FARM m ORCHARD
Notes and Instructions from Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations
of Oregon and Washington, Specially Suitable to Pacific Coast Conditions
Loganberry One of the Best Busi
ness Propositions.
"From a strictly commercial point
of view the loganberry seems to be
one of the best business propositions
that is open to the small fruit grower
of the Northwest at the present
time," says Prof. V. R. Gardner, of
the Oregon Agricultural College.
"If an average of five tons is ob
tained, this means an income of ap
proximately $400 an acre," he contin
ues. "With an average yield of only
four tons, a very moderate estimate
indeed, the income an acre would be
$320. The cost of picking amounts to
about 25 cents a crate, or $20 a ton
This leaves a very good margin to cov
er the cost of production and for profit
upon the amount of capital -invested.
"Heretofore the demand for logan
berries has beeamore or less limited.
The fruit is comparatively soft and
not suitable for long distance ship
ments. With the development of the
canning trade and with the discovery
that the fuit can be dried to advan
tage, a very large market is open to
it. Canneries are willing to pay about
four cents a pound, or $80 a ton, for
the fresh fruit, the same price that
they pay for raspberries and strawber
ries. They are able to pay this price
because they can sell it to practically
the same trade that takes these fruits.
and it is no more costly to put on the
market in cans. Furthermore, it
seems very likely that they will con
tinue to pay this price for it, for the
prices of strawberries and raspberries
will tend to establish a level below
which it cannot well drop."
Winter Butter Making.
Good butter can be made in winter,
but it takes careful attention to de
tails from start to finish. Be sure
that utensils used in working the but
ter are thoroughly ajred and dried af
ter using and before being put away,
In the absence of direct sunshine dry
ing is slower, and may not be thor
oughly done unless special attention is
given, says a Farm and Home Writer.
Always scald pails, strainers and
separators with as much care as in mid
summer. Because milk does not sour
so quickly is no reason why vigilance
in this direction should be relaxed.
The bitter odor is bound to creep in
unless this is carefully attended to.
We cannot hope to make good but
ter without proper ripening of the
cream, for proper ripening is most im
portant. Most farm people keep
cream an entire week, putting all in
one lot. Often the cream is skimmed
directly into the churn, and this, of
course, has not ripened at all. Cool
the cream thoroughly after separating
and before mixing with the other
cream. Stir thoroughly every time
fresh cream is added. It will then
ripen evenly; more butter will be ob
tained, and it will come easier and
quicker.
Churning should be done at least
twice a week. After separating is
done cream should be kept cool until
within 12 hours before churning. It
may generally be ripened in winter by
letting it stand in a warm room a few
hours. The temperature should be
raised to about 65 degrees, or a little
over. If churned at more than 65 de
grees a good deal of the curd may be
incorporated and this will give a
cheesy flavor and the butter will not
keep well. .
If all the conditions are right, but
ter should come in about 40 minutes.
If it takes longer, it may be due to
too much cream in the churn, cream
too cold, cream too thin, and it may
be so thick that it whips and sticks.
Students Close Year of Country
man With Fine Number.
Oregon Agricultural College, Cor
vallis The fifth year of the Oregon
Countryman, published by the students
of the Oregon Agricultural College,
closed with the June number. It is
full of good things, containing 13 spe
cial articles on various phases of farm
and home life, with 11 illustrations.
The leading article is on "The
Evergreen Blackberry," by W. R.
Siler, of Vance, Wash. E. W. Cur
tis, of Claremont, Cal., writes on
"Important Phases in Dry Farm Till
age Methods," and A. B. Lunn, Cam
den, N. Y on marketing farm eggs.
O. C. Simpson, of the dairy faculty,
has an article on farm butter making,
and W. W. Howard, of Corvallis,
gives' some valuable information on
the care of draft horses.
Flax culture is the theme on which
R. W. Alspaugh, of Barton, writes.
Dean Henrietta W. Calvin, of the
home Economics department, has
the leading article in the home prob
lems division, discussing the principles
of bread making. A dairy of the sen
ior stock judging trip is given by
Blaine Ferguson, of Harley, Idaho,
and there are editorials on the dairy
students' trip, the work in poultry
husbandry, animal husbandry and other
departments.
Profit in Kindness.
