as those .on
Mt Hood.
. The luaerr ss give by Mr. Adama fol-
. towai -.
"On Mamdar, Auraat if. wa sampi at
' Vasama ramp on the north aide of
Marlon less, wonderfully beautiful
, body ef water, about two miles long by
'one wide, sod lying five or aix miles
gnuth of Mt. Jefferson. The lake ap
pears to be in the center af an aid era tar
about four miles agrees. The western
rim is over Laos feet high and the out
' let la westward -to tha Santlam river.
. Th outlet la a swiftly flowing stream
II foot is depth and It to IS feet In
width. All the water ef the lake eomee
from springs and streams flowing down
the aides ef what hss been teraned the
old e rater, now all covered with forests.
Mt Jefferson furntohea a water to tee
, la, and It has ae eastern outlet.
"Deriding to Mke th circuit bf tnu
mounts la. w started frees Ma same
r rap at o'elenk In the afternoon, our
-i i1t ennststlRg Of two packs of J4
nds earn, which ws earned the entire
ft was warm and there was Utile.
. ae. except saaoh. for the first four
; tire mUea. Ths trail towards tha
our minister at that time In London,
upon the eubject of tha formation of the
"Holy Alliance, which took formal
shape la a treaty signed at A I a-la -Chapelle
September . I Hi, between
the emperors of Austria and of Russia,
and the king of Prussia, . acting not
through dlploraetie age no lea, but as ab
solute sovereigns on their own authority.
The ostensible object ef the alliance wan
to subordinate polities to religion, to
establish Jura divine autocracies and
discourage popular governmenta
-The urwt arternp of tha eiruune 1rt
this direction was made when the allied
powers convened in 1181 and guaranteed
the Intervention of Prance In Spain,
sending an army Into the latter coun
try to overthrow the popular govern
ment then existing and to reinstate
Ferdinand VIL Tbla movement hav
ing met with success, Spain being re
formed to tha standard ef the alliance.
It waa thought not Impossible by Great
Britain, which had protested against
anoh action, that they might undertake
the work of reconciling in this way. to
the mother country, the Spanish col
onies which had bean separated through
revolt, forming for themselves popular
and constitutional government. The In
dependence of the Span ten-American
governmente had Just been' acknowl
edged by tha United States, but not by
Oraat Britain. English merchants, how
ever, like, those of tha United States,
had developed an extensive trade with
these countries, a trade which would
have been cut off and virtually de
stroyed under the commercial system
then existing, had the alllanoa been
successful in res tori ag the colonies to
Spain,
Thai fnteraeta of Oraat Britain and the
United States were therefore Identical,
though the motive of tba former In
opposing tha action of the alllanoa waa
chiefly commercial, while that of tha
latter waa largely political. Mr. Can
ning, during tha eloae ef tha summer of
Isii. began to sound Mr. Rush, our
minister at London, as to the possibility
Hi' t.'i'ua-
a
; ' '---
THE CAPITOL Or CHILE.
south' of the mountain and thenoe to
ee stern -Oregon was followed and then
abandoned; thence reaching a high ridge
or spur running eoutheaet from Jeffer
son, we crossed It, descending on snow
till we came to a deep canyoa and
skirted up the sanyoa nearly on a level
and came out ftt the bead and had a fine
place for camp that night An old
tump, long dead, made a splendid fire.
and we slept till daybreak, when at
o'clock ere started with tha packs on our
backs and soon reached the edge of
JWfereon, for .the first time actually
getting on tha mountain; Thin south
east side was easy walking for aa hour
or so, when we began to climb, or else
would have bean compelled to go down
to th bottom of the canyons miles
away, th object bfThg to keep as high
up on the mountain as wa could travel
This carried us far above ths timber Una,
only dwsrfed, brush occasionally reach
ing np la favored spots to these alti
tude Soon ths walking waa at the
foot of a glacier. Not an active, mov
ing glacier, but a urge field of snow
packed Into lea and dumping Its great
accumulation of roek and sand, known as
terminal moraine. These deposits of
broken rock were sometimes very ex
tensive and plied up in ridges bard to
get over, snd again only sand, small
rock. ' etc, impeded our way. Then
flelda of snow extending from near the
summit to far below us were crossed.
