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About Lincoln County leader. (Toledo, Lincoln County, Or.) 1893-1987 | View Entire Issue (Feb. 6, 1914)
" y - ' 1 , ' ' ' J V t DISHES.pfl;jSUNDAYSUPPER AND iofnethlna New .That theThiry and VVW--NU.- Will B0 OUI'II'. All ,. LJ ' " ! I J J 'r 1; ' ' '' '" .-I i I ORCHARD 'Note and Instruction, from Agricultural Coll&et mnd Experiment Station Oftffon ond Washington. Specially Suitable to Pacific .Coast 'Condition 1 t: J. r r-: V; f? i 8 I?. j:4. Special to the American Type Found- ::; f.'w' '' ::A8P9iiltlo' I fj:; Oregon AvVUurati College,' Cor f vWi'-. Oi'-j&etffSJfM modern . :;..4.dairy --.paro has- "bountlfiul light,, fresh "air 'and prttvisibns'.ior fcanftation and , . the comfort of the cow,"'sald Profes- " -eor R.- R.- Graves, .head ot: th.e: dairy department, -.QregpnAgrlcultpral Col '.lege, , !;The:day,.,o(. the. o)d. fashioned , barn, is past.; Y.It .bad', Jlttle" light, no ' yeptilistlbn, except' tKrdugti-"cracks In "" ' the' alls, d-tbe'istanchloBa were y'V t rigid bo that when.the cowp 4ald down ; .they had to, keeprtheli heads pointed straight fp itronf, . oj .them. Or' Jf they .... were tied. to the manger with: ropes ""they were) forced to'babkiittttf the fil . thlest -part Jflf the! 'stall -to:- lie; down, i :and flanks ttnd- udders .were plastered I '.a with filth. Tha pld woodeh mangers ....werp traps """where 'decayed feed and dirt4 'were caught,'-' 'later'' becoming ' ' '' breeding grounds fot bacteritu j In the - same bam "wore? stalls tor; the? calves (y-fBA . horses, v j " ' ' 'Ih the modern' dairy barn 'human -;.V;-4;fQod,.is .produced, with,. .maximum of ""-4 ' cleanliness "And-' the ie made more productive (and therefore more) profit able. The' Construction and-axrange-JJ foments r such aa closely.- td approxl . matflrcondltlpns ot;' j;litf jppen pasture, .OT;-with.4t -.abundance., of .sunshine and fresh air. . This barn helps-.-to solve the. labor problem, which Is always a !: worry to. a man who. .has a large herd of dairy cows to be milked (ind ted twice Sally. VivY up J: J. "One and , twp story, barn are the types most widely "uScd1. A tew round barns are, In .ue but.th.e most; general type is a rectangular structure 84 to 86 feet Wide, ,wltlhvr.lengi jadapted to the number of cows. 't-, j "Thet'one' storyiba'lTih is perhaps the , most desirable type .from the stand point of sanitation.' 'It is usually built in connection. i( with,, a..-feed;-barn and seldom accommodates more tljan sixty i: bows. j jit Is -used, .however, jln large dairies -where - several - hundred cows are kept, several , such bares being bultt in' a 'row-with sufflcieht space be less' danger thai 'the cow will slip in stepping across. : :The gutter should have sufficient -Incline' tot drain read ily. ? . t . Jboiled,.hajr4,ad .chopped, one table- f night -try -PorTi change ori' Sunda tlils.; salad: Marinate,.-with j your f'sp. ters of a pint of any cold meat o flBftj (nisver tmix-Mat 'and fish) twol U1J ' i ' . .1 U .aitwuuiuiB..