FARM " ORCHARD
Note and Instructions from Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations
of Oregon and Washington, Specially Suitable to Pacific Coast Conditions
Protection of Sheep' From Poison
ous Plants.
The only known way to preventsheep
poisoning by poisonous plants is to keep
them away from infested pastures and
ranges when they are very hungry for
green ieeu, is ine conclusion reached
by Mr. G. R. Sampson, instructor in
animal husbandry at the Oregon Agri
cultural college, after exhaustive re
search. Inauiries have coma to the
college for methodsof prevention and
cure, ana in reply Mr. Sampson says :
"Several plants poisonous to sheep
are normally found in many localities.
Sheep frequently come in contact with
them without serious injury. When
pastures become poor, due to drought
or overstocking, or when sheep are
first put on summer range, deaths
sometimes occur and serious losses
may follow.
"Treatment of poisoned sheep is
very difficult, as the animal frequently
shows little sign of sickness until a
few minutes before death. Regurgita
tion or vomiting after food has reach
ed the digested stage is nearly impos
sible for the sheep, so that emetics
are of little avail, and physic works
too slowly to get the poison out quick
enough. These treatments which may
relieve poisoned people, are less effi
cient for sheep, because of the more
complicated stomach of the latter.
For the same reason, antidotes are
difficult to get into action unless ad
ministered hypodermically, and unfor
tunately the commoner plant poisons
in sheep do not yield readily to known
treatments.
"It is therefore evident that sheep
should either be kept away from pas
tures Infested with poisonous weeds,
or only allowed on such pastures when
there is an abundant growth of whole
some plants and after the sheep have
been allowed to eat their fill on un in
fested pastures.
"Larkspur, loco weed, wild parsnip,
poison oak, sage brush and laurel, are
all more or less injurious to sheep and
will cause death if the sheep eat much
of them or if they are compelled to
subsist to too great an extent on these
plants. The fact that sheep normally
run on pastures containing one or
more of these plants and yet suffer no
ill effects, simply indicates that these
plants are not relished by sheep so
much as are normal forage plants, and
will be left very largely alone unless
pasture becomes poor."
Big Return From Garden. .
It is astonishing the amount of gar
den produce one may raise on a small
patch of ground. Last year from a
piot loxiat ieet a ramily of four were
supplied with fresh vegetables all
summer. Besides using all the early
potatoes needed, 39 bushels were put
into the cellar together with enough
Onions, carrots, parsnips, salsify and
cauuage 10 supply tne ramily for the
winter, writes an authority in Farm
and Home.
Six 50-foot rows of popcorn pro
duced 2 bushels. One BO-foot row of
string beans by carefully picking, that
none got too old, provided the family
with these, besides enough to pickle
and can 28 quarts. Not a pod was
wasted. One BO-foot row of beets
sufficed for summer pickles, canning
25 quarts, and as much more to give
away. Thirty tomato plants furnish
ed enough for use fresh and the win
ter's supply of canned tomatoes, be
sides selling two bushels.
From 30 currant bushes', 10 goose
berry bushes, and three 60-foot rows
of red raspberries, many quarts of
fruit were used fresh, :75 quarts
canned and enough sold to buy the re
maining fruit needed for the rest of
the canning.. A bed of asparagus and
of pieplant is found at the end of the
garden.
How was it done? The ground is
kept well fertilized, well worked, and
a complete rotation of crops is prac
ticed. Every foot of ground is used.
Small vegetables like radishes, let
tuce, onions, etc., are planted 14 inch
es apart The first little rows of rad
ishes are planted between the currant
bushes, as the early cultivation helps
them. The two' succeeding crops of
radishes were put in wherever any
seeds failed to grow, so we do not lose
the use of any ground. Plant squash
es in with the corn, leaving four hills
square between the squash hills.
Plant no more of anything than you
will use, and can what cannot be used
fresh, letting nothing go to waste.
Use for Mouldy Berries.
Oregon Agricultural College, Cor
vallis "Just look here," exclaims
many a disappointed housekeeper
these damp summer mornings.
"These loganberries are all mouldy.
They are such lovely berries that I do
hate to throw them away." Well,
don't do it, then. Just turn them in
to a delicious drink or sparkling jell,
for which purposes they are excellent
Of course, most people have not
known this, and as a result have de
stroyed hundreds of dollars' worth of
otherwise good berries. But Pro
fessor C. I. Lewis, head of the Horti
cultural department, has been conduct
ing scientific experiments to determine
the fitness of loganberries which have
grown a mould but are otherwise
sound, for dpmestic use. The above
surprising conclusions are the result
of this investigation. Although of
great economic value, the results are
easily accounted for. Professor Lew
is says that mould is a vegetative pro
cess as trulv aa the Growth nf lettiia
and the high temperature merelv kills
Directions for the use of the mnnlriv
loganberries are eaailv fnllnwpH The
mould is washed from the fruit and it
is put into a saucepan with just
enough water to keep it from stick
ing. With a quick fire it is brought
to tne boiling point without continu
ing to boil. It is then removed from
the fire and the iuice strained nut.