soma a half mile wide
"Walking over the snow field Is easy,
but sometimes uncomfortably ticklish,
especially when ths snow Is hard and
tha footing insecure, and the anow field
below you suddenly steepens snd seems
to fall off as a sheer precipice. Thla
lead to thought of what might happen
If the foot should alls, which is anything
but com Tort lag. Thla morning the amoko
haa lifted and tba view ta good, showing
the Three Slaters, Diamond Peak, and
soma other peeks to the eouth. Hood
and other northern mountains are hid by
Jefferson Itself between, Tha aummlt
or pinnacle of the mountain la Just ever
our heads, seemingly only ft few hundred
yarde away, just beyond the ledge of
rocks, so near, but as you go further
on ths ledge It seems not to be a twen
tieth of the distance to that elusive
pinnacle which seemed so near a little
while ago. Small streams flow from under
these snow fields, each on aa appareaty
lasignmcant lit lie rivuiet, nut tney are
not "softly calling te th sea." but
loudly dashing down so the bottom of
deep sanyong snd ths sound comes up
high on ths moan tain when you ere
acarraly able to see th stream below.
After aroaelng many snow fields, mor
aines and gorges, ws pushed on, and
finally tot (ha afternoon turned fta eagle
of a Joint declaration and co-opera rtoc
by the two governments against the
threatened Intervention of the allied
powers of Spanish-America. Mr. Rush
Immediately communicated th
venations and notea to his government
at Washington, and President Monroe,
seeing tha vital e aerator ef the sub
ject, and tha high Interests involved,
lost no time In seeking the oounsel of
his cabinet. In a letter dated October
IT, ltll, he enclosed to Mr, Jefferson.
for the purpose of obtaining nla news.
two d!e pa tehee "front" Mr. Bosh; eon tain1
Wig letters from Mr. Canning, sug
gesting designs -of the holy alllanoa
against tha Independence of South
America, and proposing o-ope ration be
tween Oraat Britain sad the Uafted
States.
Mr. Jefferson replied on tha 14th of
October, lata, using, ia part, tba fol
lowing words 1
"The question presented by tha let
ters you have sent me Is tha moat mo
mentous which hss aver been offered to
my contemplation since that of Inde
pendence. This sets our compass and
points tha oouraa whleh we are ta .steer
through the ocean of time opening en
us, gnd never could we embark on It
under circumstances more auspicious.
Our A ret and fundamental maxim should
he never to entangle ourselves In the
broils Of Europe, or second to suffer
Europe to Intermeddle with cnj-Atlantle
affairs.' America. North and. South, , has
a state set of Interests distinct from
those of Europe, and peculiarly her own.
She should therefore have a system of
her awn, separate and apart from that
of Kurope. While the last Is laboring
to become' the domicile of despotism,
our endeavor should surely be to make
our hemisphere that of freedom. .1
should think It therefore advisable that
tha executive should eneourage the Brit
ish government to a continuance In the
dispositions expressed fen these letters,
by an essursnoe of bis concurrence with
them ss far aa his authority goes."
The following December President
maMuaMi
1
" ' I
, - " ' i
t 1 "
.-: '.!.;
Portlanders - on , Mt.
In tha mountain. Bringing into view
after a abort walk a deep oanyon hi ex
tent running from the foot ef aa Im
mense gleeler, which ta broken Into
numberless fragments, ws find ourselves
st the bottom, narrow and tunning
steeply down Into valley a mile or
two away. Hemmed oa each aids by
precipitous bluffs we tread tha snow,
which gorged for a mile, following Its
windings, ws meet with rooks weighing
from tons to ounces, which had rolled
from the canyon aides. 'Prom tbla gorge
there runs ft torrent of toe water, going
to eastern Oregon. , This stream runs
northeast and then turne more directly
eastward, but aa our route waa to go
around the mountain from the east aide
northward, and thanes west, we turned,
but oould go nowhere toward tha east.
