!
THE OREGON JOURNAL, PORTLAND, SUNDAY MORNING,' MARCH 20," 1804.
THE NATIVE AND FOREIGN CITY
- - William E. Curtis, Special Correspond
ence of th Chicago Record-Herald. '
Bombay, India. There are two cities
8n Bombay, the native city and
tha .foreign city, -Tha foreign city 1
"spread out over a large area, and, al
though the population la only a email
per cent of that of tha native city. It
coeuplea a much larger apace, which ia
devoted to groves, garden, lawns,
; ., breathing places and pleasure grounds,
while, as la the custom In the Orient,
. the natives are packed" away several
- v hundred to the acre In tall houses, with
overhanging balconies and tile roofs,
, which line the : crooked and narrow
streets on both sides. Behind some of
these tall and narrow fronts, however,
are dwellings that cover a good deal of
ground, being much larger than tha
bouses we are accustomed to, because
the Hindus have large families and they
all live togetherr? When a young man
- marries he brings his bride home to his
father's house, unless his mother-in-law
happens to be a widow, -when they often
take up their abode with her. But Is
not common for young couples to have
their own homes, and hence the dwell
ings tn the native quarters are packed
with several generations of the same
'-, .family, and , that makes them an easy
jprey to plagues, famine and other agents
of human ' destruction. i
The Parsees, who lova air and light,
"and many rich Hindus. Save followed
-, the foreign colony out Into the suburbs,
where you find a succession of hand
. some villas or bungalows, as they are
.. called, half-hidden by high walls that
Inclose charming gardens. Borne of
' - these bungalows are very attractive,
... aome are even, sumptuous in their ap-
- fcolntmenta veritable palaces. Oiled with
.. costly-carvings and ornaments but tha
climate forbids the use of many of the
creature comforts which American and
JCuropean taste , demands. . The floor
must be of tiles or cement and the cur
tain Of bamboo, . because hangings, car-
yets, rugs and upholetry furnish shelter
for destructive and disagreeable Insects,
.' and the aim of everybody Is to se
cure as much air as possible without ad-
' Snlttlng the heat .
, Tot three miles and a half the boule-
frard. which I described the Other day,
. knd Its several branches are bounded
py tnese cnarming restaences, , wnicn
Overlook the bay and the roofs of tha
fclty, Malabar Point at the end of the
1 tfrlva, the extreme end of the Island
,,- lipon which Bombay la built. Is the gov
fernment house, the residence of the
Jyord Lamtngton, who represents King
Edward VII In this beautiful city. It
Is a series of bungalows, with large.
; fcool rooms and deep verandas, shaded by
Immense trees and luxurious vines, and
has accommodations altogether for about
BOO people. The staff of the governor Is
bulte large. He has all. kinds of aides:
he-camp, secretaries and attaches, and
maintains Quite a little court Indeed,
his quarters, his stall and his style of
living are much more pretentious than
'' those of the president Of the United
' Ctates, and his salary 1 1 quite as large.
Everywhere ha goes be Is escorted by a
' bodyguard of splendid looking native sol
Biers In scarlet uniforms, big turbans
Knd long speara They are slkhs from
,v the north of India, the greatest fighters
In the empire, men of large stature, mil
' ' Itary bearing and unswervingly loyalty
to tha Brftiah crown. The slkhs make
the finest looking soldiers you ever saw,
- and when the governor of Bombay drives
" In to his office In the morning or drives
" back again to his loveiy home at night
Dr.W. Norton Davis & Co.
are an association of eminent physicians, experienced surgeons and ex
pert specialists, with abundant capital, established for th purpose of
treating . .
ALL CURABLE MEDICAL AND SURGICAL
DISEASES AND DEFORMITIES
They will 'accept no case for treatment except certain that they can .
effect a cure, nor will they make any charge In case of failure.
Dr. W, Norton Davis, head physician and consulting surgeon, is un
doubtedly th greatest authority on ... '
Diseases of Men
in th United States. He Is th founder of the only system of treatment
which will cure Impotency, varicocele and other forma of weakness,
with any degree of certainty. This is a system, of home treatment
which locally stimulate! the prostate gland. A similar method Is now
employed Dy neariy every svfctiisii
Office Hours: 9 to
DRo-Wo NORTON' DAVIS Si
his carriage Is surrounded by a squad of
those tawny warriors, who ride as well
as tney look. '. , .'