-o': capar, one egg such a building system feed 18 brou T ,-1- In bcoughi- from one arge.bftrn in truc.kf rupnlng on over aeaa; tfacksi ys-fitter cases , , one eri'd . of each"' Barta ' is built two 1 1 li tflrtesjhigh and serves' for j the s(,or tge" of feed. Where there are , not ImotW than, two ;o(ie story binis t"hey are usually built to connect; with one lagfeedbarn which overlaps the ends of the cow barns just enough to permit 'the feed trucks to pass." "Often a farmer! Wiities to remodel his .old barn, along modern; lines 'and it is generally1 - ntore economical: to upe; the ,old building for feed storage and build a new single story one for me catue.. . ,. . .( . - - "The- one' story 'barn is Jail above ground. - The-walls may bet of rstone,' concrete- or, wood, -.. .Frequently i the building is1 of ijoherete up tip OWfW.in dowills..tbai.remaInder. bains frame. ,",'."""', . Some .'times p,sbestos sTiingjes or lath i fu.f- are' used tot root aha 'wallsi JFhe root v? ,,; T. ls .of. slngja pitc,.andi s supported , W ... ... ; . ..a .scissors, truss, This avoids the "rie- '". '.'('.'s' ces'slty. frif supporting' posts and-adds. - -"TOaterrany w tne appearaace or the llfaiv,-JntoTlor.!V'BheethiBr. metal laths are btti 3'iK.rt'laid .oft the loe cbordB .ot tie. (triigs M , m. 1 "HJ v. linn. " ' ' '' "I .... ... ... i rm rm--storT "DBTBfis teiais 5Ur. -vt tmcjr eaMly .xentllated!ilBinr.th: Iwof itery lyje jata.lt isiiess likely to ha j filled witty dufit.thjan one ir which hhV IS 'stored'' abtrvfer-' There 1j bIbo leis" 'dan2e'r6rllre:"ahd laettw. he.intertdr 3d: km aomwl)at.: better lappenranee-J this fs desirable, . , r i 6: ? "The two storyartf Til ords suits ".ifrr.'Ti-rMta--tJtwcme. 6n the first .,.tlpc)r.Jirid feed " storage space above. .'. r.vAtht'eflng6oufdTbe tight to.prevBfit U ust rom filteripgj .through. Hence ithe .yjenMlatlon must'be efflclentr3e"- cause - tnera-are posts that support '? ' the' Second .floor, "tUB'icowiLjnust be j t , faced inward., ( Some, economy is-gtrtW "The manger. tenths. continuous tfte, made ofVpement ' wM', r'dund corners. The frnt- slopes' euti, an angle of 45 degrees; a&d4he'.1ioitoso? Is two lhchcs hlgher:jthaBr the llpo of the stalls. It' should;- e;J' two-'. tet wide and ' six lnchesfvdeeVpV'.Tlie Jmanger may be used for ...watSrins f he cows. Sheet Iron partition's ire sometimes put if to keep the i $xjrS from stealing eacM 1 '"S.tal)a are thpee feet six inches wide ant'froigt four feet six nch,BS to five feteit fleepV. Tfie platform on wblch the cdir -SteaJds-jShould be adapted to her length.' ' Tha inost satlsfactorJr fastening, is Madras, form of stanchiomj'J It is usually "piade pt iron pipe hung chain:' .tffr'thsitbpj and bottom. It Is moBt'ideBtra'blei tjo have them sup ported; by ytffcia4 york of iroapipinj;. because' .