The juice is then mixed with one-third
its measurement of sugar, put back on
the stove, and again heated aa before
It may be mixed with an equal quan
tity of apple juice and the mixture
made into a jell with the ririit amount
of sugar. Or it may be set aside to
cool, mixed with four times its meas
urement of water, and uroH no a
wholesome and delightful beverage.
Big Value of Farm Manure.
Manures benefit the soil bv addinc
cnemicai elements and supplying it
with organic matter. The organic
matter by decomposition forms humus.
A soil deficient in humus has lost its
power to retain water for the growing
crop, according to a Farm and Home
contributor.
Organic matter can be added to the
soil bv crowinr and nlnwinir nnrW
green crops, but this method adds but
nitie new cnemicai material. On the
other hand, when farmers attempt to
keep up fertility by applying commer
cial fertilizers alone the soil will
eventually become depleted of humus.
This 'makes necessarv the keeninc of
stock and saving and properly apply
ing the manure.
The value of farm manured rienenn'a
chiefly upon the kind and quality of
tne ieeas used ana the class of stock
kept. The first is by far the most
important. On an average three-
fourths of the manurial value of the
feed is voided by the animals in the
manure, and in case of certain ohem.
ical elements with some stock nearly
all of it is voided.
There are several good ways of sav
ing and applying manure. We as
farmers have to consider how we can
save all of the chemical elements and
at the same time handle it and . get it
to the fields with the least labor. In
the first place the stable floors should
be tight so that the liquid portion of
the manure containing the nitrogen
cannot get away. Even in cases where
a large amount of bedding is used, if
the floor is . poor some of the liquid
portion will leach away.
Bedding should be used, even though
the floors are tight, as it adds greatly
to the comfort of the animals, and
when it is of the right sort, it adds to
the quality of the manure. A con
siderable portion of the organic mat
ter of manure is in the bedding. A
shed with a tieht cement floor and n
good roof, in which manure is kept
wet down to prevent fermentation,
makes crood manure, hut ia nfton nh.
jectionable because of extra expense.
r arm ana Home.
Garden and Orchard.
Evergreens make "all ' the differ
ence" in the winter garden. They
brighten and enliven gardens other
wise winterkilled, bleak and bare.
The importance of the gooseberry
in Eneland is shown bv tha fart that
in the county of Kent there are 6000
acres devoted to this fruit Ameri
cans do not half anDreciate it sava C.
Wall in Farm and Home.
Give Golden Ball lettuce a trial. Tf
is round and compact as the name im
plies, and must be sown thinly, as It
has a tendency to rot if closely ret.
In color it inclines to yellow, is of
good flavor and nice to cram inn or for
salad. Boston curled is also a verv
desirable kind, being tender and fine
flavored, and ia not inclined to aoed
early, a fault of many kinds.
Last spring l planted a piece of
gravelly loam to sunflower. Tha
grew very rank, some having heads
measuring irom v to iz inches across.
When harvested the sunflower seed
was fed to a sow that had t imvaj i n
pigs in June. No feed that I have
ever uaed gave faster gain with this
sow and pigs.
Scientific Point Cleared Up.
A German astronomer ha
s series of tables which seem to show
a connection between the
of sun spots and the wabbling motion
of the earth on its axis, due, perhaps,
to a variation in the sun's magnetism.
CLEVER WOMEN SPIES
LINE OF WORK IN WHICH THEY
EASILY OUTDO MEN.
To Unusual Powers of Trickery They
Add the Charm of Femininity and
Thus Win the Confidence
They Seek.
Women from time Immemorial have
Deen the greatest anies in hlstorv
I heir Charms and resources adant
them to everv lino nf nnnrphenKiva
endeavor, from tracking the erring
New York husband to obtaining the
pians ana the specifications of the hat
tieships and the forts of the great
powers.
To those who m annnalnteri with
the history of espionage, this state
ment comes as no surprise, for nearly
all the most sensational BDvlne- cases
of recent years have been engineered
ny unscrupulous women.
For when It comes to trickery there
Is no match for a clever woman, espe
cially if, as Is often the case, she has
natural beauty allied to her powers of
stealing connaences.
Only a few Tears hack an imnnrtant
German fortress had to be entirely re-
DUiit owing to France obtaining ex
tensive ana valuable Information re
garding its armaments and the sreor-
rapny or the Important portion of Qer
man frontier that It miarded. And
this act was made necessary owing to
the ramifications of a French woman
whose attractive personality enabled
ner to worm .these secrets from Im
portant Berlin officials, In whose
homes she was lmDllcitlv trusted and
entertained.
