THE OREGON SUNDAY JOURNAL', PORTLAND, SUNDAY MORNING, MAY 1, 1904.
EDITED BY MRS.
S ARAM A. EVANS
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Color Question Ar
pears to Be AdjusUng Itself.'
' 7 i At one tlm. the "color question In the
' general federation promised' to b one
-.. that would not down, and two year ago
, Vth muttertnga were deep and loud aa
' : what would happen If colored women
, ' were not admitted to membership.
1 1 Tbelr exclusion haa not aeemed to work
disastrous results to any one, and the
i colored women are snatching victory and
laurels from their defeat. ; In July the
colored national association will hold Its
triennial, convention In St Louis, for
which preparation only second to thoaa
- .of the general federation are being- made,
1 . When thee, women go up to render their
, : accounts to the national organisation
is altogether, likely that. In many re-
. apects. better result will be shown than
at the convention of, white women that
,?-, precede them. Association Notes, edited
and published by Mrs. Booker T. Wash-
lngton, shows marked advance along
' every line, and th social aide Of their
club life Is quite as elevating as Any that
, appears elsewhere. . -v. -
, For the beneflt of program Committees
the April ' number- gives several of the
social, or president's, days In different
' clubs. Qne who took ''Alice in wonder
, , land,' and modeled the whole day from
this charming book. Is worthy of not.
Quotations from the, book were used en-
-tirely-for the toasts. --
The guests wer seated at three long
... tables, .which were decorated entirely in
. . . white, and gold; white candle In gold
' ' candlesticks forming an effective part, of
tne decorations. At eacn card , lay
minatura pamphlet with a design. "Alice
' In. Wonderland, ' done . In water colors.
and the quotation, "I know something in
, terestlng la sure to happen, said Alloa.'
Many very, suitable toasts and, amusing
quotation ; were given. The Incoming
- president responded to the following:
, "How queer everything la today,, and
yesterday everything went on Just" aa
usual; I wonder If I've been changed In
the night, T Who am I thent Tell
', me first and If I Ilka being that person
r 11 come up, and If not I'll stay down un
til ftn anmehndv J .-, ' f
' Along the line the same advancement Is
perceptible .In-the work of the colored
organisations. On April 26 and 17 the
colored women of Indiana met in Indi
anapolis and formed a state federation.
This la to further notable educational and
philanthropic work they have In hand.
The position the southern women took
at the time of the flurry In the general
federation thus aeema to be sustained.
vis: That If the colored women were -left
to themselves their ambition would be
enflamed, and by seeking recognition In
the work they were doing they would at'
. tain prominence and perfection. If taken
- Into the organisations of wh-te women
they never could rise to leadership and
would always remain a subordinate force.
- - unsatisfactory to themselves and a dis
cordant note in the harmony of the other
body. - -'
" H - - -
- Views of Protesjant
Sisterhoods and Their Work.
. - The unfortunate notoriety that haa
been given the school and the' women
who have come to assume charge of St.
-Helen's- hall, has brought thetnatter of
Protestant sisterhoods before the public,
and It Is astonishing to find to bow
many the Idea Is entirely new, and
what lack of information there is. to
say nothing of strong prejudice that
exists, -A garbed sister is so inseparably
connected with Romanism that it Is, not
surprising the "Innovation" la resented.
bat It may help to remove some of the
prejudice if it is known that the two
most strongly : anti-Roman - dehomlna
tiona maintain orders' similar to the
Sisters of St John Baptist. .
The Lutheran church was the first to
establish Its order of deaconesses. The
woman entering the order Is called
"Sister Mary" or sister whatever -her
- given name may be. She Is certainly not
a nun, for ahe takes no vows and re
tains her property, if she haa any, and
' in perfectly free to return to the world
If she so desires, and marriage doea not
ever her connection , with the church,
but her life la no less one of self de
nial. She Is furnished board, lodging
and the plainest clothes. The habit con
sists of a straight plain woolen gown,
a severe 'kerchief, a close bonnet with
strings and street veil.
There are seven mother houses in the
United States, the , largest being In
Philadelphia. This Is th Mary J. j
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V ; - MRa- CORINNB ' BROWN.
One of the foremost of Chicago' lead
ers In all branches of phllanthroplo
-"work: itr tb United States. rr
Drexel home, built by the millionaire aa
a memorial to hla wife. The training Is
rlgoroua, especially in the nursing de
partment. These sister have .been fa
mous. nurses from the beginning. It was
from them, Florence Nightengale , , re
ceived the Inspiration and direction of
her work In England. Prom the mother
houses the sisters are called to distant
parish to assist the - pastors. - The
mother house continues to pay for her
clothing, and the congregation furnish'
Ing board anil lodging, pays traveling
expenses and II 10 yearly to the mother
house for each sister or deaconess. The
mother house haa authority to recall the
sister at any time. The nursing sisters
ask no pay.
These, sisters take charge or a t
nurseries, primary schools and all man
ncr of schools and asylums. The first
school for epileptics ever established la
sald-to.be the Lutheran Deaconess bos
pital at Blelefleld. Prussia.