-tnV j4)fe,tljrial is sanitary, sightly;. and patches but little dust. r,. . "OnjB.jaif the.'nos necessary, provia1 ions of the new barn is that of Ilghi1 The dark; bari : is ; generally ,a filthy barn.f:-ThI.s' feature is deemed of ' e6 mucUl importanc Dy the DairyiiDLvJs ion of . the. U. -jjepartment of Agri culture jthat.lour ;polrits out of eigh teen tfor , scoring ,i perfect barn are awarded f of . light1; . There hQuld be four Bgu;are;, feet Jot glass :,j f of each stanchion.-;; The ; window's should 'be flush- with ''the.:lnflide wall and- hieh enougb ..ftbove the Jtloor that thW; glass;; win noj.pe prp.ken by the cattle. "It iBlao'; necessary to provide plen ty of;frtsh air.v;The most 'satisfactory Bysteim Js theV out-take flue for carry ing off impure aIrv.. Xhe latest experi ments seem..tJ justify We; opinion that impure air1 rises and the oat-take flues are generally made, to start from, some place near 'the; elMng;i:;.i,These!' ou. takej'.'nuefl.,ba,Y9;6pMUtgs.';bUtslde",the. barn;: The air! ia taken-in. near;ltha celling,, by having the outside opening lower, than the inside. ppenings;;These openings are about 6x16 inches in size and should be on all sides of the barn. The system works well only when the "Barn' IS "clCger! -and-ttghtty constructed 7"yen.tltatIo py- means, ot wipdows made to" swing on hinges ives Terr good BAusfa'ctlon, but requires more attention, ..; tt.- .36 ,!'::; V'Jt ,1s, not considered' 'desirable tp. Hvp 'pehs' f or Calves i: or ' stalls ' for horses th-the f'daIty;..'baTn.i' Neither shoiiia the milk, house be constructed within Vthe' barn,? - The jullk house' should ,'be ,'p,utslde,'and have an' lnde pendent entrance.'? If there is an en trahfce 'tdf -thft' rrilllc' Voiira: frftm1 vfhn dairy Sam it should be a. passage way with, a door; at :each end both of witch should; never, be opeped.at tbe same time. , VThls is the modern dalrv barn With ah abundance 6f light and fresh air, with!' Bmooth: ! floors and . stalls,., with no ledges ,f or a. collection of dust and cpb'webs a place where cows 4inay be kept lri comfort and health and where fc.Uhianr food, maw beVDmducedwUh k ortaiilft.iaegrfle pl eanlmesg. and loantnonaBfl I ' ' "' spoonful' each of dUvflS.cTlH. nWkfel. and "plmentoes, ' two .. dashes k)f i'papi. tkifervte ; Bftfll. Jpiiysuoold inHWQ..hauxtt'Tettuce leaves garnished around the edges with slIceB of hard boiled egg, sprigs of .parsley And thin slices of Swiss Another -jnmier dish is made of Wti:'t9.e.';':9i tttfrq(h )BVjred after uuumg, wnicn is about one-imra oi a package.'jOperhalf-.plBt f...fltewedr;to- uiaiuca, lu wuica are auueu iwu uuuu lon -eubeB, one,, gill of .grated rich Chjsese,; twofta;be,9poojita' of chipped. blBBpocmfufl 'of 'miricd 'onion, one ta blespoonful of chopped parsley; salt aud:-peDpefi .:,taste.JR,ub) aj,baklng dish with bacon Hat. ' Mix all ingre dients thoroughljf,put them into the bking;dl8k,;.'b't5:w ':JP'!S5WM Both dishes are satisfactory 'served with; .graham ; toaat, ?, , 1 4, u-, r, n , , ' f - 'rNiV .. I MA ) rJu'' '-.IIs "'-'n'1 If'S 1 ft y ,..,i4J(r! .... jV- V I J-XAi3 . :. 1 i : ' c'fr porting posts are. made p -'etancWonB:'-'- , wis (tnei J-.irr L.