Lincoln County leader., January 23, 1914, Image 5

GOOD FARM BUILDINGS
Materials for Cow Houses, Sta
bles and Pigstyes.
Floor of Structure Intended for Ac
commodation of Live Stock Should
Be Impermeable and Non-Absorbent
ae Possible.
(By W. R. GILBERT.)
Since the Introduction of Portland
eement concrete as a floor-laying ma
terial there has been no excuse for un
comfortable and Inefficient floors at
the homestead. To be efficient, the
floor of a house Intended for the ac
commodation of live stock must to as
great a degree as possible be both Im
permeable and non-absorbent. If it be
neither, it will be liable to become of
fensive itself, and will lead to the
same condition In the soil upon which
It lies as well. Flagstones of good
quality and finish and flooring tiles
may reach a high standard in these re
spects, but unless they are very care
fully jointed liquid matter will leak
through the seams and polute the soil
underneath. If with such as these it
la difficult to keep the subsoil whole
some, it need never be attempted with
irregularly finished slabs, far less
with small boulders, as paving stones.
Concrete can, however, be laid with
out Joint or crack In the whole area
covered. It is impervious to water;
moisture cannot pass down through it,
nor can ground damp pass up. It can
be worked into forms required In such
places, and it wears well. A further
advantage is Its comparative cheap
ness. Another U the effective resist
ance that it, gives to rats; these un
tiring "sappers and miners" are non
plussed when faced by a well-laid con
crete floor.
Open channels alone are. permissible
In the buildings we are dealing with;
covered drains can never be kept sanl-
E
: r t c tt
?6'
96"
tary in these places not, at any rate,
tinder the treatment it is found practi
cable to bestow upon them there.
Here, again, concrete comes to the
front on account of the regularity and
smoothness ,of outline it is possible to
give them in that material. 'A con
crete channel can be effectively swept
or -scraped with ease, and a bucket or
two of water swilled along Its course
will leave It comparatively sweet and
clean.
j Limitations of Concrete.
Hut while concrete Is eminently well
adapted for flooring the parts of farm
buildings that are liabel to be soiled
by the tied-up animals, it Is not so well
suited for their stalls or lairs. It Is all
right as regards smoothness, but it
seems to be too cold for both cows
and pigs to lie upon unless abund
ance of bedding or litter is at the dis
posal of the attendants. When heavy,
horses come It Is hardly durable
enough; the pounding of their Iron
bound heels are too much for concrete.
The passages and channels of the
three places we started with can have
no better flooring medium than pnn.
crete, but something a little warmer
ana less unyielding is required for
both cows and pics to He unon. Hnrsp.
might be left to take advantage of Its
smoothness Were it more durable
against their heels, because they usu
ally have more bedding afforded them
and they have less time to lie down.
Brick Pavement
Makes a very suitable floor for the
When a Cow Should Go Dry.
The dry cow is easiest cared for
during the time of short pasture. She
does not need as much juicy food as
the cow that gives milk. It she comes
fresh In the late fall she can go on
regular winter feed and be kept up to
her normal flow all winter.
In the spring she will have the
fresh pasture at just the time when
she needs It to keep her yield from
falling off. She will give most of
ber milk when milk and butter are
scarcest and highest. She will be
ready to dry off when the flies are
worst for cow and cowherd. And the
busy fall days will not be made busier
by the necessity of milking her. What
can be said against this argument?
Free Range Is Best.
The same results will follow when
the sows are separated from the other
bogs If the sows are fed largely on
corn. Give the brood sows the run
of a pasture, and they will pick up
most of their living and keep healthy;
shut them up In a lot, and they will
lose stamina and disappoint their
wner at farrowing time.
cow's stall, and it answers equally
well for the pig's bed. Well shaped
building bricks laid on a bed of limn
or cement serve the purpose admirably-Stable
Stalls.
Something harder than brick is of
course required for the stable stall.
Setts" or paving blocks, either, of
granite or "whin." say 8z4z5-Inch.
suit very well. Bedding them In lime,
and grouting them In cement, both as
advised for the brick pavement, make
a strong job. ,
Fig. 1 is a cross-section of a floor
such as we are describing. It shows
a building 18 feet wide inside. It may
safely be more; to make it less is not
advisable. The stable, as well as the
cowhouse and plgstye, should, as we
have already said, be without covered
drains Inside. As far as practicable,
one should make an open channel
j 73" l"T 3" arj 7-3- I
serve to carry away liquid matter
from the stable. There la never nit
much urine from horses as from the
cows, however; but there is usually
more fall given In the stalls of the sta
bles than In those of the cowhouse,
and the stances for the geldings havi
to be floored in such a way that the
stalings may be readily concentrated
and led to the gutter. It is some
times necessory, however, to make
use of short lengths of these.