The west aide of tha gorge developed
Into a gi gentle precipitous cliff run-
, ,
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t- :' ,7u7 y . .
Monroe's annual message was addressed
to congress, In whloa pronouncement
of the doe trine bearing hie name will
be found, aa follows
The cltlaene of th United States
cherish sentiments' tha moat friendly
In favor of the liberty and happiness of
their fellow men on that side of the
Atlantis. In the ware of tha European
powers ta matters relating ta
selves wa have never taken any part,
nor does t comport with our policy
so to do. It la only when our rights
j ais Invaded or seriously' menaeedV that 4
wo resent Injuries or make preparation
for our defense. With tha movements
In this hemisphere we are of necessity
more Immediately connected, and by
causes which must be obvious to all
enlightened and Impartial observers.
With the South American governments
who have declared their Independence
and maintained 1L and whose independ
ence ws save on great eons ide ration
and an lust nrtnoiplea, acknowledged,
we could not view any Interposition for
the purpose of oppressing them, or con
trolling in any manner tneur aesiiny.
by any European power. In any other
light than as the manifestation of an
unfriendly disposition toward too United
States." .
In tha sentence fust gvetod above la
found the heart of the Monroe doctrine.
The same spirit la found la all tha
utterances ouf etateemea nave maoe,
from time to time, eoncernlng It Dur
ing our civil war certain Spanish poli
ticians Intrigued with the revolutionary
nartv la Santo Domingo to secure the
offer to the queen of Spain of tha sover
eignty ef the laland. At this time sir.
Seward wrote to the Spanish minister st
Washington: The president would not
willingly believe that these proceedings
have been autSoriaed - by your govern
ment, and I inform you In ft direct man
ner that if they should bo found to
have reached the sanction ef that gov
ernment, the president will be obliged
to regard them aa a manifestation of an
unfriendly spirit towards the United
states, and to meet tha further pross-
cutlos of er.terprteee ef that kind, either
In the Dominican republic, for any part
of tha American continent or Islands,
with s prompt persistent, and, U possi
ble, effective resistance."
The true object of the Monroa doc
trine must not ba perverted. It does
not mean that we have the right te exer
ciaa a protectorate over all tha nations
ef this hemisphere. It does not mean
that we can control any one of the re
publics of South ar Central America,
dictate to them the policy they must
pursue or defend them In their wrongs.
Wo do not any to European governments.
you must not Interfere with or punish
these states, nor do ws uphold them In
any attempt te escape, under the guise
and veil of thla doctrine, tneir just ana
honest obligations to European powers.
Wa have had numerous examples of
thla character. - When Cleveland waa
president England demanded from Nic
aragua s large sum of money on ac
count of Injuries dona ta aome 'English
eltlsens. Great Britain attempted to
collect It, but without sucosae. Finally
she sent war vessels there and notified
the officials that they were going to
land marinas and take possession of the
custom houses until the money was col
lected. Tha Nleamsuan minister ftt
Washington made earnest protest and
demanded that our government should
intercept Great Britain and prevent auch
an outrageous act. President Cleveland
aald: "No, we do not know whether
you owe the Imgllah government or not.
If yon cannot arrange It by nrbltartlon
yon will have to do the beat yon can.
As long as Great Britain la not at
tempting to eatahlleh her government In
Nicaragua, wo will not Interfere." We
held the same sttltude towards Haiti
when Germany asserted claims against
that government, and the summary man
ner In which several European govern
ments effected ft settlement with Ven
ssuela affords ft more recent example.
First ssslstant secretary of atata. Mr.
Leomls, says that our attitude and lnter
eete nave largely been evolved and deter
mined by the development of tbla fa
mous declaration. He says that funda
mentally the Monroe doctrine is tba ex
preeslon of the notional right to self
defense; that sooner or later a doc
trine or policy Identical In spirit. If not
In form, would have baea enunciated.
auig almost north sad facing east, sad
making a right angle. Wa bad to go to
th bottom of this oanyon and than work
oureelvee out by climbing up on the
south side of the great canyon running
eastward. r At T:I0 la ths evening we
reached place large enough for ft com
fortable bed of flat earth.