-.i r-tmlllfon: tht'6f-AYifrln.R14!U mlllloTi l-t v, . .called hip,. roof. A If ia aftwopftttf v rC- Jj,'M''''A ll ' H'K vw, iiiu vy Tl VI unci O UCIIiry f 1. fi . 6 - . ". n r 1', J": o;.:1- ;.!.' ;' 9 1. jw- . t I. !'. : .! '; 5'. 1 . : i; sr.: '".' 1 ,l.r : and , the upper one a third pi teh,-gtT-.. lpg greater storage space.j; ' ' ' 1 ,'. . VBnms Of the two Btbr typewlth 'the feed' stored .above ! undoubtedly lessen to some extent tlte Uiiboi .'df ! ' feeding. : But the 'Ventilation of the , . two; story ; barn Is more difficult bfr- . X ' 1 I ... 1 1 .1 . .. r vauiie 01 iuo auficuuy oi" bo placing .' the out-take .flubs that thfeywiU-'not' interfere with the passing jot the feed trucks. .'!; 1 if j j,' r-';.'.(.,' ; ... ?Tbe:. floors. In either; tjfpe of 'barn , are concrete. The concrete or cement . , 'flobt is durable,, easily cjearied ,and impervious' to. moisture. 1 i Ita ; worst i: fault Is being toaold ton, the- animal '.' i to lie on In. comfort, but this objection ,;; may be, overcome (0: somfe "extent,' py . laying a wooden- piatfpn. ver that "portion on which the cow iltatdSvCork brick may be 'laid -ever jlhe, cement, T- The 'Cement floors shoulA not1 be f In !:. ,lshed so smpothlf lt ttte -tows-will ; Slip in the passage ways. " '; ' ''The cows are placed ( In. doubl rows' Tactng" either way tat 1 1s most .i onrehIenl. . .r,;V;' ."The gutter should I be .-sixteen: lnch wideband 'fiot lesl than'ejght Inches deep In which case there will U 4W ThH -.rtiutian VPamlly Pays'' rtArlfiu'al. jafJ'.';llntrwt'f..Ua2.0(M),000. . :':';,n. ;aSnrlclarlnI'Nlswat" Thiaifa ii 66mDned'bV' the? bureau of foVelBh 'hna domestic commel'de, United Stass iDe-i imfjmeppfifPcmimereheaioaa A Vine inirearififl ?n pW tenl in the9a&tfdecad:an? ftW ed in the last 40 years. The Interest ,and other annual charges -amotttteh ItMSW' lt3S: m'nUcm'dollarB. . -ir.a:lareestoatiotial' debt Jfl4that .of Prance, 6284.illle.n dollars': therieit largest b'elng'RUBsta'BSTmlllloiri-'the, unueu' Kingaom, 34o miyrowi'-.najjc, Z707 million; Spain, 1815 m!mon;iBW lBh"lndra. " 1T75 "in'nildnT" Janaa-.. ;1242 mllllnn,. and .jheJInlted StatesJoaS and orUi Gepnia !taehs,l 37J8 ".mil lion 3 kat . of ilustrlaiHiinraryi -. 1Q51 '' 'SDewbles'a.'w'ith:. wratW a1little! man w-as1 pgnerea into the $onrtj ; An erna Tneiit of. the' bolide! force luid ' found bini loitering abc'atidfihad, arrested .. ''What were you' dfltnfe at the time or ymir.-arrestr' asked tie weary mag- wiratei i!iiv c.i i'h-h tm1 4 ' u ;. r Simply walJUngj". sfluttered tbe prisoner.") V-'Whatwere yon waiting' fort" " . . 