The .Methodist deaconess Is more or a
missionary and the order Is under con
trol of the Woman's Home Missionary
society.- It was a struggle to eataoiian
thlsrwdcr, which began - m 1874,--and
lasted until 1885, when the first training
school was opened In Chicago. The
Romanising tenlency" wag the bug
bear. A year, after It was . established
Miss Jane Bancroft wea aent abroad to
atudy the system In Lutheran countries.
In 188 the general conference Indorsed
the movement, since which time It has
steadlW Increased. In popularity.
Nearly 80 deaconess Institutions, with
property value of $312,225. are now
allied with the society. Mrs. Hayes
was they first president of the society,
nd the national home in .Washington
was named "Lucy Webb Hayes," in her
honor. The foreign mission field claims
many of these sisters.
In the" 'Episcopal 'denomination' there
ar two orders. The Sisterhood of the
Holy Communion was founded In 1852.
Tha memhera live In a community and
devote themselves to purely parish
work. , .They, are, friendly visitors,
nurses, care for the aged, have charge
of altar service and render like, ser
vices.
The roost Interesting sisterhood In the
country, at least to Portland just at
present. . Is the Bisters of St John
Baptist, founded in Clewes, England. In
the early 50's, and affiliated as an inde
pendent branch In America In 1881. Be
sides a high class school for girls, the
latere maintain a church workroom for
ecclesiastical embroidery, and have In
charge a number of charities. Including
St Andrew's hospital, for convalescent
women. St - Michael's home at Mama
roneck, -Is -chiefly for youjng and hope
ful cases of erring women, and several
other distinct charities. The Sisters of
St John take the three vows observed
the ceremony of-taking "the .veil,"
and In their habit and discipline resem
ble more closely the more active orders
the Catholic church than the orders
the other two Protestant denomina
tions. The long black veil is worn
with a severe garb and the cross and
ring of the-Bride of Christ complete
the costume. V Education, and training
are requisite to remsln In the order. . It
has official church recognition of a high
order.'.' ., J' &',.;-? f .r
Whether the change into their hand
of ona of tha schools that Oregon has
always taken great pride In will ba for
the beat, tlm alone will tell, but It is
oniy iair - to tne. management to sup
pose they know what they were about,
ana fair to the alaters to give them
trial before calling down, upon them tha
condemnation of the pubuo. by severe
newspaper, criticism... ... r ,
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Suggestions for Forestry j
Work Among the Women Clubs.
,. Forestry Is becoming such a largo fac
tor in club work that but few depart
ment, eluba are.- found who- have, -not
taken it up as a study, and very many of
the email olubs are giving one or more
days to It on their year's program. Sev
eral of the state federations have caused
to ba prepared bills to present at their
next legislative session. Soma others
have such excellent laws that they, are
quite worth the consideration and study
of those who are thinking of such legis
lation. - la a number of tha states, as in
th case of Alio F. Spalding of Massa
chusetts and Mlaa Myra Dock of Penn
sylvania, women are on th board of for
estry commissioners and bear' a. record
ot rood and efficient officers. ... . j
W quote th following from a report
of Mrs. Spalding, which may glv some
hints or suggestion to soma of th t res
torers of Oregonr t
"Two-third of th cities and many of
th towns in Massachusetts have park
commissions which provld car for th
trees in grounds under th supervision
of th commissioners. The street trees
are usually under th control of th
mayor and aldermen, and are given Into
th cat of th superintendent of streets.
but In some cities th board of alder
men appoints ' a special officer' called a
forester. A few cltle hav placed th
street trees under the car of th park
commiaslons, a condition accomplished
by petition to th legislature. , When
such control exists, result hav been
most satisfactory. ' Examples pf such
cities are Cambridge and Lawrence.
"The general law of Massachusetts
presumes the shade tree to be th prop
erty of th parson before whose prem
ises it stands, but give power; to th
mayor and aldermen to order Its re
moval when publlo necessity requiita.
or to retain It for th publio good. r
"City ordinances on trees are framed
in accordance . with state law, such as
the ordinance forbidding-the - fastening
of an animal to any tre growing within
the limits of an? townway or street In
the city.' which follows the spirit of the
stat law imposing a fin for negligent
aa well aa malicious injury to trees.
For towns th law is more complete.
and for several years It ha,s been com
pulsory for' towns to elect a tre war
den, whose powers' and duties are well
defined. Towns are also provided ' with
forest-fire wards, and may appoint a
forester to' hav charge of wood lota t
'The state encourages individuals to
raise ship timber, it encourages societies
to cultivate and plant ornamental trees,
and It encourages cities and towns to set
apart publlo domains for th culture of
forest trees. : .--
Work may' be done to Influence th
choice of suitable tree warden In towns.
to instruct the public in knowledge of
tree laws, and to oo-operate with olty of
ficials In enforcement and amendment
or laws.-- .
H t
Coquille Offers Prizes, k
or Best Child s Garden.
In order to arous in 'the children of
Coquille a deeper Interest In nature
study and a greater love for the beau
tiful in and out of door surroundings,
the Woman's Study club, offers four
prises for the best four gardens made
and cared for by the children.
The following conditions are Imposed:
1. All children under 1C years of age
may compete.
C. The garden must contain at least
80 square feet.
2. All work of planting, cultivating,
watering, and training of plants must be
done solely by the child, or children, of
th family, except that the ground may
be first put in order for planting. If
such "work be too heavy for th child. -
4. All who wish, to compete for th
prises must hand In to the principal of
the school their full names and location
of garden by May 1.