Fig. 2 represents the cross-section
of a good v
Double Cowhouse.
The cows face the walls, their beds
or lairs being 7 feet 3 inches long
from the wall to the edee of the
"grip." The beds are almost level in
this direction. They have more or less
incline the other way, in accordance
with the general rake of the building,
but as little as can be given. A glazed
flre-clay trough sits on the floor in
front of each COW. The tr nucha are
kept back from the wall about the
breadth of a brick, so that the ani
mals, when in the act of usinir mav
not damage their horns against the
wail. The "grip" is 21 inches broad.
6 Inches deep at the side next to the
cattle stances and from 3 inches to 4
Inches alongside the central passage
outlet provided for its discharee.
outlet provided for its discharge
the cross-section of
A Double Piostve
Is represented in Fie. 3. Concrete is
again much In evidence, as will be
seen. The beds are of brick, however.
They are raised a few Inches above
the general floor level. Where this
method is adopted it will be found thai
the pigs rarely mess these "plat
forms." When feeding they void ex-
. Is j 4" i MT V I S"
crement enough, but then it falls on
the concrete floor between the trough
and the raised bed. The liquid mattei
escapes either underneath or round
the troughs into the channel along
side the passage; and the solid mattei
can easily be removed from where It
fell with shovel or scraper, wlthoul
leaving much trace behind it The
feeding troughs are of a glazed Are
clay. They are low In front, but have
high sloping backs, tending outwards
into the passage, over which projec
tion the food can easily be tipped from
bucket or ladle.
Place for Mixing Feed.
A good, tight, clean barn floor Is a
good place to mix the grain intended
for the cows, emptying first the light,
bulky feeds, such as corn and cob
meal or distillers' grains, spreading
these out Ave or six Inches thick,
pouring on the next lightest, etc!
Then begin at one edge, shovel the
feed back Into a pile a couple of
feet to the right or left. Under ordl
nary conditions, twice turning over
and the final shovellne into A-
will afford a uniform mixing.
win frrH a if,m
Fattening Hons.
As soon as your pasture becomes
lean, put up your fattening or kllMn.
hogs In a moderately close n. 5
feed and corn Veal mixed IZ
thm Ml th whni- , '
clean up, or eat at night
.UD WIU
Abbreviated Blessing.
Another abbreviated blessinV .K
A f.rmor. . --
i.bwire.rndan S!;T aSSK
less wagon and plow is the barbie..
wire fence. barbless
I
1 (
PALATABLE DISH OF CODFISH
Method of Preparation That Every
one or the Household Will
Appreciate.
Cream Sauce for Codfish Two ta
blespoons butter, one and one-halt ta
blespoons flour, one-half eun hot
cream, one-half cup hot milk, one-half
teaspoon salt and few grains pepper.
Put butter In saucepan, stir until
melted and bubbling. Add flour mixed
with seasonings,, and stir until thor-
ougniy Diended. Pour on gradually
the milk and cream, adding about one-
tnira at a time, stirring until - well
mixed, then beating until smooth and
giossy. 11 the cream Is thick one ta
blespoon1 of flour will be plenty.
Prepare your fish as I have written.
and when ready for the third water
add two heaping cups dried potatoes
(cut before measuring) to one cup
salt codfish. When potatoes are soft
the fish will be done. Drain through
strainer, return to kettle and mash
thoroughly; be sure no lumps of po
tatoes are left: add one-half table
spoon butter, egg well beaten, and
pepper. Beat with fork two minutes.
Add salt If necessary. Make Into lit
tle cakes. Fry out thin slice bacon
and then fry cakes.
Codfish Prepare codfish as I have
written, having three-fourths of a cap'.
Pick In flakes, when cooked add one
cup cream sauce. Add one beaten egg
Just before sending to the table.
Boston Globe.
SAFETY CAN OPENER ,
A new can ODener Is shown In th.
drawings which is Bald to work ouieklv
and without danger of cutting. It has
a nanaie line a sad Iron and two cut
ting points below. The points are set
on either side of the can toD and the
handle Is then pressed down. The
Saves Hands From Danger,
1 I!!; -! ?.?"U L'i
Lie
L:r:"vJri9.m' dense-- Bt Auckland has
-.- 7 "u luo BO lne nn"
.. , . ,
which, however, are rounded off
" tuuiu uear ine un euges.
smooth and turned under. With the
be held - i th a, " "a
v&ucio lUD toll UttU W
a slip might mean a nasty cut With
.ii (t" :;',..T5rtaat volcano guarded bay holds you
'Jie new one this Is done away with.
