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About Lincoln County leader. (Toledo, Lincoln County, Or.) 1893-1987 | View Entire Issue (April 3, 1914)
VOLCANOES IN ACTION FARM M ORCHARD WONDERFUL PERFORMANCE OF WIND WAGON TERRIFIC DAMAGE DONE WHEN Notts and Instructions from Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations ei Oregon and Washington, Specially Suitable to Pacific Coast Conditions MOUNTAINS BLOW UP. - Growers Hold Discussion On Orchard Subjects Washington StateCollege, Pullman. A rousing horticultural meeting closed the "fanners' week" program here. Orchard fertilizers, cover crops and insect pests each came in for dis cussion. "Before applying a fertilizer ascer tain by noting the action of the plant growth if a fertilizer is needed," said Professor R. J. Barnett "Other con ditions being right a poor growth of wood and foliage denotes that nitro gen is lacking in the soil. Poorly de veloped and misshapen fruit often in dicates lack of phosphorus, while a poor skin color most often means that the soil is deficient in potassium. If it is necessary to supply nitrogen use cover crops or barnyard manure. Oth er elements also are added by the, ma nure, but not to so great an extent by the cover crops. Use commercial fer tilizers only when manure and cover crops are impracticable because of pe culiar conditions or entirely out of the question from other causes.'.' The growth of cover crops in orch ards was advocated by W. S. Thorn ber, of Lewiston, who pointed out that the kind of a crop to be used varies according to local conditions. Some orchards need a nitrogen producing crop, while others need a cover crop that will conserve the nitrogen al ready in the soil. "Keep your orchards free from Ut ter and reduce the loss from insect pests and infection," said Professor W. 0. Ellis, in dealing with the sub ject, "Insect Hybridization in Or chard Litters." Orchard litters, ac cording to Professor Ellis, are one of the greatest sources of inBect infec tion and the money spent in keeping the orchard free from litter will pay big dividends in increased profits." In his talk on "Farm Sanitation" Professor 0. L. Waller, vice president of the college and professor of mathe matics and civil engineering, advanced the idea that the Bewage from the cities and towns can be used to good advantage for irrigation purposes on the farm. This sewage, could be made sanitary by the use of septic tanks. The speaker cited examples of the success of this plan, Including Paris and Berlin.' "No farm where the use of aseptic tank is possible should be without one," said Professor Waller, who ex plained the purpose and construction of the tanks. The contention that an automobile may be put to good use for power pur pses on the farm was objected to by Professor I. D. Charlton, professor of farm mechanics, who based his objec tion on the assertion that investment is too great for the character of work performed and that oftentimes the power would be greater than is act ually needed to. perform the work. The added wear and tear on the high power automobile engine over that of the farm enine of less horsepower was another objection made by Professor Charlton. The use of gasoline for farm power was discussed by Profes sor Charlton, who explained the con struction of the engines and mentioned many good uses to which they may be put. Many Problem Confront The Market Gardener Oregon Agricultural College, Cor vallis "Many inexperienced garden ers who expect to take np the business of truck gardening - for the first time do not begin to realise the many diffi cult problems that confront them," said Professor A. G. Boquet, who is In charge of vegetable gardening at the Oregon Argicultural college. "The average goods, and the average meth ods of selling are not enough to con stitute success. There baa got to be something superior. "I am convinced that1 many who have -sitmlfled their Intention to am. bark In the business for the first time next spring, have lands that have not yet demonstrated their ability to grow commercial crops. While In a amA many instances their soil may be quite suiuDie lor growing the crops se lected, In many others the reverse Is likely to Drove true. Annarentlv tha future gardeners do not always appre ciate tha Importance of proper soil adaptability to the crop In hand. It Is sure! v as necessary for trackara in distribute tbelr crops over the right kind of soils as It Is for the fruitgrow ers, who have taken so much pains to narmonize weir trees with their tolls "The selection of the right crop Is another matter that requires very careful consideration. Not only should they be adapted to the soils where they are grown, but alioto the demands of the market they are des ignated to fill. Only when we encour age the srrowinir of the rlffht rron an the right land in the right way, are we doing any good for the vegetable 