5. All who nave succeeded well
enough to oslr Inspection, must so In
form Mlsa Florence Atkinson, secretary
of the study club, by August L , , ;
.The prises will be awarded at th
opening of school, and will be as fol
lowsr ;;: : t;.;V-.V
First prlx.' J.- ' ;.-, .
.' Second prlx. $2. :;-ir-i .
. injra prise, a. . . .,. ..;. .. .. ,
Fourth prise, SO cent. V S.
The Judges will consider th amount
of work done, th beauty ef design, th
thrtftlness of plants, and especially th
neatneas of th garden, which may eon
tain either vegetables or flowers, or
both. Th age of th child and th lo
cation of th garden will also be con
sidered, so that the child working under
unfavorable condition will receive
Just estimate of hla work
Coquille evidently believes 'In getting
Its children Interested in publlo affairs
and trust largely to their endeavors
when they hav a project on foot ' Dur'
lng the past week $7.50 haa. been re
ceived from th school children for th
Sacajawea fund, from th sal of but'
tons. - With th monsy, cam an order
ror zoo more, which tby hop to dispose
of In order, t get . several ' copies of
"Th Conquest" for their school library.
To Ask Congress . .
to Unseat Reed -Smooth.
Apropos of communications that r
being sent and, received by. clubs and
woman'a organisations, everywhere, and
or 'Which -w bad. occasion to sneak- a
short tlm ago, that of th widely clrcu
lated petitions against Reed Smoot tak
ing hla seat in congress is a case : lif
point. ''. , .-i -.t-.i; f .
Th National Congress of Mothers is
taking th lead In thla movement - Next
to the enfranchisement of th' negro
which even Its supporters now admit
was "the greatest mistake of the nine
teenth century" was th mistake of ad
mitting polygamous Utah, until Its citi
sens showed themselves fit for eltisen
shlp, 'and until root and. branch, polyg
amy had been torn out and Its existence,
secretly or otherwise, made impossible,
except by a violation of the laws of th
United States, mad more rigid than
they now are. Having onca admitted It.
Ita Mormon cltlsena hav the same Tight
to. cltlsenahip. Its offloes and emolu
ments, as th Jew or Qentn. provided It
cannot be proven they have violated th
laws ' of our government A religious
belief cannot debar a cltlaen from these
prlvlllges provided he does not put it In
practice contrary to la w.' T "t'.rv
Her Is th faulty and Weak place in
the petitions of these very excellent and
upright women. If their moner and
bard work and earnestness had been ex
pended In hunting up evidence and Drov
ing poaitively that Reed Smoot waa a
polrgamlst his own protestations to the
contrary. It would have required no pe
titions to unseat him. If this proof
cannot be forthcoming, and he even does
not deny his approval of the practice,
there Is a question as to the power or
legality of congress denying, him his
seat The agitation the whole matter
haa caused by the action of the women
of the land will beyond a doubt have far
reaching, and beneficial results., the out
come of which It Is hoped will be an
amendment to the constitution of the
United States forever prohibiting polyg
amy, but the urging of tha unseating of
Reed Smoot by Individual requeata upon
senators vy tne women or the country is
another matter,', and not looked upon
witn ravor by many of th best known
reformer of the land, among them being
Mrs. narry Hastings pf New York, who
recently said at the Mother-a club In
response to a resolution that was of'
re red. regarding the matter: '1 do not
favor polygamy, but I do not think it
la the province of this club to Instruct
congress in its business. If Reed Smoot
Is a polygamlst he will b unseated inso
facto, but all the evidence aeems to In
dicate that he Is not Mrs. Martin's
resolution asks congress to do an uncon
stitutional thing, and I think that w
women might better occupy ourselves In
correcting some of the immoralities In
our own city than In Importuning con
gress to unseat a member for what we
think he has done."
R R H
Varied Answers From Girls ;
As to What They Would Be.
An ambitious magasine not long ago
conceived the idea of gathering certain
statistic from French. German and
American school girls, and by a com
parison measure up their Ideals and
opinions. Just what the; object to b
obtained was It would b nara to ten
for certainly -no very substantial re
suit would ba obtained from 100 girls,
who war asked to answer tb following
questions: . ',, ' - ' ';','-'
"Which would you rather b. , a man
v, wvui.il, KI WQJ i
Which man or. woman of' whom you
hav ever heard or read would you
rather be. and why." Cv :
Bom fun, at leaaf. conld be gotten
out of th answers. If but llttl value.
In America but It per cent of th girls
would rather be men; 1 4 per cent of
English girls would rather Change their
sex, and very few of th Oermans were
allowed to answer "such a wicked ques
tion." ' -!- '. -. ,
From New England- girls cam soma
or the following answers: '
"I want to be a man. because men ar
stronger and make more money."
Men can be poets, and I want to be
like Bhakeapear." ' , ' i
I wish most to b a man, because
this, la a man's world, and I Want my
share of it" A bit Of suffragist that
girl. iv ; ' ' .
It is better to be a woman, because
they travel more and spend more money
and don t hav to earn It" .
Woman ar not punished, a much as
men. for law la not hard on them." '
Women- leant- thlnsra - ouleker than
men, because they have more Intent
gene." 1 ' j "" '
"Women Just hav patience -when they
ar crossed, and. me a us bad lan
guage.' ' ' - .