A. start of shortly after f th nest
morning, th ITth. brought as In ft little
while after a hard, steep climb to the
crest of th north old of tha canyon.
This oraat was narrow, but oa ths north
slops ware nanny snow flelda which we
traversed, whea the oraat, which here
runs due east and west, was to narrow
for travel, Doing almost due west we
bad a splendid view of Jefferson above
ua now on our south. Towards ths north
Hood showed her head above tha rising
smoke, St Helens showed th tip of her
MTt JErPERSON,
SsseeePl uiW 1 1 na'"fJ Vu ' "'J 'MSeWeiemsemwvseweresei.ii.-BUi t w mm -i nipmn 1 nmw " .
It-1 , iT
even had Monroa never lived. Re re
minds ua that tha doctrine ss It ta now
held Is not the result of one man's
efforts or Ideas, nor the develop meat sf
one day or decade. - '
The Monroe doctrine Is known and
discussed throughout all of South Amer
ica, from the poo root west coast village
to the boulevard la Buenos Ayrea, Of
A VILLAGE STREET IN OLD PERU.
Jefferson
summit, but th smoke eooa rose and
obscured both.
Between us and ths mountain ws saw
below us ft beautiful valley, covered
with grass, sad bars and there through
out Its whole extent war groves of
trees, all fts If arranged by some land
scape gardener. This valley wa earl
mated to contain 1.000 acres, and to ba
two mllee or mora in length. Th moun
tain towera over It ta th smoke, with
Immense broken lea and snow flelda,
which seem to hang over It, but to be
kept from falling Into It by rock cliffs
sad peaks aotlng aa barriers between.
Aa old trail waa found leading out of
the place, but as It turned towards ths
northwest, while our oouraa was south
west around tha peak, wa left It without
knowing where H led. On the very crest
by which wa entered this hsppy valley
were the fraah tracks of ft horse. We
'It- i
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9
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t- - I
"i
" T IB 111 III I 11 1 - i "
CATHEDRAL IN, MONTEVIDEO.
course, Europeans regard H as talmlad
to thetr Interests, and have areas deal
to say against H. Ha ears among ether
things that tha Monroa doctrine has no
more bearing upon aome of the issues it
Involves than theology has with a ques
tion of mathematlos, and that the stand
taken by tha United States, if consist
ently sustained, morally binds our gov-
t
'.'.'ft
II
s
r
followed these tracks hit ths valley
through It for several miles, but finally
lost them. Leaving this Eden, we pressed
on and followed a stream flowing out
of It, and then In th afternoon turned
southward and began to climb, hoping
te reach aome point where wa oould find
our way to Lake Pa met la. Wa found
and followed strongly marked deer trails
for miles up the ridges, finally finding
that we would have to cross high ridge
running west from Jefferson, or deaoend
down to the Santlam liver ftt ft place
la miles or ao down on tha old trail
leading to Detroit Wishing to ftvald
thla, ws found ourselves compelled to
get out by pulling ourselves up by
means of little firs snd huckleberry
bushes, ao plentiful there. After almost
fWliy the Burglar
Escaped . ;
Trent fas Baltimore Herald.
The rivalry between two elatsra of
West Baltimore aa to whleh should shoot
a burglar they discovered trying to open
the kitchen door of their home ft few
days ago, became so great that ha es
caped, and neither of them enjoyed the
rare pleasure,
Th older sitter ran into the front
room, and. seising ft pistol, returned
with It and started toward th window
for the purpose of taking a shot at the
Intruder.
"Ton bad better gtv th pistol ts me,"
continued the younger, "you don't know
how to shoot
"No," whispered the aider, n wouldn't
think of letting you handle It"
"Tou shan't shoot tha plstolf com
manded the younger, "you are likely to
kill yourself
Ths older stetar Attempted to walk
toward tha window, but aha was pre
vented from doing so by tba younger
one. Th argument waa begun again,
and as th young woman did not talk In
the ao fleet tone of voice, the burglar
heard them distinctly, and, thinking
that their Intentions were not of the
beef, took to hie heels. '
Upon ths return of their mother In tha
evening, there waa ft consultation aa to
who ehould capture all future burglsrs,
snd the older lister was delegated to
have exclusive snjoyasant of this pleas
ant pastime.