'It is also reasonable to suppose that many beginners who do not under stand the proper methods of handling their soils, crops, fertilizer and other problems of production will not be able to make a success of it 'The result will be a discontented frame of mind and a tendency severely to criticize climatic conditions and soil. It is suggested as a simple precaution that these , important details be mastered in a small way before they are applied on a large, commercial scale. We all desire to see this phase of the horticultural interests grow and to nave the growers satisfactorily get their rightful share of the profits of the business.' " Successful market gardening Is not possible without giving careful atten tion to these problems, which are only a part of the ' large number to be solved, and the inexperienced had bet ter make small beginnings." . . Feeding Young Pigs. Pigs' begin to nibble, at- their mother's feed when about four weeks old, and ' Bhould then be fed all they will eat oi teed that encourages growth and develops the digestive sys tem without Impairing digestion. If they are weaned when seven weeks old this allows but three weeks in which to accustom their nutritive or gans to the change from natural to artificial nourishment. The principle involved in making this chancre of feed is explained by Professor G. R. Samson, swine specialist of the Ore gon Agricultural college Animal Hus bandry department, as follows : "The proportion of water in the little pig's body Is greatest at birth. This water is gradually replaced by any matter as the pig grows older and any undue hastening of the tranposing process, interfere with the pig's entire organism. 'The rate of substituting dry mat ter for water may be retarded by di luting the solid part of the feed with water which- is incorporated into the Pig- 'The digestive tract of the small pig Is larger in proportion to his body than that of the older pig. While the more common mistake is underfeeding at this time, it is also possible to over feed. At this time the nisr mav eat and digest more food than he can take care of In his body and in such cases much of the value of the feed is wasted. Another ill which may result from overfeeding is the impairment of digestion - efficiency so that the gains in later lire are secured at greater cost than would otherwise be neces sary. "When the little piss begin to nib ble at the feed .they should be provid ed with a trough inside a creep where they may have feed especially suited to them. To start with there is noth ing better than skim milk into which about one-tenth by weight of mid dlings or oatmeal is stirred. If oats are used the coarser hulls should be sifted out The proportion of the middlings or ground oats may be in creased until at weaning time the pigs are getting aDout one part or solid feed to two parts of skim milk. "When the little pigs are first being started on artificial feed, care must be taken that no feed be left in their trough to become sour, for scours al most surely will result If they eat this left-over feed. Therefore give them but little and remove what is left and give it to their dams. Then thor oughly clean their trough and if possi ble scaia it and set it up to dry. At any rate make sure the trough Is left clean and Is clean when feed Is put into It again. A good start makes success possible; a bad one makes suc cess very uncertain. The advantages of the creep are that cleanliness is more easily secured and a smaller amount of higher priced feed Is neces sary as the sow does not require such expensive feed. "If It Is considered too much trouble to provide a creep for the little ones, they may be allowed to continue eat ing with their dam, and her ration may be made suitable to the pigs. mux production is stimulated by slop py feed and the sow requires concen trated feed which Is easily digestible. for this method or feeding Dietritch suggests one-fourth to one-fifth pound digestible protein and to J digestible carbohydrates per one hundred sounds live weight or the sow and litter. The same amount of nutrients Is all right per 100 pounds live weight of the sow if she is fed separately from the nlars. But it may contain more coarse feed In the latter case. "In terms of the feeds used on our farms the ration may bo made up as follows: For a 250 pound sow with seven pigs weighing seven pounds each 800 pound live weight in all this ration requires six pounds middlings and three pounds skim milk; or six pounds barley and 8 pounds skim milk: or six pounds barley and four pounds tankage; or six pounds middlings and Long List of Disasters Due to Erup tionsThat of Krakatoa In 1883 About the Worst of Which ; There" Is Record. The eruption of Sakura recalls that of Mount Pelee, which destroyed St Pierre, Martinique, the most beautiful city In the West Indies, with appalling suddenness. Like Sakura, the vol