About half way on the road to the
government house Is the Gymkhana, and
I venture to say that nobody who has
not been irt India can guess what tnfit
means.; And if you want another conun
drum, what la a chotahaareel It Is
customary for smart people to have
their chotahasre at the Gymkhana, and
I think that you would be pleased to
Join , them after taking the beautiful
drive which leads to the place. Nobody
knows what the word was derived from.
but It is used to describe a country club
a bungalow hidden under a beautiful
grove on the brow of a cliff that over
bangs the bay with all of the appur
tenances, golf links. $ tennis courts.
cricket grounds, racquet courts and In
door gymnasium, and everybody stops
there on. their afternoon drive to have
cbotohasree, which Is the local term
for ta. : at:' ;:.v
There are peculiar customs here! The
proper time for making visits In Bombay
and all over India Is between 11 a. m.
and. 1:30 p. m., and fashionable ladies
are always at home between those hours
ana seiaom at any otner. it seems un
natural, because ; they are the hottest
time of day. - One would think that com
mon sense as well as comfort would
Induce people to stay at home at noon
and make themselves as cool as possible.
In other tropical countries these , are
the hours of the siesta, the noonday nap,
which Is as common and as necessary
as breakfast or dinner, and none but a
lunatlo would think of calling upon a
friend at 11 In the morning or before
t In the afternoon. It would be as
ridiculous as to return a social visit at
S or 4 o'clock In the morning, and the
same reasons which govern that custom
ought to apply In India as . well as in
EyDt. Cuba or Brazil. But here ladies
put on their best gowns, order their
carriages, take their , card cases and
start out In the burning noontide glare to
return visits and make formal dinner
and party calls.) Strangers are expected
to do the same, and If you have letters
of Introduction you are expected to pre
sent them during those hours, and not
at any otner time. f;-, f -; v.-
-, In the cool of the day, after 0 o'clock,
everybody who owns or can hire a car
riage goes out to drive, and . usually
stops at the Gymkhana in the country or
at the Tacht club in the city for chota
hasrea It Is a good custom to admit
women to clubs as they do- here. The
wives and daughters of members have
every privilege, and can give tea parties
and luncheons in the- clubhouses, while
on certain evenings of the week a band
la brought from the military barracks
and everybody of any account in Eu
ropean society Is expected to be pres
ent Tables are spread over the lawn,
and are engaged In advance by ladles,
who sit behind them, receive visits and
pour tea Just aa they would do In their
own homes. It la a very pleasant cus
tom. n.,: ; i
All visitors who Intend to remain In
Bombay for any length of time are ex
pected to call upon the governor and
his wife, but it Is not necessary for them
to drive out to Malabar Point for such
a purpose. On a table In tha reception
room of the government building down
town are two books tn which you writ
your name and address, and that is con
sidered equivalent to a formal visit
One book Is intended exclusively for
those who have been "presented," and
v ""
5 and 7 to'A Sundays and
OF BQF4BAY.
by signing It they are reminding his
excellency and her excellency of their
continued existence and notifying them
where Invitations to dinners and balls
can reach them. r .r '"S
The other book Is designed for stran
gers and travelers, who Inscribe their
names and professions, where they live
when they are at home,, how long they
expect to be In Bombay, and where they
are stopping. Anybody who desires can
sign this book and the act . Is consid
ered equivalent to a' call upon the gov
ernor. If he -has a letter of Introduc
tion to his excellency he can leave it
with a card. In charge of the clerk who
looks after the visitors' book, and if
he -desires to see the governor person
ally for business or soolal reasons he
can express that desire uaon ajsheet of
note paper, which will be attached 'to
the letter of Introduction and delivered
to the governor some time during the
day. The latter. If he Is so disposed,
will then give the necessary Instructions
and an aide-de-camp will send a "chit
as they call a note over here, inviting
the traveler to call upon his excellency
at his office or at tha government house
at an hour named. There Is a great
deal of formality In official and social
life over here. All the ceremonies and
etiquette are modeled upon those of the
royal palaces In England, and .the gov
ernor of each province, as well as the
viceroy of India In Calcutta, has his
court
A different code of etiquette must be
followed In social relations with . na
tives., because they do not usually open
their houses to strangers. Letters of
introduction should, be en,wlth cards
by messengers or through' the malls.