Recently a char mine woman who
Posed as a governess was sentenced
to four years' penal servitude for spy
ing, bne was employed by two Euro
pean powers, and bv actlnar as a a-ov-
erness to the children of naval officers
in Paris and Berlin she paved the
way to acauaintance with thnaa hold
ing responsible positions.
With remarkable audacltv ah an
nexed charts and Diana and sold them
In the right quarters. This she found
an easy task, having, In her position
of governess, ample means of learning
in what part of the bouse such docu
ments were stored, and it was not
until a bunch of duplicate keys of a
number of admiralty safes were fonnd
in her possession that suspicion fell
upon her.
Every one remembers the sensation
several years ao when most complete
pians or the Interior of the first Brit
ish dreadnought were nuhllahAd In a
German newspaper. About this time
an attractive American woman of Ger
man descent dlsatmeared from T.nn.
don's society circles, where, by rea
son of her charming personality and
apparent wealth, she had been given
a hearty welcome.
An inquiry was held on the affair.
and it was suggested that this woman
DroDaDIy knew a good deal ahnnr the
leakage of these Important plans, and
prooaoiy rurther proceedings would
have been taken had not tha honor of
several officers of
high standing in
naval and society
circles been In-
volved.
Five Families In Single Room.
Five families living and sleenin in
one room were recently ru0..-.j
among the slums of Dudley, Worces
ter (England). According t r-
Southwell, who apparently possesses
an intimate knowledge of the district,
the occupants were all quite comfort-
awe until the arrival of "th i
the center of tha room vy,.
nappy ramily circle was broken un
Rtv. M 1 . . .
. uu iua
... lauunu ana a lodger In one
room Is really overstraining the
economic possibilities of slumdom.
Two and three families In one house
common enough to agitate the
puhiio mind, even in this age of hous
ing ana town planning reform.
t
Dental Corps In Navy.
It Is probable that with the estate
liahment of the dental corps In the
navy bad teeth will not necessarily
disqualify a man for -enlistment If
there, is any wit in whioi. .
rective teeth can be made serviceable
It is the object of the surgeon general
t? navy when PPHcants are qual
Bled In all respects except teeth to
accept the candidate with a view to
letting the dental
hape after enlistment Our Navy.
Skeptical. .
"Mrs. Noowed nrldea heraalf am v.
ability to make fudge."
t Juu auppos SOS COUld
cook anything to eat?" '
An Important Omission.
The doctor who laid down, tha v.
qulsltes of the perfect baby omitted
the most essential one the baby
must be yours.
A Mlxup.
"Wnen do von axnaet in tak-a a hanrf
m this business r "When I get a foot
Ing In It"
MUSIC IS MADE FROM WOOD
Among Amusing Toys Any Small Boy
van Niaice is Harmonlcon Only
M Quick Tunes Played.
A -
m. uarmomcon made of glass is a
well-known Instrument of ancient
date. Glass, from its very nature,
lends itself to nroduca mualcal
sounds, but wood Is quite a different
material, and a great many people
would hardly believe that it contains
musical properties. It is not record
that a wooden harmonlcon was made
some years ago out of an ordinary
Bundle of firewood, tha atio.ka hein
iaia in due order upon waxed threads,
ana mat tne music produced was in
every way tatisfactory. As a toy it
It worth consideration, and should be
maae as shown in the illustration.
The wood should be as hard aa nna.
slble to produce the finer sounda. and
the stralghted the grain the more true
tne tones Will be. Tha nnlettoa
Wooden Harmonlcon.
the pieces are called, must be of vary
ing lengths for the different tones
Oak or mahogany are best Expert
ment will soon show what to select
and what to refuse. The palettes
when cut should be allowed to rest
on straws or strings tightened over a
snaiiow nox and kert in place by
means of wax on their under nana.
ine muelo is produced by striking the
notes witn small hammers ln the
same way as the ordinary elans har
monlcon. These should be mada of
whalebone or split cane, at tha ends
of which small knobs of wood are
fixed. On these wooden Instrument!
only quick tunes can be played, as
there is no sustaining power in the
notes.
MEMORY A MATTER OF HABIT
Forgetfulness Arises Lsrgely From
Special Kind of Laziness Mental
Training Needed.
Memory, according to psychologists.
is a good deal a matter of habit and
lack of it arlBes largely from a spe
cial kind of laziness. We see the truth
of this, remarks the Bellman, when
we observe the prodigious memories
of some of the men of letters a cen
tury ago, and then compare their edu
cation with the system of teaching
which now prevails. When we won
der at their ability to ouote offhand
at almost any length, we must remem.
ber from their earliest days they were
uiugm to memorize. They had to
learn things by heart, and learn them
exactly, with the result that in chUd-
nooa mey formed, perforce, the habit
of remembering with absolute ore.
cislon. '. .