canlo peak of Pelee had been quies cent for a long period, and was be lieved to be practically extinct . It smoked sr little for a few days before It blew up, but it bad previously sent up similar thin, vaporous clouds at Intervals of ten or twenty years o nobody paid attention to its seemingly harmless activity. . Without warning a pillar of rock shot up from the crater of Mount Pelee to a height of nearly 100 feet, and a rent opened half-way up the mountain's slope, from which blew a not blast, stupefying and Incin erating every organic thing In the path of Its withering breath. In less time than it takes to tell, St Pierre,' with nearly its entire population, was wiped ottt and burled In the rain of ashes which followed the explosion. In -its tremendous force, however, the eruption of Sakura more nearly resembles that of Krakatoa In 1883. This Is believed to have, been the greatest cataclysmic disturbance suf fered by the earth in historic times, and possibly within the more recent of the geologio eras. Krakatoa waa a volcanic peak rising 2,000 feet above sea level, in Sunda strait After warn lng manifestations, which continued several days, the outburst came on August 27. The entire northern half of the volcano was blown away, and the soundings subsequently made showed a depth of 1,000 feet of water where the mountain had stood. An eye-witness of some of the prenomena observed from the shore of Java pro cessions of native boats, held by a current many times more Irresistible than that of Niagara and sucked Into the vortex caused by the great hole torn In the floor of the ocean. It li estimated that the column of stones and ashes thrown up by Krakatoa'i explosion shot up to a height of 17 miles. Nearby islands were covered with volcanic debris to the height ot the tree tops of their forests. The dubt particles left floating In the uppei strata of the atmosphere encompassed the earth as with a belt 75 degreei wide, producing a deep red glow In the sky after sunset for months after the upheaval On the day of the eruption and for several days thereafter lampt had to be lighted at Batavla at noon The waves started by the explosion reached almost around the earth. They were distinctly observed at Cap Horn, and were perceptible even lo the English channel. The most re markable fact, however, was the die tance to which the nolBe of the explo sion traveled. It was audible In thi Philippines, 1,400 miles; at Ceylon, 2.000 miles, and In South Auetralls 2,200 mllBS away. ' Old-Fashioned House. . ' - Minor furnishings for the house ol eighteenth century type are not easlh picked up, but of late some ot the old fashioned domestlo plenishings bavi been reproduced at prices which eves the very thrifty mav seriously eon aid er. The revived fashions Include bel lows In brass or carved wood, Frank Una stoves, which furnish the cheer InjC effect of the onen flreDlaca mlnui its dangers if left alone-and do and Irons In brass or Iron. Delightful ly quaint too, are the fireside stooli having four short ' posts joined, bj cords of firm wool hemp and band woven to form a foundation for a cuah Ion in gay-hued chintz, taffeta or vet vet Also the round, braided mats ol alluring coloring. Luxury' of Sugar. Sugar was considered an article ot luxury In Europe until tea and coffei became usual articles of diet Sugai waa then used to sweeten these bev erages and so gradually came to havi a prominent cart In tha dally diet Un fore the days of sugar much mor meat was eaten and the drinking ol alcohollo beverages was much mow common.' The fair maiden who eonld not with Impunity, drink a pint of all xor nreakrast was unusual. Perhaps In spite of the fact that most of ui eat too much of It sugar la a blessing Even oversweetened coffee and cereal covered with sugar sound more bene flclal than a pint of ale and half s pound of beef for breakfast Good Paste. A paste that will keep a long tlmt IS made or dissolving ona nnnra At alum In a quart of warm water. When com, add flour enough to make it thi consistency of cream, than atlp lnn II a teaapoonful ot powdered rosin. Boll to me proper consistency, stirring all the time. It will keep for man) months, and when dry may be soft va4 with water. Wind Wagon Equipped With . Runners Surprises come often when the wind wagon performs. It has now been equipped with runners and has been driven at high speed over the snow covered roads and the ice of the river and creeks around Indianapolis. The wind wagon Is driven entirely by the wind resistance created by the revolv ing propeller in the rear. The differ ential Is not connected with the drive shaft In fact, there is no drive shaft MAKE-UP OF MONORAIL SLED In Coasting the Rider Lies at Full Length on the Top Board, With Hands on Steering Bar. . A monorail sled, having ' a simple tandem arrangement of the runners, Is very easily constructed as follows: The runners are cut