"Women bring up children! and tb
child Is father to th man."
"I would rather be a woman, because
t hav to be."- . ' '
"I wish to be a woman, because I
can't help It" ,..-..
1 wish to be a woman, becauae I
knew many .good women, and it la hard
to find a good man."
George Washington and Helen Oould
stand first among th popl' American
children would rather be, th former on
account of his veracity, and th latter
because of her unlimited and unre
stricted, wealth.
After all. In taking them aa a whole.
on might find some benefit in compar
ing condition and locations, and esti
mating how far environment figured In
forming the individual -opinions - and
typ.v But of th fun to be gotten out
of th answers thera la no question.
It R '
Burns Club Talks of.
Joining State Federation.
The Ladles" Afternoon club continues
to hold th interest of Its members.
The dud - is - seriously - contemplating
Joining the statelfederatlon. At the reg
ular election a short time ago tne fol
lowing officers were, elected:
i President. Mrs. Cora Purlngton; vice-
president Mrs. Clara- Marsden; secre
tary, Mrs. Maggie Levena; treasurer,
Mra N. U. Carpenter; librarian, Mrs.
Phoebe Geary. '
st R K
Would Stimulate In-
terest in Domestic Science. ' ,
Tha following letter., which has been
received by Mrs. Ellen R. Miller of the
Seattle School of Domestic Science, waa
aent by her' to this department of The
Journal she thinking it on of the best
means of awakening an Interest In, and
calling attention to. th) work that will
be done in the agricultural department
of the St. Lou la fair: , .
"Dear Madam: The exhibits in the
agricultural building' will do much to
ward atlmulattng public- Interest in do
mestic science, I need not call your
attention to the .constantly Increasing
public Interest in this science. Your or
ganisation has brought you In touoh
with it r There ar multiplying indica
tions .of public-demand for a wider and
more extended Instruction In this science
in the public schools and in other educa
tional Institutions." . . ...
"In Increasing this popular - interest
and In disseminating information re
garding ita value and It relation to our
health and welfare, you hav an import
ant work to perform. I believe that th
department of agriculture at the world's
fair presents a great opportunity along
this line. will you b willing to spread
the gospel of good living and hygienic
cooking by constantly calling publlo at
tention to this department of the world's
fair through lectures, talks and other
means of publicity? Are you willing to
. ' -r '
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, ' DR. MART THOMP80N.
On of Portland's well-known phyal-
clans, who for many, years has been
. Identified with.. . the charitable and
phllanthroplo work of th cltyv .
'i
f.
co-operate to make this on-of the most
Interesting departments of th falrf -'
Vry truly yours,
"X? W. TATLOR.' " '
"Chief Department of Agriculture." .
-. ... . st at it ,.- ., -y,
Woodburn Lewis and Clark
Club Re-Elects IU . Officers.
At th recent annual' election of th
Lewis and Clark Woman's . ctub of
Woodburn th following offloers were
re-elected: president Mrs. "Grace Aus
tin; first vice-president Mrs, Nettle
Beggs: second vice-president Mrs W, H.
Marvin: treasurer, Mrs. J. M. Poonnan;
secretary, Mra H, L. Gill. -''-
Th club is interested in th ! study
of parliamentary law,? and ' la . reading
aloud "The Conquest" The membership
has reached 100 and is steadily lncreast
In.. '. . '."'V'., V
. . R R R ;V5 ':
State Boards of Control '
Should Have a Woman Member.
Th stat legislative committee, , at
the Astoria Convention, recommended
that th clubs of the stat should en
deavor to have a woman put on wvery
board of control in the stat where wo
men or children were kept or detained.
This probably was too much of an In
novation for Oregon, and It was re
jected., but If It may strengthen them
for future action it would be well for
them to read up a llttl on what other
states are doing along that line.
Ohio ha a mandatory law relative
to th appointment of a woman physi
cian in every state lunatic asylum. It
la being violated. Indeed, almost becom
ing a dead letter. Th matter has been
taken, up . by . the state, federation, and
If Its request for observance of the
law Is not granted,' mandamus proceed
ings will be instituted for its enforce
ment. The Toledo Woman'a Suffrage as
sociation took action in thla nsgard
some year ago with good results.
' . R R.R. . .; '.
San Francisco Makes a Beein
ning in School Room Decoration.
The educational qepanment. or tne
California club has made th first be
ginning in the school room decorations
in San Francisco. The aasembly room
in ona of the grammar schools haa been
tastefully decorated under th super
vision of the department with pictures.
casts and other ornaments contributed
by the club. A friend of, the school
added two stained glass windows, and
the children of the manual training
school gave tbelr assistance In making
the necessary shelves and brackets,
the work was'' undertaken In the hop
of stimulating" an interest la schools
cutside the actual necessities.
State Federation ,
WUl Meet in Baker City.'