Then, if the gentleman to . whom they
are addressed desires he will call at
your hotel. Many of the wealthier na
tives, and espeoially the Parsees, are
adopting European customs, but the
more, conservative Hindus still adhere'
to their traditional exclusive habits.
their families are invisible and, never
mentioned, and strangers are never aa
mitted .to their homes. ?
Natives are not admitted to the Eu
ropean clubs. ; There, is no mingling 6f
the races In society, except in a few
Isolated cases of wealthy families who
have ' adopted European customs and
have been educated In Europe. "While
the same prejudice does not exist theor
etlcally, there Is actually a social gulf
aa wide and as deep as that which lies
between white and black families In
Savannah or Mew Orleans. Occasionally
there is a marriage between a European
and a native, but the results have not
encouraged others to Imitate the exam
ple. Such unions are not approved by
publio sentiment in either race, and
are not usually attended with happiness.
Some of the Parsees, who are always ex
cepted, and are treated as a distinct
race and community, mingle with Eu
ropeans to a certain degree, ' but even
In their case the line is sharply drawn.
The hours for meals in India are a
little unusual Coffee "or tea Is served
between 9 and 8 o'clock In the morning
In your room; breakfast in the dining
room between 10 and' 11; tiffin or lunch
between 1:80 and t o'clock, and dinner
at S and 8:80 In the evening.
The native district of Bombay Is not
so dirty nor so densely populated as in
most other Indian cities. The streets
are wider and some of them will admit
of a carriage, although the cross streets
are nearly all too narrow. The. bouses
are from three to five stories. in height
WECUffiJLMiPOllN
The Blood Poison That Causes
Ulcers, Sores, Jiats Flesh and
Bones, Makes the Hair Fall Out
Have Vou Got
! :: Blood-Poison?
It other doctors have not been able to get control of your awful disease, if .other treatments have
not cured you, don't give up; we will cure you. No man need suffer from blood poison, and we shall
devote our life to saving all suffering men from this cursed blood disease. .
Blood poison is a cruel master - It heeds not the cry ,of agony nor the voice, of prayer. It goes on
mercilessly poisoning the blood,. decaying the flesh, causing ulcers, sores and copper colored blotches,
eating the bones and the joints, and causing the hair to fall put It saps the strength and health,
robs the face of beauty, destroys the power of love, unsexes man or woman.
Our success in treating blood disease has been acquired by 25 years' study. We have considered,
the methods employed ) by every (noted specialis t in the world, and many y ears ago we abandoned
the mercury and potash treatment, since , which time Jwe have cured oyer 2,000 cases of contracted
blood poison in the first and second stages, without a single failure. ;. .' " V
WE CURE QUICKLY AND PERMANENTLY
Our patients cured jrears ago by our methods, which are unknown to the general profession, are to
day sound and well, and have healthy children since we cured them, ', ,;; i
DON'T WASTE YOUR TIME AND MONEY
experimenting. We have the only cure. Absolute and positive proofs sent sealed on application book free
Holidays 10 to 12 a. m."l
bult of brick or stone, with overhang
ing balconies and broad eaves. Some
times the entire front and rear are of
lattice work, the side walls being solid.
Few of them are plastered, ceilings are
unknown and partitions, . for the sake
of promoting circulation, seldom go I
more tnaa nan way - to tn top or a
room. There Is no glass used,' and
every window has heavy blinds to pro
tect the Interior from the hot air and
the rays of the sun. While out taete
does not approve the arrangements in
many cases, experience has taught the
people how to live through the hot sum
mers with the greatest degree of com
fort and anyone who attempts to Intro
duce Innovations Is apt to make mis
takes, ;". , ' .- v;i .'I. V:i;"V!ir
The fronts of many of the houses
are handsomely carved and decorated.
the columns and pillars and brackets
which support the balconies, the rail
ings, tne aoor names, tne eaves and
architraves, : are often beautiful ex
amples of tha carvers' skill, and the ex
terior walls are usually painted in gay
colors and ; fanciful ; designs. '. Within
doors the houses look very bar to us,
and contain few comforts.