PoUttssl geaems.
"In polities, aren't your; 4: :
Tes."
Wml Are you a potat-wtth-srld r
ft vtaW-Wlth-ftlarmr ... ,
ta piolsui nil the American
eta tea, and net ss arbitrator ta all dis- -putas.
,....
This writer baa amis' vary frank aa ha
proceeds! The early pelf ties of Moa--roa
wars Interpreted as mean 'Am erica
for the Americana,' but now we are given
to understand that this aherlabed doe- .
trine does, not mesa that at all, but
rather 'America for tha North Amert
cans. Just ss la anoleat. times every
thing gave way before the Roman altt
sen. and In later times before the British!
subjeet. so now arrest everything give
way before tha citlsen of the United
States, To control the economie keys '
of th world ta imperialism; to grasp
tha economic keys of America ta Mob
roeism. The limit of Imperialism is th
universe; the limit of Monroeiaaa ta
America. The Spanish-Cohan war gava '
the peopls of th United States great
advantages their victories transformed
them tats a great power, and the oon
ferenee of th Hague did ava more,
beoausa M recognised th Monroa doo-
trine, Europe haa permitted the United
States to proclaim to the world, onoa '
for all, 'America for tha Americans:' "
I asked on of our high officials what
he thought about th statements of the
frenchman. He replied that It was
merely the opinion of one man, but that
bis remarks shout "America for the
Americana' was th wood with ths hark
oa It.
( Editor's Note Mr. HaaktnM observa
tions on the Monro doctrine will be :
concluded In final article which will
be publlahed next Sunday. The second .
Installment will deal with ths South
American attitude. It will contain atat 4
Istlcs of ft comparative nature, ss well
aa many Incidents the writer enooaa
tered la bis travels)
giving up, we auoooodod la reaching the
top, sad from there to Pamella lake was
aa assy walk of a few hours through
fallen timber, ahaparral sad eamUar
easy woods, not to mention sroastng
sotoo little streams which forgot to ba
bridged. Paaaelte waa weUwmed at dark,
and hers we camped, toe weary to cast ft
fly la ths famous lake.
At Pamella we were oa familiar
ground and oa ths next dsy we tolled
through s mass of fallen timber around
ths lake up to Hunt's Cove, snd oa to
our starting point st Lake Marlon, tired
sad worn, but triumphant at our suooesa
at having circled Jefferson completely
In throe days, a fast not before accom
plished to our knowledge. .
A Misconception
About Japan v
(Continued Prom Preceding Page.)
not totally unknown. Botany, astronomy
and mathematics were studied and had
been developed to uoma extent, although
these studies were descriptive and not
experimental.
1 mm lncllaed to say ernoptlcally
about the education of old Japan; Of
oouraa, th public school ayatem of to
day was not known till half a century
ago, but private teachers were found
everywhere. Soma of them had as
many as hundreds of pupils. Theas
teachers gave lessons tn reading and
writing, and1 soma in calculating, too.
The education of the Samurai class was
mac higher. Learned men kept pri
vate sohoolo for tha Samurai youth, and
besides this every province had several
achoolo eataMiihed and eupported by
lord Th Instruction given la thee
schools waa eaolualvalv llterarv. bmm!
and military.
The Japanese have been auttured mm
ft thousand years. It hi no wonder that
the Japanese of today wel understand
and assimilate the literature and phil
osophy of tha occidental and the
ern eetenoas. Thev save he
tdoea la tbeea things already, and that
m wny japan Baa become one of ths
most etvlUsed countries la s short ansa
of Una
Frem the Chicago New.
Shame 'The mains- an ha ina a
during the lata war.
. Wheetton Tea, he ws up tree and
ths enoaii shot away th limb ha wad
sitting aa, . y
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