The local committee of th - stats
federation iaa decided upon October 12,
18 and 14 aa th date upon which th ,
next convention will be held In Baker
City. Thla Wilt b a. very delightful
time to make th trip, and th Baker
City ' woman ar' already beginning to ,
mak preparations to entertain their
gusta. . Tv""" .v; ',!.'.: ?'.,, v",-., ,
JTtf Chautauqua committee haa ' al
most completed arrangements for Ita
scbol of domestlo science.', Mrs, Ellen
R. MiUer will be In charge, and la now
arranging her program. ; Th , Toung
Woman'a Chrlatlan association will b
identified with th work at the Chau-V
tauqua grounJs, and It is hoped tha cf-
forts there will stimulate their school In
Portland tha following winter, - ,
Mrs. T. T. Geer, stat president will
attend th St Louis biennial and repre
sent her organisation at th convention.
Mra M. A. Dalton of Portland and Mrs.
M. L.'Spauldlng of Tha Dallea wUl b
tb other a tat delegate,- - . -
" ; . R-R R ,::f;t!'iC"!'
Woman; Not Secure ., rX',lr'-,
In Any of H&'J&h&Mtitfr.
In Ulklng of co-education. Mra Will
iam Keith of Berkeley, Cal., president of : ,
on of th larg suffrage clubs, recently
aid: ' . r ! " - . .- ..
"Ih but four ot th United States fa
th status -of th college girl th sam
aa that of ' the college boy.' ' Only In ;
four state Is . her equality ef opportu- ;
nlty under th law th same, and In four .
states .only - has the tendency to crowd '
her ' back complete'y disappeared- the
four atataa in which lr- most completely
unfolded th flower of liberty a R-
publican-Democrallo form' . pf - govern
menV Wyoming, Colorado, Utah and '
wano.' , , t v.- r r
"Until th . women of California ar
clothed with all th rights and duties
of cltlsena. th foundation of acholaatio
co-education ar Insecure, ' It haa been '
truly aald In a society and under a gov-
eminent founded upon a denial of their
legaj and political quality, woman ar .
aour lnnon of their rlghta."
R - R' R '
Reliance ClUb'tif St Joseph ;
An Original Plan of Work.
v Th Runcie club of St Joseph, Mo-
has rather - an 1 original 1 plan of work.
Th duar purpose of the club la the
study of municipal art .with th specino,
object of bettering their own city, and
following a literary cours through con
versation classes. t i ' " i'
Th university extension plan la fol- '
lowed, each member of th club select
ing ( from a number of subjects th one
qhtls Tprepared-by -previous- study to
pursue, and. having made her selection,
undertakes to conduct one conversation
class during th year. This means that
she must prepare herself thoroughly In
the subject and must be able to make
out a list of topics and questions to ba
discussed by "other member. . The club
devote Itself principally to th study
of hlatory. ' ;v? ,;. '?:
R-R' R t' '"'. :
Civic Creed as Expounded ; :
By Woman's Club of Pendfeton.
Preamble The club building shall b
erected. f- -. , ,vl ...;! y ,.
Article I Irrigation 'association, not
only organised, but effective, aggressive
and wide awake. .'..', - . ;. . "
Article II Sewerage, from on border ..
of th city to th other; no home ao
lowly, but la-it health shall reign su
preme. , ' ...... ,-
Article III Paved streets; the feet
of th pioneers who built your city ar
entitled to marble pavements; will you
giv tnem common macadam 7 - v ; -
Article IV Plant ahade trees ' and .
build sidewalks. Tou enjoy the labor and
wisdom of the past; do something that
the future, may b likewise blessed. '
Article V Lay awake at' night and
think of something that will improve th -
city. Central thought always." - Help
the women' dobs.
"".' .':-!'' ' R R R'i. r' : "
Tuesday Afternoon Club's
Meeting With Mrs. Jas. Muckle.
in Tuesoay Arternoon ciud met last
week at th hom ot Mra James Muckle,
62 Ella street .Mrs. J. D. Toung had
charge of the program. . "Praxiteles and
His Worka. t"Influen ; of Alexander
Upon Art" and "Th, Decadence of
Grecian Art" , were considered by
Mr. i.,;.W. v.w,B.; HaU, ',Mra. Robert
Smith, Mrs. - J. D. Haya and Mrs.
George 'Dunham. Vocal selections were
rendered by Mrs. O. P. M' Jamison and
Mrs. Muckle, each accompanied by Mra, -J.
Wt Day of St Helena Light refresh
ment were served by Mra Toung, as
sisted by Mra F. M. Mlies and Mrs. F.
H. Madison. .'. -. : '. -
William J2. Curtis, In Chicago Record-
- ' l ne.raiq,..
- ENARES. March 15. Benares la
LmE the center of the opium traf-
I 1 , flo of India, which, next to the
- mmmz land tax. la the most productive
source of revenue to the government. - It
Is a monopoly inherited from the moguls
in the middle age and passed down
from them through the East India com
pany to th present government and the
regulations for, th cultivation, manufac
ture and sale of the drug have been
very little changed for aeveral hundred
years. There have been many mover
i miKiin nrlvat ' national - inter.