from one-inch plank of the size and shape given In An Exhilarating Glide Accompanied by a Buoyant 8ense of Freedom Only Obtained In the Monorail Type. the sketch, and are shod with strap Iron, one Inch wide and one-quarter-inch thick. Round Iron or half-round Iron should not be used, as these are liable to skid. The square, sharp edges of the strap iron prevent this and grip the surface just as a skate. The top Is a board six feet long and 11 Inches thick, securely fastened to the runners as follows: Blocks are nailed, or bolted, on either side of the upper edge of the rear runner and the top Is fastened to them with screws. The runner Is also braced with strap Iron, as shown. The same method ap plies to the front runner, except that only one pair of blocks are used at the center and a thin piece of wood fast ened to their tops to serve as the fifth wheel, writes Harry H4rdy of Whitby, Ont, in the Popular Mechanics. The hole for the steering post should be six Inches from the front end and a little larger In diameter than the steering post The latter should be rounded where It passes through the hole, but square on the upper end to receive the steering bar, which must be tightly fitted In place.. In coasting, the rider lies full length on the board with his hands on the steering bar. This makes the center of gravity so low that there Is no ne cessity for lateral steadying runnera. and aalde from the exhilarating glide of the oridnary sled, the rider experi ences a buoyant sense of freedom and a sest peculiar to the monorail type. Then, too, the steering Is effected much more easily. Instead of -drag- 1. 1 -"-i The Construction Is Much More Simple Than Making a Double-Runner Bob sled. . glng the feet a slight turn ot the front runner with a corresponding mor ment of the body Is sufficient to change the direction or to restore the balance. This latter Is, ot course, maintained quite mechanically, as everyone who rides a bicycle well knows. - 1 Housekeeper's Instinct Teacher of Hygiene Why must we always be careful to keep our homes clean and neatT . Little Girl Because company may walk in at any moment Judge. Furnishes Much Good Winter Sport ' as a chain combination connects the motor and the eight-foot wooden aero plane propeller In the rear. There Is only a six-inch clearance between the wooden propeller and the ice and for this reftinn. anil olart htwinan to fright. ens horses, It cannot be used much on the roads. One can have great win ter sport "skating" with the wind wagon on the river when the ice la thick enough. CONSTRUCTION OF ICE BOAT For Use on Lakes and Wide Rivers Craft Has No Equal Three . Boys Can Build One. The Ice boat shown in this sketch) runs directly before the wind, with a square sail as shown in the picture. A three-cornered sail may be used, but it Is harder to manage. . Tha frame work of the craft consists of two two-inch planks, which are laid across each other as In Fig. 2. Fig. 3 shows the under part of the top planlc at the rear end. Note how the pianks are Jointed and bracked with wire. The steering Is done with the rear single runner. The lower part of Fig. 3 shows how it Is made. A bolt In the center of "A" fits In a hole In the cen ter of "C," not so tightly as to Inter fere with the free motion of the- steer ing runner. The bottom of the run ners should be shod with flat Iron. Half round or round Iron will not do. The mast Is three Inches In diameter by six feet long. The sail Is six feet by four feet The mast Is braced by running two stout wires from the top to the cross plank. The sail is con trolled by a wooden handle bar. For use on lakes and wide rivers this boat has no equal, writes Moses La Bom- Ice Boat bard of New York In 'an exchange. Three boys should be able to con struct It In a short time. . True for One. Such was Willie's misconduct that the school authorities In despair, re ported It to the boy's father, hoping be would see that the crime waa vis ited on the mlscreant'a head or else where In a more effective manner than they could. Next day tender Inquiry was mad for Willie's health, but the boy's an swer proved disappointing. "What!" exclaimed the teacher. "D'you mean to say your father didn't whip your "No, ma'am," said Willie. "He told me a licking would hurt him mors than me." "Stuff and nonsense! Your father's too absuredly sympathetic!" "Not he, ma'am," he remarked; but Just now he's got rheumatics In both his arms!" London Answers. Important Islands. "What are the most Important Is lands on the globe r asked the geor raphy teacher. And without hesitation the boy from New York answered. "Ellis, Manhat tan and Coney." Washington Star. Modem Childhood. ' "Now shall I ton you about the babes who got lost In the woodsr "Oh, you can't get lost In the woods, uncle. Woodcraft Is the first thing ci : 7 A maui try. .10 pound tankage." -"a sxsf a sjJJ iiuu' e ft BP Ml C1U BUeT, -