The lower floor of the house is always
used for a shop, and different lines of
business are classified and gathered in
the same neighborhood. The food mar
ket the grocery and provision dealers.
the dealers In cotton goods and other
fabrics, the silk merchants, the shoe and
leather men, the workers in copper and
brass, the goldsmiths, jewelers . and
dealers in precious stones each , have
tneir street or quarter, , which Is a
great convenience to purchasers, and
scattered among them are .frequent cook
shops and eating places, which do not
resemble our restaurants' in any way,
but - have a large ; patronage. A con
siderable portion of the population of
Bombay, and the same Is true of all
other Indian cities, depends upon these
cook shops for food as a measure of
economy and, convenience.- People can
send cut for dinner, lunch or breakfast
at any hour, and have it served by their
own servants without being troubled to
keep up a kitchen or buy fuel.
There are said to be 6,000 dealers in
jewelry and precious stones In the city
of Bombay, and they all seem to be
doing a flourishing business, chiefly with
tha natives, who ara very fond of dis
play and Invest their money in precious
stones and personal adornments of gold
and silver, which ara safer and give
mora satisfaction than banks.
You can see specimens of every race
and nation in the native city, nearly al
ways In their own distinctive costumes,
and they are tha source of never-ending
interest Arabs, Persians, Afghans,
Rajpoots. Parsees. Chinese,' Japanese,
Malays, Lascars, negroes from Zanclbar.
Nubians, Slkhs, Thibetans, Abysslnlans,
Slngalese, Siamese and Bengalis mingle
with Jews, Greeks and Europeans on
common terms, and, unlike the popula
tion of most eastern cities, the people
of Bombay always seem to ba busy.
A Ziong Can.
From the New York Sun.
Old Winter's been calling
On pretty Miss Earth; ,
Of all other suitors r - "
She's had quite a dearth.
At first they talked gayly.
Entirely at ease.
Of skating and sleighing
And topic Ilka thesa ;
But lately his allies
No answers have drawn, . ,
She looks at the hour hand
And smothers a yawn;
While Father Time grimly
Remarks at the sight;
It's high time that fellow
, . Was saying good night!"
ESTABLISHED 1889
I GERMAN FARMER AS SEEN BY
Columbia, ' Mo., Correspondent Chicago I
-. -. : - Record-Herald. ..
: With a view to drawing comparisons
between American and foreign methods
of agriculture. Dr. F. B. Muraford.-acting
dean of the Missouri Agricultural
college, recently visited several Euro
pean countries. He traveled by slow
stages through Germany. Holland. Bwlt
serlaad and Great Britain, devoting to
each country several weeks of study and
observation. ' '
Dr. Mumford will give the Chicago
Record-Herald an account of his obser
vations and his conclusions as to the
relative merits of American and foreign
methods of husbandry, devoting a sep
arate discussion to each-of " the four
countries. '' , .
Dr.4 Mumford first visited Germany.
Of his observations there he said: ;
"The farmers of Germany are unques
tionably among the most successful cul
tivators of the soil. Whether we con
sider their Intelligent efforts directed
toward the selection of varieties adopted
to varying soils and peculiar climatic
conditions of a particular locality, or
whether we measure their skill by the
scientific accuracy with which they save
and ludlclally apply barnyard manure,
we must accord them high rank as farm
ers. In saying this I wish It under
stood that, I refer only to the produc
tion of farm and garden crops, and not
to the breeding and feeding of livestock.
71a Soil ColtlTatloa.
"On of tha first facta that impressed
me was that conditions everywhere in
Germanv rave evidence Of soli cultiva
tion of centuries, and for much of that
time the soil has undoubtedly been imperfectly-
cultivated and its resource
exhausted. ) But In recent times the
German farmer has learned what we in
America have not yet learned with any
degree of deflnlteness, which is that
there are soils and districts especially
adapted for the production of special
crops, and that these crops ana sous
require special and peculiar treatment in
order that their fertility may ne con
served. "Thus I found on. the sandy, lands In
northern Germany potatoes and sugar
beets largely grown. In the soils fur
ther south. In Saxony. I found more
diversified agriculture, wheat, rye, clover
and potatoes being tne cnier proancts,
There I found, as In other foreign coun
tries, that on many of the smaller hold
ings much of the latter Is still performed
by hand, and even on the larger estates
they have not yet come to a point
where they fully appreciate the value
of the manv labor saving contrivances
used bv the farmers of America For
Tmnie. n jiome of the larger and most
noted estates I did not find a single
hay rigging for unloading hay into the
"Th' Oerman farmer as a soli cultl
vator Is a succesi : As a feeder and
breeder of livestock he la pretty much
of a failure, A careful study of th
.tti Hiaurhtered at. some of the
largest slaughter houses revealed the
fact that most of th prim beef con
sumed in this region came from oxen
that had served an apprenticeship at
the plow and half fat cattle of the beef.
milk and work type.
raw Fat'Catta.