11... ll.m. "
national, religious and parliamentary, for
ita suppression; there nave oeen many
official lnaulrles and investigations; voi
umea have been written on both sides Of
the moral questions involved, ana u n
safe to say that every fact and argu
ment on both sides has been laid before
th nubile.' vet it la an .astonishing fact
that no official ' commission or legally
" constituted body, not a airgie isnguan
man who has been personally respon
sible for, the well-being of the peopla
of India or has even had an innuentiai
vole in th affairs of 'the -empi or
has ever had actual knowledge ana
- practical experience concernlnt tha ef
fect of-opium, haa ever advocated pro-
hibltlon either in tne cuuivauon oi me
- poppy or in the manufacture of ' th
: drug. Many have made suggestions and
' wnmmanriiitinna for the regulation and
'restriction , pf th traffic, and the exist-
ing laws are the result or tne experience
of centuries. But antl-oplum . move
ments havl,en entirely, in the handa
of missionaries, religious and moral agl-
tatora in England and elsewhere outside
' of India, and politicians who have . de-
nounccd -the policy of the government
to obtain votes against the. party that
happened to be In power, , ii ;
This is an extraordinary aUtement
but It I.truiIt "aMvWitli0ttt..yltt
that tha ys of opium, in any form is al
most universally; considered one of the
most dangerous and destructive: of
.vices, and it Is not neeessary In this
cmnectlon to say anything on that aid
of the controversy. It Is Interesting,
. however, and i important to know the
facts and argument, used by the In-
' dian. government to justify Ita tolera
tion of the vice, which,- generally speak-
:, ing, Is baaed, upon three propositions.
1. That the us of opium in modera-
i tlon is necessary to thousands of honest
- hard-working Hindus, and thafcJta
habitual consumera are among the moat
useful, the most vigorous and the most
loyal portion of the population.. Th
Sikhs, who are the flower of the Indian
army , and the highest, type of the na
tive - are habitual opium smokers, and
the Rajputs. . who . are considered u the
most manly, brave and progressiva of
the native population,, use it almost uni
versally, ; .'. i!.:i;!,',:';.C;',y., ;;.':v--"
t. ' That the government cannot afford
to lose the revenue and. much less af
ford to undertake" the expense and as
sume the risk of rebellion and disturb
ances Incurred by any attempt at pro
hibition. , ! ,
, 3. - That the export of opium to China
and other countries is legitimate com
merce. , , . . , ' - , ;
. Th opium belt In India is about 600
mile long, and 180 miles wide, lying
Just above a line drawn from Bombay
to caicuxta. - xne total area cultivated
with poppies will average 575,000 acre
The crop Is grown In a few month in
the summer, so that the land can pro
duce another crop of corn or wheat dur
ing tne rest or tne year. - About 1.476
000 people are engaged in the cultiva
tion of the poppy and about 6,000 in the
manufacture of the drug. The area Is
regulated by the government commis
sioners. Th smallest was in 1892,
when only 464, Z4J acres were planted,
and - the maximum waa reached in
1900. when 627,111 acres were planted.
In. the. latter year the government
adopted 625,000 , acres as the standard
area, and 48,000 chests as the standard
auantitv to he nroduced In Rrltlsh In
dia. ij Hereafter these ; figures ? will jnot
be exceeded. V The largest amount ever
produced ;wa In '18,72. 'when tha total
quantity manufactured In British In
dia waa 61,686 chests of 140 pounds av
erage weight" The lowest amount dur
ing tha last 15 years was In 1894, when
only 17,589 chests were produced. - In
addition to this from 1Q.Q00 to Q,00
chests are produced -in the native state
The annual average value of the crop
for? th last 80 years ifaaa been about
860,000,000 In American money, and the
annual revenue has been about $24,000,
000, and the omctai say that thla In a
moderate estimate of , th sum which
the reformers ask the government of In
dia to sacrifice by . suppressing the
trade. In. addition to this the growers
receive , about , $5,690,000 fort opium
"trash,": poppy seeds, oil and other by
produota, which are perfectly free from
opium?; The "trasW is made of - stalks
and leaves .and is used at the factories
for packlnk, purposes;, the leads of the
poppy are i eaten raw and parched, and
are ground for a condiment in the prep
aration of food, aTvd oil is produced from
them -for table, lubricating and llluml-
natlng purposes, and for making soaps,
paints, pomades and other toilet article.
Oil cakes made from the fiber of the
seeds after the oil has been expressed
are excellent food for cattle,, being rich
In nitrogen, and the young seedlings,
which are removed at the first weeding
of the crop, are aold In the markets for
salad, and are very popular with the
lower lasses.
No person can cultivate popples in
India without a license from the -gov
eminent, and no person can sell his
product to any other than government
agents who ship It to the official factor
ies' at Pat na and Ghasipur, down the
river Ganges a little below Benares. Any
violation , of the regulations concern
Ing the cultivation of the poppy, tb
manufacture, transport possession. Im
port' or export, : sale or use, of opium.
Is punished by heavy penalties, both fine
and imprisonment. The government reg.
ulates the extent of cultivation accord
ing to the state of the market and the
atock of opium on hand. It pays an av
erage of $1 a pound for the raw opium.
and wherever necessary the opium com
missioners are authorised to advance
small aums to cultivators to enable
them to pay the expense of the crop,
These advances are deducted from tha
amount due when the opium is delivered.
The yield, taking the country together,
Will average about 12 H pounds, or
about $12, per acre, not Including th by
products:
The raw opium arrives at the fac
tory in big earthern Jars in the form
of paste, each Jar containing about 87
pounds. It Is carefully tested for qual
ity and purity and attempts at adulter
atlon are severely punished. The grower
la paid, cash by the government agent.