What we need nowadays is a nrt ni
muuiai training analogous to this eld
er schooling. Let ns by. all means
keep our filing cases and memoran
dum pads, but let us at the same time
keep our memories active bv maktno
them work. The slmda nror.eaa nf
committing poetry to memory, futile
as it may seem to some, is one of the
most useful kinds of intellectual ex.
erclse. And If we do not before lnn
make general use of some such stimu
lus, it oegins to look as though oui
memories would Join our appendixes
as now useless relics of an earllei
stage of existence.
RIDDLES.
What does man love more than life
Hate more than death or mortal
strife;
What which contented men desire,
The poor have, and the rich re
quire;
The miser spends, the spendthrift
saves, -
And all men carry to their graves?
Nothing.
What man must have his glass be
lore ne can do a day's work?
A glazier.
When is a pie like a poetf
When it Is Browning.
What are the greatest obstacles to
a Russian Invasion of Turkey?
The balkln' (Bankan) mountains.
Who was Jonah's tutor?
The whale that brought him un
Why is avarice like bad memory?
Because It is always for getting.
e
Why Is It vulgar to sing and ni.. ..
yourself? "
Because It Is solo (so low)
Which of the feathered trtha
be supposed to lift tha h.....
weight?
JlBI
TOOLS FOR A GARDEN
Labor of Growing Vegetables Re
. duced by Field Methods.
Because Much of Work Is to Be Done
When Other Things Are Pressing,
Gardening Is Too Often Left
as Slack Time Job.
Field methods in the garden go a
long way toward reducing the labor of
growing vegetables. Long rows and
the proper tools to work with will do
away with 75 per cent, of the tedious
hand work, so freely used aa an areii.
ment against maintaining a garden.
Garden Marker for One Horse.
Because a large portion of tha work
must be done when other work Is
pressing, gardening Is too often left
as a slack time Job. Doing the right
thing at the right time in the garden
counts for more than it does any.
where else on the farm, since garden
crops will not stand much neglect
Two garden tools that will be found
very serviceable, and savins of hand
labor, are a danker and marker, sava
the Farmers' Mall and Breeze. Both
are homemade affairs, the drawings,
herewith showing the Plan of con
structlng them. Use the planker on
plowed or harrowed ground. Just as
A Planker Has Several Uses.
soon after a rain as the surface will
crumble nicely. This will not only
fine clods and level the surface, but by
putting on weights the seedbed ma
be firmed, which, with the mulch left
on the surface, will hold the moisture
where seeds or plants will need it
most
By weighting the marker one can
make drills deep enough for the seeds
of smaller crops without using any
other tooL A good Job covering them
can be done with the planker, the
driver standing on It or a harrow with
teeth set slantwise, will answer the
purpose well. In using the marker let
the outer runner follow the last drill
made, so as to get all rows a uniform
aistanee apart
TREATMENT FOR LUMPY JAWS
Most Satisfactory Way Is to Remove
tno urowtn with Knife When
lii the Tissues Only.
(By O. Q. GRAHAM.) - '
The most satisfactory way of treat
ing lumpy Jaws is to remove the
growth with the knife when in the
tissues only. The animal is thrown;
the head then held In a favorable po
sition, the skin Is cut over the tumor
and the swelling removed by cutting
around it in the healthy tissues. If
hemorrhage is large the vessel may
be tied or taken up with the forceps;
bleeding from smaller vessels may be
seared with a red hot iron. The
wound should be, washed with an anti
septic In one per cent solution after
the tumor Is removed and then packed
with antiseptic gauze or cotton and
the wound stitched up. The next day
removed the stitches and treat as an
open wound.
SOURCES OF HOG TROUBLES
Corn Is Productive of Indigestion and
Dirt Breeds Disease Furnish
Dry Quarters.
Hog troubles are due to too much
dirt and too much corn, says Kansas
Farmer. Corn is a fat producer, but
not a muscle builder, and an exclu
sive corn diet during the growing pe
riod not only falls to supply the ele
ment needed by the animal, but la
productive of digestion troubles and.
weaknesses in the system which In
vite disease.
Corn Is a good element in the ra
tion of any hog at any time. There is.
nothing better, but it
anced by alfalfa, clover or some oth-
r nitrogenous reed during the grow
ing periods of pigs and the breeding
Periods Of hogs. There la
period In the life of the hog when an
exclusive corn ration should be used,
and that Is at tha laat . ...
- v vi SUQ eVvetr
tenlng period of market hogs.
iuaro is not time in the life of a hog
when he should nnf t . "
sleeping quarters and pure drtnklnc.
The crane.