11 ; ityyt money,; ,1 I.. riiiin.. '.t.1 oney-f1 waiting for." 0 you for?" PROPER ;WASHIN G OFi TO WfetlS Those Used In the Kitchen Require ' Especial. Trfearfient , to :.Be of i,'-" Good eiVlce.l'.y,l':D'0''jj Towels - uged. fln the .kitchen, bftpuld always4' be''rinSe:cl in4 mod'eriately-'cool water and, ..then. washed in. bot, soapy water. ; They sheiild be Tlnsed-' and then dried in the open air. If time is at premium they need not be Ironed. Probably this laxity would jbpek' many, careful housewives, but a clean tovel. drled'TnWje open at iis; ''l,ui.4te asi uieru lor rymB...fli.Baes.i: a.B-oi that i ifoneid 'smooth, ''''ir; V4 One sleyer woman always sarea -the coarse; sackaathat; sugaF.j .apdiflalt come in the big ones, he'rlps' tlie side seams and hems the ends and UBeg..jthem for towels for pots and Panf ... . . i '."A' ' doll's ; fcl6thesline, ' ' whlc. comes, with half a dozen tiny Clothespins and two4 ' small ' pulleys, : is ! a i jctapjrepl'spc?, for flrylng Miction towels,;. yit 'M-1 fastened- from- the kitchen pcjrch to a neairby;; tree? .anr.;.exeri clcjtbpin pulleys; :.repe ;aPd'TBlX3 phis fcr4 bom tpr; ten cents,; -ti ,:..-..i-"v.-.r '' ..i....... 1 -IKiiSiO'M 1' Ji; 8twed, Apples, , y f- ; In- copklng apples it; ;may 'tot -bb known generally , that the mode 'quickly they, are p doked after parmg' th richer; and better they are.' An apple, begins to, be alscblored' as: sbbbi ab! 1k "Wn Is'remoVe'dV'and this -discoloration poor flrilies '4n 4 the'-c6okl'ng. ;iA84 .Qukly after paring as, posslblp,jjP?t' half" a'; aoien; ,apple, sliciJlntp a pan wltb twet-tIiiXdfia; muoh water, aa the bulk of ithe, annles. .Cover 4hem -'aad'iet them opK,.as rapwy,, sa psssioie.. ?g; W 'WkaL'tUelartl falling , tpj jaeces- pur iht9 them' two-taixdaf f,a cup'of' BtlWlng.it ipaWkli. rT.bey Wmiy II;; -if -St lftrimet5m In Batata Cut. taloefl, .'ftddi one egg, a gill -6f .'-mllkr salt and oepper to taste and beat until llig'kt, f.Plokvaffd'l scald) pound of boneless ::palt cod, drain (and, caJd again. .. Now-mresa flahuntjl iiryl-Pn pne tlargeitaijespoon.' butter in'a'try-1 fug- ptM1 if uu uuu iwu utuieuuuim uuur.- Mli and4 add ode'tdnt-of tntlkjtetlr: till. It "thickens 'and ad ' peppbr-i toi ftaste." -OrebSe pdadlng mold and line 'bottom anaidesAwlth the po tato4,' Addrhe; cod to !thp. tere'a'm', an'd fill. the; center. 1 Cover, the'tob With potato. : apd -bake ar nlee, ibtowm.-l It may. be served ip ;. the.,. also.. 31 , baked ln.or, turned .out.;: t ,-;.t;j:.i(J V Meat ' on 'ToaitJ 'r- iuxrt 1 0 Take cbdked irieat) ef;anjr klhd.'Pht throngn the meat, gririderi With a little ontoiii Then pjit- Jn ,pap,wHk.af ttl.oH waitar ;auu; pece 01 ;puer, .,ail,. ana pepper. Heat bpt' apd put on 'toatted bread.r: ,f his Is a gobd'.wjiy td'ise 'iip ! . . jijli I ''JuIlLIl.i.l1. ... .. pieces ot uieai ana manes a' nice also for supper. ' 'I i-'.4- .''.'.rrhit' mnA-1 had bee :;VTvat(did:he!;ciwe It .Fdr' waltliitf.' V ,!:.The 'piagtstrat fat Mb glasses tplt and- glared at the prisoner. I . '."po Tbt jestlth ej" he saltW i'Nowp.tell. me,,Ma.ve,iAu a trade?" ''Of course I havei't S tjismmaa:. "mep, Mt' i" nT"'' 1 p. - "t earn my Hving watlnaj ?MWt i n waiierv-iaeveialid Laaetf " '', .-i'.?rn V' '-.AmerkMn.iorest.'pfpcfcrsf'h Keeping Pickles in Qlasa.i.w- ;j Pickles Should. always fee, kept i'.x gIair-L-nevTi ln Hajied ware.; ,aa. the l 18 . : . O f action of the vinegar on the glazing mbli:p fosm a poisonous compound. 