"I saw nowhere fat cattle that could
win a single prise at a county
fair in America. With two notable ex
ceptions the farm livestock of Germany
J la decidedly common. , These exception
1 Offices In Van Noy Hotel, Northwest Cor. 3d and Pine Sts., Portland, Q
are swine, and the mutton wool type of I
merino sheep. . : -: ...
"The swine, particularly those bred
by the larger farmers, are of unques
tionable merit They combine the early
maturing and rapid fattening qualities
of some of our best American breeds
with the characters which are - most
desirable In the bacon hog, aa nearly as
such a combination is possible, to a
greater extent than any other breed that
have observed. .. The large Yorkshire
variety has been quite extensively im
ported from England and Is very popu
lar, The American Poland China has
been tried to a limited extent but has
not found much favor. ,
"As to sheep, the mutton wool type
of merino is most popular in Germany,
and after a personal examination of sev
eral breeding flocks, numbering from 100
to 400, I was convinced that the sheep
breeders have succeeded In developing
a most useful type for the reneral
farmer. , ;-,iv.'. v-i -r-.-w.. :
Dual Purpose Cow. .;?";
"The dual purpose cow in Germany
becomes a triple purpose animal, so
constituted aa to produce milk, beef or
labor, as demanded by the special re
quirements of an Individual owner. On
many of the smaller estates the-only
draft animals employed are milking
cows. In our place I saw .a cow. evi
dently in full milk, drawing food for
her ,own nutrition, and later drawing
her own milk, to market The cow be
comes a very useful animal to the
smaller peasant She not only furnishes
food to the family, but Is compelled to
help produce the food she herself eats,
and then trarsport her own product to
market -.: :"V-
"On the larger estates in Germany
the managers have solved tha problem
of utilizing waste products more suc
cessfully than we have In America.
The condition of the average Ger
man farmer In Germany is unenviable,
and exactly contrary to the condition of
the average German farmer In America.
In Germany the farmer's hours are long,
his work hard and -his reward small
The absence of labor-saving machinery
makes his work doubly hard, and it 18
not to be wondered at that w find at
COX.TJVCBXA COtJHTT.
It Should Make a Oood Showing at th
Lewis and Clark Fair.
From th St Helens Mist
Columbia Is the least known of any
county tn tha state of Oregon n propor
tion to' Its diversified advantages. It
has - everything ' necessary to make
homes for thousands of prosperous peo
ple, and yet It lags painfully behind the
procession, and development Is confined
to a narrow strip 'along tha Columbia
river, and Is not very marked even
thera The Nehalem country has about
the same number of inhabitants it had
80 years ago, and the roads are, aa then,
practically impassable for the greater
portion of tha year. The remedy for
this is development and development
can be secured only by making known
th great natural resources of tha soli.
Permanent settlers are the true wealth
of a country, and not those who com
merely for th purpose of denuding
the land of Its timber,' though they fill
their place by clearing the way for th
agriculturalist and making settlement
possible. No sensible man will sacrl
flee the valuable timber by burning It
to seed th land to clover, and yet the
Catarrh of the Bowels
causes bloating after meals and large quantities of gas which
cannot be expelled ; causes diarrhoea, alternating with con
stipation. LOST VITALITY AND WASTING WEAKNESS
If you have a weakness 5 which is robbing you of health,
strength, happiness, pleasure, consult the physicians who have
ha'd such a long and successful experience. They can restore
youf lost health and vitality and stop those fearful drains'
They will make a perfect man of you. The restoration will
not only be perfect and speedy, but permanent as well.
WEAK YOUNG MEN
are restored to robust4 manhood by our system of treatment
after every other means has failed. Any unnatural drain is
stopped at once, i . '
MIDDLE AGED MEN
going through life dead to the world, so far as taking an active
part in its manly enjoyments, can have all their functions
permanently restored. , , ; "".:
r YOU CAN PAY WHEN CURED '
If you wish you can deposit, the price of a cure in any bank
in Portland, said amount to be handed over to us when you
are cused. Or you may pay us by weekly or monthly install-,
ments" if you prefer. : . J .