The Jar, having been emptied Into large
vats, - are carefully scraped and then
smashed so a to prevent scavengers
from obtaining, opium from them, and
there is a mountain of potsherd on
the river bank beside the factory.
Each vat contains about 20,000 pounds
of opium, lying six or eight inches deep,
and - about the consistency of ordinary
paste Hundreds of coolies are em
ployed to mix it by tramping It' with
their bare feet The work la severe
upon the muscles of the legs, and the
tramplers have to be relieved every half
hour. Thre fangs- are generally kept
at work, resting one hour and working
half an hour. Ropes ar stretched for
them to take hold of. After the stuff
1 thoroughly mixed It Is made up Into
cakes by men and women who wrap It
In what Is known as opium "trash,M
pack it In boxes and seal them hermet
ically for export - Each cake weigh
about 18 pounds, is . about th sis of
a eroquet ball, - and Is worth -from $10
to $16, according to its purity- under
assay.
shipped to China, but a certain number
or .cheats are retained for sale to 11
censed dealers in different provinces by
the excise department Last year there
were (.710 licensed shops,- generally dis
tributed throughout the entire empire.
But. It Js claimed by Lord JCurson. that
the average number of - consumers Is
only, about two in every thousand of
the population.
- Tne revenue rrom licenses is very
large. No dealer la permitted to sell
more than three tolas (about one and
one-eighth ounces) to any person, and
po opium can be consumed upon the
premises of the dealer. Private smok
ing clubs and public, opium dens were
forbidden in 1891. but the atrict en
forcement of .the law haa been consld
ered Inexpedient for many reasons, chief,
or wnicn is mat less opium la consumed
when- it is smoked in these places than
when 4t Is used privately in the form
of pills, which are more common In In
dia than elsewhere. - Frequent investi
gation has demonstrated that opium con
sumers are more apt to use It to ex
cess when It is taken In private than
when It 1 taken in company, and there
ar Innumerable regulations for the gov
ernment of smoking rooms and clubs
and for the restriction and discourage
ment . of the habit The amount con.
sumed in India is about 871,820 pounds
annually. The amount exported will
average 9,800,000 pounds.
The largest amount probably mora
than half of the whole product, goes to
Hongkong, whr it is distributed
throughout other parts of China. There
la a Un of vessels owned and' managed
py an Armenian dealer which carry noth
Ing but opium, and one of these shir.
saiia roe Hongaong every three week.
tonsiaerabie quantities are sold at
Singapore, where they are trans-shipped
io java, Diam, Australia, ana other
countries. A small amount is sent to
the French colonies in 'China and to
Korea, but opium smoking is absolutely
forbidden In Japan, and, stranae to sry,
I practiced exclusively in th Christian
communities. . . ,
Opium Intended for export is sold at
auction at Calcutta at the beginning of
every montn, and, in order to prevent
apeoulatlon. the number of chests to b.
sold each month during the year is an
nounced in , January. Considerable fluo
tuatlon In prices is caused by the de
mand and the supply on hand in China.
The lowest price on record wa obtained
at the June sal in 1898. whan all that
waa offered : went for 929 rupee per
cheat of 140 pounds, while the. highest
price ever obtained Was 1.460 rupee per
cheat .
The exports of opium vary considera
bly.' The maximum, 86,469 chests, waa
reached in 1891; th minimum, (9,632, in
1898. . . ,
The consumption In India during the
last 10 years has apparently decreased.
This is attributable to several reasons,
including increased prices, restrictive
measures for the suppression of the vice,
the famine, change In the habits of the
people, and the smuggling; but It- Is the
conviction of all the officers concerned
in handling opium-that its use is not
so general as formerly, and its abuse
la very small. They claim that it Is
used chiefly by hard working people ana
enables them to resist the fatigue and
sustain privation, and that the prevail
Ing opinion that opium consumers are all
degraded. depraved and miserable
wretches, enfeebled In body and mind,
is not true. It is asserted by the in
spector that the greater: part, of the
opium sold in India la used by moderate
people. Who take-their daily dose and
are actually benefited ratner man in
lured by It At the same time it- Is ad
mltted that the drug Is abused by many,
and that the habit is usually acquired
by people suffering from painful, dis
eases, who beam by taking a little for
relief and gradually increase the dose
until thev cannot live without it
In 1895 an unusually active agitation
for the suppression of the trade resulted
in the appointment of a parliamentary
commission, of which loraurassey was
chairman. They made a tnorougn inves
tlaation. spending several months in in
dla, examining more than 700 witnesses,
ot which 466 were natives, and their
conclusions were that It Is the abuse and
not tha use of oolum that is harmful
and 'that Its use among the people of
India aa a rule Is a moderate use, that
excess is exceptional and is condemned
by public opinion; that the use. of opium
In moderation is .not attended by Injuri
ous conseauences. and that no extended
physical or moral degradation causoa
by the habit" . - ;
The same problem wnicn nas perpiexoa
the government of India for many years
is now demanding th attention f the
United States official in Manna, ana a
commission, consisting of Bishop Brent
of the Episcopal church, Major Carter
of th army and one or two otner gen
tlemen has been In India for several
weeks studying the gabjwtu; . .ju
: ' - Th Zaaoleat Stranger.
From the Chicago Tribune.