'Peon-Man's- Bollerti Pinner,',. aways.-:wlUfact6ryrjH( ffre,,.lqokpt; 4wnr'. 1-iuub) Antlaa l,aVt .IW. Inchei jleop;; Cta sldfjjf ..tt.'Ts""- "(m's 1rt'ithe ntmospherl are 'sb'-'mAgni-l eage way It may be laid only BrxTTrctr clearer vision can be had with unaided eyes. l!)TJ!Yl'sa4" kptickieibne head ot cab bage, one larg'ii WrntpWe:'carpt, four. hours, then add bfttihue. tUrntD. can VcVfi' toli'liait an hpur, tW kdd tdta- sf noil 'ajlf Miirv'Qelldlot'aV'iKii-. , to.p'jii'ei-'i'-Wei.9W3 HI .'.-flApptes eitt.p4.;jkttlM pieces;, will, ;pookf nore Nwlekly. pik pip -thaaj- if to.$r.t?f.. .tWX jJ-ttot pa( k; Closely, as. slices do Jid so the ho air' comei more easily In contaet with the fruit u4 oooklna U far.llita.ta4. r a t 'li'l'l'l'l'm'l 3 - ;tt-m"-.u , j . ..v. :i ;4 1 jp; :.i;if h wiaespreaa puouci '4 Cfrfdirita tn dntnlla of tTin 4b8sl;f the TitanUdriast ' SP'fnd the very, recent turto; fnndin, the great maaS"Ot peoJ4bos::'fji is restricted fa. dry: UnA.;::a;! begiiMng to be interested in lnart'eaffsiirB. LvrrT: ioajfaigaf steamers, tne dan-; grl';'.Wi;:.'iUio8i the duties andr roj' spoiMiWUtfes.'Wt-'ithe offlcers and 'crew of a' vessel; :arp al topics of enlivening coQ-yersauw i&rter such a disaster' as haJtistybe'ep aiided to the roll ;Ofi thai tragedies' .ijsea. The great inajoiv ity 'o.f-qpleii'ijt directly coniiected with fihwrfi'niiec :iff airs have si very sligh fuptly erroneous Idea "of these matter;';'' rr.Kemnjictmg;:rtoorts of well-mdanlng BUIvorsj-..,,wli(pfglve testlmonyj of a. very -few.tsipf the wreck or disas ter, -which theyj have been through. tend.:p'n)y to confuse the reader who U Beeklng"7fbri, Ijeasons and factf. The, retlcencj9't3f seirviving offlcers does pt Jtelp' Mifflake things any plainer. Another feature which retards the general spread of knowledge about J08HtIcal.pffalrJ.B..the..M elf sea- iarjng men to Realize . that 'things .'rBwi-o,-4'aCi ftp ii'themselves are' absolutely ' f oreiitil tb '" tlfe I under- wndlng of-tbei Sverage landsman, ncra or LDwnra. i ''Xcoordmg to tbereports wlflch cir culate) after- any ; marine disaster, the captain la either .held, up,a a herq or .cursed as; ! epward. .. Tet when the aiHjjuriiy, o peopie (nave jorgjotten the. case, a ;wa;nnior;mea,. ,. soper-mlnded .body! b!men acting aS:V'b6ird of In quiry and wading thrbngh 'a; -mass of 168110(1911 get down -tea4"-few; kernels of established tatitS; ,m-iA1 : . ':,;And the' truth is usually 'fbpnd that the captain was merely: trying to car ry loot hU1 dutyias -the masteir.pt .his .VeBset.' 01:'" W) '' ' .1 If . be :hoMs back, a mob. ;of frenzied passengers ; at the, point of a i revolver from., committing suicide- by; .pUllpg ,into. ijhej Bmall boats 1p :pundi4ds,: "he .ls''nirely dblh.g',wkiat; aioiy; poliee4-" offl- MOtJrJl' OCEAN UmL teri m. Tact as; jeell . ast In: Jiame. , On -the hlgbsseas. its. orders are la. 'and e.1c3u4rOf, ,the.!patipfn np$o,d;ini: wj.. v ui. pan, joi idb crew or 'Axi'--V iJ'iJ H. rflvi.