Brown Stew of Beef. ' 1
Remove all fat, bone, , skin and
gristle from one pound of round steak
of stewing meat and cut the latter Into
one-Inch squares. Try out the fat and
in It brown half an onion, chopped
fine. Sprinkle three tablespoonfuls of
flour over the meat and add to the fat
and onion. When the meat Is well
browned add'one pint of boiling water.
Lower the heat and simmer one hour.
Add the dumplings 15 minutes before
the stew is done.
Chestnuts In Chicken Salad.
Try adding chopped cooked chest
nuts to chicken Balad, either In place
of celery, or in addition to It They
give a delicious flavor and con
sistency to the salad. They also can
be added to potato salad which, by
the way, Is always better for the ad
dition of some other Ingredient
Minced sweet green peppers or
chopped celery keep potato salad
from a certain heaviness that Is
sometimes has.
Buttered Apples.
Pare six large apples neatly, and
keep them whole, take the cores out
have a piece of bread cut for each ap
ple, the same size as the apple, one
inch thick. Grease a pan big enough
to hold the bread and apples well,
place the hread first then an apple
on each piece, fill the cores with sugar
and butter. Put In oven an cook un
til soft, when ready take out of the
1 "? , . COre8 W,th any BOod
am' and. pIaC8 ,n oven aan tm lam
18 neatea. Serve on hot dish pouring
the Juice and butter over the applea
Kettle Cover.
. , Zl . Db COme 5 "f.
6 eo!er'. a crew aPP
Should the knob come off any ket-
Pmdlng end; this knob will not get
001 ana can 68 replaced in a hurry.
Cleanlno Enameled Dl.hea.
Salt moistened with vinegar will re-
OTB DUrnl mar" tro.m "
move burnt marks from
enameiea
saucepans ana dlBhes, but don't Tor-
they should be soaked in cold
8 . . ney "nould De 80aKea ,n co,d
water for a few bour, flrBt t0 ooteo
the atalna
the stains.
here
j - - T J vl -a.
eadsto water
Vr ft&fe
GOVERNMENT
EATS vary. It is hot in Dur
ban till the Zulu rlckasha
man Is too warm to prance
between the shafts, and goes
alon? with voi, of t- 4 ,
- J " a jyJS ""W.
wnen that degree of heat arrives you
wouldn't chanee Dlarpfl with him frf
a rubber mine. Adelaide, the capital
u Boutn Australia, has a breathless,
white, 8tarln summer hpnt that loata
for weeks at a time. It hurts the eye
sight, as successive tpnmn nf Pnrllah
cricketers have found out to their
cost, but Is otherwise not unhealthy:
One of the most uncomfortable
places In the. world on a really hot
day is Melbourne. The sUn blazes
with an intolerable glare, and the
"brickflelder" (a scorching north
wind) sweeps along the city's wide
streets thick with dust and the smoke
of the distant bush fires It has
brought down from the country,
whence It whirled with the velocity of
a hurricane that morning. The smoke
gets into your eyes and makes them
smart, and the dust and other refuse
make your clothes filthy and get
down your throat, into your ears,
your nostrils, everywhere.
As to London Heat.
London heat, writes Arthur J. Rees
h.um,d- cIose- 8t,ck oppressive and.
what London hasn't a beautiful har-
mai. uia&es you cool 10 10OK
In pn,. ,v. 1...!..... .
ln 4t.t . 1 . .
boP Wai-te-mata, which means "gilt-
rV "B ."- we EParKiing Diue
Its lover while you are in Auckland
and ever afterward. It Is the color of
forEet-me-not and vou never An fnr.
get It Tou see the harbor from all
parts of the city from some spots
the whole dazzling sheet of forget-me-not
blue BDreads out before vim.
at others Just a patch of . rippling
violet glancing shyly up at you as
you turn the corner of one of Auck
land's winding streets. .
Sydney , harbor is beautiful yon
will not praise Auckland harbor to
Sydney people If you are a wise trav
eler nut it lacks the entrancing blue
and the lights and shades of the Har.
bor of Glittering Waters. And Auck
land's harhor is still nature s own
a 60-mlle gulf whose cliffs and head
lands are wrapped In a grand and
gracious solitude.
The subject of heat brings us nat
urally to the subject of bathlne. The
Australians, particularly those living
uwii iuo vuaoi, aia a imiumg people.
The children take to the water earlv
and stay In late. An Australian boy
will pass the whole ot a long summer
day In the baths, with alternate
snlashlnK and sand snrawllnar snail.