Your people. I underatantL" observed
the atranger, "voted the other day over
whelmingly in favor of th municipal
...nhiii a tha atrpr railway.
"-iea,r-ir. xne niiy . nv"
"We
think It's time for the people to own the
publio utilities absolutely." . .
"Th theory is. I presume,'! that th
public utilities would be better - man
aged?" - i .
"That's the' idea axaouy. 1 .
Tour streets, of course, are owned
by the people 7". . . .
Vertalnly." . , ,
."Well, look at them.", '
LIONESS HILDA IS DEAD
. Hilda is dead. ' She died last week at
th-animal hospital of Rlngllng Bros,
In Baraboo; Wl. It was a ead Wow
to the lion ifamlly. : for Hilda "waaT,ftot
only the bestrlooking lioness, but she
was especially good natured and popular
with all the other beasts. Her mate,
Leo. is bowed down with grief, and re
fuses to eat The two little babies left
behind whine for their mother, all th
time and add thereby to the great d"
tress of th father. - - J
The pet of the menagerie attendants,
she was as well the idol of all the other
beasts, and when any of, her, captive
neighbors got into trouble it was to
Hilda they came for soothing attention.
8h was ever ready to sympathise' with
them and help them in the many little
way that ar . understood by animal
kind. Tha head animal man said she
was the v most, attractive and peaceful
wild creature that had ever come inte
his charge. '.- - v
Olvea mil XJbsrty in Qnarvsm.
She was 2 years old When- she came
Into the possession of Rlngilng Bros.
and was then tender and caressing
young creature, which gav every prom
ise of ripening into a sensible and af
fectionate lioness of full growth. From
the time she began to mingle with the
other Hons, the influence of her genu
disposition was noticed by the superin
tendent, and she was given tne ruuest
liberty In going and coming freely In
the big exercising room of the winter
quarter. The natural dislike that cer
tain beaBta hav for one anotner aio
not seem to exist in her case. ' Bh
would rub poaes with th bears, gos
sip with the elephants, frolic with th
tiaer. playfully teas the monkeys, and
even pat and rub the leopards and hye
nas without any spitting or hissing on
the part of these bad-tempered creatures.
She was endowed with that, something
which belongs t4 some people and bring
vrybody 4nto pleasant relationship.
When her two. babies cam sh was
particularly , happy, y No young mother
could be mor proud and fond, - Bh
seemed to have faith In her keeper and
showed- no signs of. uneasiness on ac
count Of them being near her cage while
the . little une' eye were yet - shut
tight ' Most lion mothers, ar cross and
dangerous v at such a time, and uniess
the anrroundinga are dark and quiet, and
they are fed of ten, ahey ar apt to get
into : a "rage , and eat their own, young.
This unnatural aet is hard to explain,
Hilda never gave her guardians an anx
lous moment on this score.. Her lov
ing and trustful nature never showed
Itself more beautifully than at this
time, when th stork cam to her new
home with two llttl furry bundles that
were aa soft as Jelly and had po eye
to se nor strength to walk. T ' . ,- -
All th ' other animals In th menag
erie showed their interest in the new
mother In many remarkable way. The
cat animals, that ' usually- mak night
noisy with their restless pad . pad and
irritating hissing, became aa still as
purring kittens during the first' night
after the. little baby lions came. The
monkeys "would .pick out the choicest
vegetable atrip from their mixed meals
and carry them to the den of Hilda, and,
mounting the ' high : wheels, tos thorn
at her feet and . chatter their .' good
wishes. Little Baby Boo and her mother
would, fetch most of the sugar beet of
which they ar so fond, to th motherly
Hilda and squeak with -pleasure. There
wasn't an animal In th collection that
did not seem to sense the honor 3 be
stowed Upon the handsome Hilda and
aot in some unusual manner suggestive
of appreciation.
Leo, , the proud lord of the family.
waited on hla mat by inches, and never
tired of caressing her and lapping the
oudar. weak-eyed ' little bablea. But
this happy condition of thing was not ',
to continue. Poor Hilda' health was
shattered by her new duties,' and the '
rigors of a Wisconsin "winter combined '
to snap hef life's thread and leave the
noble Leo ? and the baby." cubs .without
th great comfort that she gave to their
captive home. Hilda was shipped to.
Chicago with the rest ef the menagerie
fori the Coliseum engagement but her "
weakened appearance and drooping spirit
Induced Dr. Alexander to hav her, with
Leo and th llttl ones, returned to th
mor comfortable quarter at Baraboo.
Hilda rallied a IltUs after this, aa if .
tb old heme surroundings wea the too lo
she needed, bat the improvement did not
test long. i" ' 7; Z " ' u I'
' Sad Plctnr of Broken Ties.
Th accompanying picture was taken
shortly after Hilda, had settled into her
last sleep. Leo stood in the background
With' head bowed, mistily looking at the
cold form of hi beautiful life partner.
Th cub were huddled in th corner,
frightened and helpless..'- The many ani
mal in the building, ana a score or
mor of ; different kinds were -there,
seemed to scent the- preem- of i
In their midst, and each in hi own !
collar" way gave aonwf'il "
sadness he felt ov-r t. . 1. i
good neighbor, t' o I. . : : !
Hilda,
The largest part of the product . Is
V ' . ,r , , ;
t
I'