-.-il'-N,- f 1 .- -.-.1: 5 lv, U., eT auiy as oraef ed by tbe'm'aster ma be7 coAtried:'as- mo-1 tiny. .ii-i-ri-.'VH hi ami isfii?0) 14er 4ayB:joH e sailing vsk' jm,m Miiwg-npp.mepqwers of .the captalp ijWe'rei "oftep ' ibuijea J snd-fr .y?"UM. ..vpwii. were , C9mpeiea to- en dufe 'tremfendouB and Vreff lnpredlbJe abuses.'. In inbfe reJdeni MmeS.njap taln daWi BiBTlo4xis:-t.mi'juBe 'hW aiii torltyn for.; while a refusat tbsperfo'rnf ' auuea ,op board ship. Btin conetltotes mutiny, and 1 sevdrtiypunishea as siich,; a sa'ning .mapter; can i also, be made ansWerable for Illegal ;acta .com mitted at -"sea. -"-J W f !- WithTtouch- authority the jcitptain'pf a veeseV aliSQl lias ,to bear. a,.. alinOar measure of responsibility. ,No : mat tr waat ihappens'on bls Bhlp 'oVto it rhia oh man,, must -answer for1 It, Yi On.; onosf thei;. thou8nd-fb6t; mob er steamers -which now rip therway aorppB the. Atlantlq Jn. Vtrifto. . over four, day?;, this . means, .not 4ny . the navigation pf the boat,.: but ale de tailed '.knpwledge bf" the " coadlUon apd working of ever piece ofiecroiih ptent on board, the' etecutive control of a large force of men-and the safety and happiness of a thousand or more .passengers..;'-;. i-4 ::-.;. . enveBiei IS lost the "master, if he happens to come' ont alive;' is pret ty' Sure to1 Io8els UcehM.; , Althbugh tbtf loss may:fcppear:to '6ve-been- un avoldabie, the: nnfortonate captain is veryrllkly:;te be; sidetracked to' some pjlnoT: berth, Jf. hOi dpeisntoBe his m. pera. outright,.;., , ' j V!'-,T fT This probably explains; why BQ'mk'ny"' shipmBjBtera; ?sp.ecall'y;'ildery, ' '"on't, flpdihg their Vessel pjleainp'bn.'the '&&,'ot. :,qn"ietlr:gOM .to 010-61118 'hnd -lJseapea ithe- :admlfi alty eourt'-vlaT flidiliiiiltbfer method, ,,, k ."4. ! J.. C.i-.t ::-(.' r-dt ?cl "-'1 cr It -ill t.it : ...a 1 t mensloijs; and speed, 'of ocan liners In J the pist "20 years has ' greatly In creased tile "burden4 bf 'reBpbnsHblllty that' is placed tpoa :- the Icommaibders ' of 'these Ships. ! So: acute has this situ ation' become " that the; largest , sjteam saip oompanies are trying to mjeet it ;by hftv4ng several . captains. : . under a commander or .obnimodore upon; their newest Ships. " '. " 4 ', 4:.. f ! ,. Xef . ..marine. . auUiorltles . admit J that this action does not , 1 help "matters much, for &e responsibility' fori the vessel -will-finally - devolve- Hpon; the One: man! who Heads the othfef thrte or IOUr,'-;iJ $5 ,;:;v,;.W j ..IHaying attained the rank of cap tain in the company's service,! the others' are' perhaps tt "little better as .offlcerfc thap thej. usuaL complerfieot of ubbrdlnates.r jjuj f even this mky be .disputed, , , ( j i. j-The ..routine 'dUUei'aot handling and navlgaungi a. blg steamer are 1 always a sburbe' of1 the most curious interest to pasaengerB, making. their first trip On"th::sea,.:".-.4:.J.;:.;;; On the coastwise steamers : which have their 'navigating bridge kr! 