A personal interview is desirable, but if you cannot call,
write us, giving your symptoms in full., ' , fv ;
Our home'treatment is successful even in complicated cases.
Strictest confidence observed. Plain envelopes used in all
c6rrespondence. ''
THE REASON
why "weak men are frequently not cured is because the
trouble is complicated with "disease of tJie prostate gland" or
with "urethral obstruction." Our method of treatment cures
where all others fail.
We Use a Crayon
pu?.' oTfhe'l
out pain. It heals the inflammation and removes the congestion and
swelling. The remedy reaches the weakened "Seminal Ducts fcea s
them and stops unnatural dralna In most cases Internal medicine is
. required also. The "Crayon" Is only used In complicated Th
patient places th crayon without any trouble at night by means of -
The Applicator.
which" is made of hard rubner and
nu..l",r".n;r-;
Disease" and any "Unnatural iJiscoarge, as weu
Painful Urination in Men." . ! , ,
We guarantee a cure in every case we undertake. Parties
visitine us, if they desire'; may make arrangements to
PAY AFTER THE CURE HAS fcEEN EFFECTED..
CONSULTATION FR.EE Call,' if possible, if not,
write, giving your symptoms in full. All correspondence is
sacredly ( Confidential. Send for question blank.; . ; : ;H ;
AN AMERICAN.
least twa yery'dlstinct classes of peo
ple In the German empire. A careful
study of the conditions existing has led
me to believe that th average German
peasant and his family have little am
bition or desire to rise to higher thing.
In Germany, one a farm laborer always
a farm laborer is th rule. . .
Bduoattoa fox th Xloh.
"A: popular professor in th Univer
sity of Lelpslc, lecturing to student,
said: The university and educational
Institutions of Germany ara for the rich ;
poor do not and cannot attend them. .
There is no hope for the poorer classes
under th present conditions to rise, to
better and higher things. v '
From my observations In Germany
I - heartily agree with this professor. .
Much has been said about the wonderful
advancement of Germany, which is un
doubtedly true of the higher classes, but
I will . state emphatically, without re-
gard to probable contradiction, that the
majority of the inhabitants of tha Ger
man empire are, and must always be. If
present conditions prevs 11, merely hope
less laborers.- - .
"I gave special attention to th sub
ject of education in Germany, as ap
plied to scientific and practical hus
bandry, v' The agricultural schools are
evidently not overrun ' with students.
There are, however, several "conditions "
which make some of the higher institu
tions fairly well attended. On many of.
the larger estates owned by the nobility
the lands are,- in some special sense,
under the general control of the central
government and Individual owners are
.required by law to employ trained man
agers that have passed government ex
amination. ; ,
' 'These managers, or Inspectors, get
their training exclusively in the agri
cultural universities, and as there is al
ways a demand for these men, there Is
always a fair number of student at
thene colleges.
The agricultural training In the German-
university is largely theoretical and
based principally upon the science of
chemistry. I found little effort being,
made in these institutions to harmonize
the results of science with those of
actual practice, as . Is the case In
America."
timber must disappear before we can
have .populous communities, good roads
and good schools in every section of
the country. Yet ther is plerity of
good land here ready for the farmer,
and the best means to draw attention
to this is by an agricultural exhibit at
th Oregon state fair. Of lata years
the fair, has been a great success, and
has been attended by many thousands
of home seekers from all parts of the
eountry. Other counties in the state
realise. these facts and are the gainers
thereby. Let Columbia county, by ts
county court appropriate 8100 for the
purpose of putting an exhibit of grains,
grasses, f rulta and vegetables at the
state fair this year, then appoint a live
man like Holladay of Scappoose to go
up and have charge of the exhibit and
tha return in settlers of the most desir
able class will be great out of propor
tion to the small sum invested.
. Cruel Thrust.
From "the Chicago Newav ( v
Tragedian Some people are so care
less. Now, you never &ear of me catch
ing cold by leaving th car window up.
Soubrette (with cold) I guess not
Box cars don't have windows.
la similar to a syrlng a Thus, without
-Private
and