All the state schools have swimming
clubs for boys and girls, from the
youngest classes un. where the chil
dren are taught to swim.
The schools have a series of lnter
club swimming matches during tha
summer, when rivalry Is keen and ex
cellent swimming results. As a nat
ural consequence of this splendid sys
tem most of the Australian boys and
girls In the large cities can swim well
and drowning fatalities are rapidly
declining. 1
Sea Baths Around Melbourne.
They have plenty of sea baths
around Melbourne, but no surf hnth.
lng such as Sydney people revel In.
Memournes great Day, rort Phillip,
Is landlocked, so there are no hrov.
ere worth mentioning. There Is also
a further obstacle in -the shape of pe
riodical Invasions of larger sharks,
which have a calming effect on the
enthusiasm of those who advocate the
charms or bathing in the open. Three
or four miles from Melbourne Is the
Ul IVUI U1IIQD IIUUI HiOlUVUIUQ 1. lUO
fashionable suburb of St Kllda, which
has the finest swimming baths In Aus
trails half a dozen of them.
Bathing by night under the electric
a fcwIte amugement of
i , .,
Melbourne people. For those hardier
'S
'Hp at
fOTtei
;.:r;v:-:-:;:::;Aw::::::vfe:::
HOU3L, SYDNEY
souls who prefer the embrace of "the
great sweet mother," untrammeled by
the restrictions of a picket fence
even though the fence is sharkproof
there Is Sandrlngham beach and
Half Moon bay, a few miles farther
along the coast. Here people have
their bathing boxes and bathe In the
open with a wary eye open for the
appearance of the dorsal fin of a
shark In the offlng. A man who was
fond of bathing off Sandrlngham as
sured me once, when I asked him If
he wasn't frightened of sharks, that a
shark would never tackle you In the
water If you splashed and kicked up
a noise at Its approach,
But the great sight In the way of
sea bathing In Australia is the sum
mer surfing carnival at Sydney. It Is
a remarkable spectacle. If ever you
go to Sydney co not miss a visit to
Manly or Bondl or Coo.-ee the thren
places all within an hour's access of
bydney where the surfers hold high
revel and make the seascane el ad
with their merriment I have seen
people bathe from various lands In
many tides, but I have never seen
anything that resembled the Joyous
abandon, grace and gayety of Sydney
surf bathing.
Young people of both sexes a dot
en or more together go down to the
water hand In hand to swim out to ,
meet the breakers. Mother Grundy Is
banished from these sea revels, which
are conducted with a harmless uncon
ventlon and innocent freedom from
artificial sex restraint charming to see
and good to participate In. Every
body Is welcome to the open sea, and
if you bump Into your lady neighbor
as you are swept back to shore on the
breakers she accepts your apologies
as laughingly as you -tender them.
Nor are Introductions necessary If
you wish to enter Into conversation
something of the freedom of the sea
fakes possession of you for the mo
ment .
The sport has more than a spark of
danger, but that seems to add to Its
attractiveness for Sydney people. In
surf bathing you swim out to the
advancing billow and dive into It
Just as it breaks to be swept ashore
with a bewildering ecstatic rush amid
the boom of the surf. But If you are
caught In the powerful retreating un
dertow you will be swept out to sea,
no matter how strong a swimmer yoa
may be. If that happens, as It fre
quently does, the only thing Is to He
still and try and float, and wait tm
a member of the life saving club
there are always several on duty to
paid out to you on a life line.
Often the victim of the undercur
rent Is carried away too fast to be
rescued, and the Sydney evening pa
pers dismiss the tragedy in a few
lines headed "Another Fatality at
Surf Bathing." But the appalling Hat
of deaths every season Is no deter
rent to the devotees of surf hathiM
They go Joyously on with their surf,
in no wise checked by the thought
that they are playing with death.
Sydney surfing Is marked by some
peculiar features of Its own. There
is the cult of getting brown, for In
stance. The surfer who can display
a skin of dark golden hrown u th.
of his kind. Young men put In a lot
of time lying about in the scantiest
bathing attire letting the sun dye, or
urn, tneir bodies the requisite tint
They deplore the slowness " of th
process, and greatly envy the fortu-
naie youtn wno has a night Job of
some sort which nermlt. him it.
about the beach all day getting
brown. They bewail the golden hours
they have to waste In work, ami tK
moment they are free from the cares
of office they dart by tram out to
raeir beloved Bond! to get a little
browned before the sun sets.
Sharks do not bother the surfer
much. The shark In tha . -.
prefers to let thadiunii
B i W HUMQIWIT
sweep his evening meal out to him.
insiae me harbor he has to fend for
himself.