'pilot' pppse on the upper passenger fdeck, the. pfheers 'are bfteh anpoyed; biyond the limit? Of their patiehce byi pjisaen gers whose curiosity leads thtjm to crowd sbqut:the iwindows of thef pilot-. I house and ask numberless queitlons. ",'s. j r.' .110 ,ai 51 -oLean- Hiraiiierw l II IB TOther la, a.ypldeaj because the' bridge from" whchjt3bie'ves8el Is controlled Is built ,well apart from the pasienger accommodatlbris. "' ' ; ' . 1 ; In ' te ipopclar Imlnd the captain's Job '4b to- steer4 the" vessel from one pOrt tb-the.iotber.T-So ltis-ln I man ner.utiaot in the way that thet landsman- believes. : ! . , On, anything larger than a harbor. exdurslon1 steamer tbe captain ; Is seKri.T.' " dom seen to touch his hahd j to the. wheel that controls the rudder. Nei ther does his flrSt offlcer or-' other navigatlng? officers.- 'A petty j offlcer ranked ' as a "quartermaater'; Is en gaged 'fori "that :' partlcnlar Ait4. vThestvmei have practically Ino aQ fit dutles and really -,have llttlp to do wlth! the. actyaj .navigating of tjie ship, iTbef are given a; certain '"rniir" iteery theBenlor offlcersiwho know l.theC'VeBSei's' position - and- ihlw :hi;- shoiild 'be fieaided foreach her aesnnauon; ir j-ifd !" tbia- ability to itlnd :.th.e .t; an .ocean sbeolutel'y, deivqld; p: orguii)9 poftts is , one. ef.tbe 'mysieriep to tne. unlUated. NaJrlgatlon is really, a oighlylcomplicated Bcienea. rpqi3ring;the, ji)se.p'f Astronomical prin ciples" i.a'dd.thei'.higbe.inathemfitlcs. BRt iLh.M been.so Bimpllfled by the use, of rules apd formulas7 apd'by the PuWicatfon 'of elabewate Ubtes-that-imas'terslare.'iSble-itp; find; their posl ;ton.ait seaith the "sextant: !pr "hog 7qkefr,s. ttJsifamUl.arly..call:efl, as ac cura,tely. as ap., accomplished" mathe matician cpuld. (' : ' .V ","',. . - J. : j .. The .sextaat is 'an.. Instrument' of great ' precisien, with' which the navl etor;ts;aWe to measure the ingle be tween' 'the horizon' and any ; peavenly body,-' Bua"'or" stars. He! also makes use': of; a4: vieir accurate enrobometer, or ..- clock; : whlctt .. keeps ; Greenwich ttawi' .;:;! ui.: ..U--t rt' .: With; these two InstrumenU and his tables and : formulas! he can get the latitude and tongltjide 'ot bis ivessel at frequent. Intervals.-4 K the ours or days 4 between observations4 the vessel Is navigated ' by compass, and her dis tance measured bv a pateM lbg which records the miles! traveled: Bar dlreo Uon and progress from the .'last "ob served"! position-' sjplottedj on the chart sp.that bar pfflcers cad point at any nBUyt;,to;:tbe.;ex'act. position of ' l' ' 1 .-',.. ..7" ' ' ., , Creatures, Bones of the Earth. . ,Tha eartb r. Js . "Mendlyk' Tto living creafure. befcanse in their jhyslcal na ture they are bone of her. Ibone and ?uh '2OT -fl-4-Kei''Te children: tlfe reqWres kn.:astomipherl such a. Mars "and Venus Aave; LhL m the iTt UVBriTreaSe P ; t0;! date; declares; that e caniw :sbe:-r acWiii ' tracks eatest ' T.i? if SA .5. KJt- i vs'? 11 ; t'10 uuureceaeniea growth In