Too few breeders and dairy farmers
give the needed recognition to the
basis on which the dairy industry is
founded the motherhood of the ani
mal furnishing the milk. One of the
most successful of the early Wisconsin
dairy men had for his motto, "Speak
to a cow as you would to a lady," and
when he was asked if he removed his
hat when entering the stable door in
the morning, he replied that he cer
tainly would do so if he thought he
could get more milk thereby, writes
a contributor to Farm and Home.
What owner, especially in testinar.
has not noticed that some one of his
milkers was able to get more milk
from the cows than were the other
milkers? It is the personal equation,
tne regard the cow has for her attend
ant, that gives hand milking an ad
vantage over the machine; and the
more nearly the cow has adopted her
milker in place of her calf, the great
er will be bis success as a milker,
There is usually a vast difference in
results between the milker who gets a
cow into position by pushing the leg
of the stool into her flank and then
kicks her on the shin to make her step
oacK, ana the one who gains the same
end with patience and gentleness.
Who can blame the cow for wanting
to kick the first man?
Aside from the knowledge of how to
feed in general and the study of the
special wants of the individual cows,
u attain me greatest success a man
must win the affection of the cows.
Some will say that this cannot be
done. But if the calf and growing
yeaning is treated gently and kindly,
and then is stabled and handled before
freshening like a cow, there will be
no such thing as breaking the .heifer
to milk; she will take it as the regu
lar thing.
Four Bud Weevils Injure Fruit
Scions.
That young fruit scions are receiv
ing great injury from four different
bud weevils, and that immediate steps
snouia De taken is the opinion of Prof.
H. F. Wilson, in charge of entomology
worn at tne uregon Agricultural Col
lege.
"They sometimes appear in im
mense numbers on fruit trees and feed
on the foliage and buds just opening,"
he says. "On large trees the damage
is slight, but very young trees suffer,
and may lose the proper branches for
forming the head by having the buds
eaten Dy tne weevils. They do con
siaeraDie damage on young prune
scions, stripping them completely and
causing them to die in a short time.
"Spraying with arsenate of lead
would undoubtedly kill them, but all
the weevils respond slowly to poisons,
and the breedine sroundn would fnmiati
new supplies before the old disap
peared. Hence spraying is not a prac
tical remedy.
As the beetles have no wings under
the wing sheaths, they must crawl in
to the trees. If, therefore, the trees
are shaken in the cool of the Hnv t
dislodge the weevils, and something
sticky is put around the tree, a large
part of the damaee will be nreventnn1
Printer's ink or a special preparation
maae Dy the "Tanglefoot" manufac
tures would be good. .
How to Prune Roses.
The hybrid perpetual and
blooming roses are commonly not
pruned hard enough. The best flowers
are Brown on vounc wood, and the aim
should bo to cut them back enough to
inauce a strong growth which will
bear a few fine flowers, rather than a
lot of common ones. Long, straggling
growth can De cut back in the fall,
but prunimr should crpnpmilv ha de
layed until spring, according to a
Farm and Home expert. Many suc
cessful rosarians cut bark their
to within one foot of the ground and
also remove all weak shoots. The aim
should be to cut off from one-half to
two-thirds of the previous season's
growth, and to remove all dead, frozen
and weak canes. There is little dan
ger of cutting off too much.
The Man of the Hour.
You may sing of the man with the
hoe.
Of the hero behind the gun ;
X our may carol of valiant knights,
Who have hundreds of battles won ;
i our may weep of the martyred
saint.
Or the poet who rules the pen ;
uut who on earth
Can compute the worth
Of the fellow Who fends the tionf
Josephine Pago Wright in Farm
ana norae.
Free Government Seeds.
For a bet a young seedsman of Leeds
Rashly swallowed six packets of seeds ;
And now, silly ass!
He is covered with ir.n..
- ".v.. Kanaa,
And cannot sit down for the weeds.
Charles Dobbs, in Farm and Home.
AIRSHIPS USED IN BALKANS
Writer Vividly Describes Two Scenes
H Witnessed During the Recent
Conflict There.
"As I stood watchine one day 1 saw
two scenes In this grim drama which
made my pulses beat with great ex
citement." BSVS a writer In "Thn Ral-
kan War," a book by Philip Glbbs and
oernara urant "A great bird flew
across the skv toward th Mtv And
as It flew It sang a droning song like
me ouzzing or an enormous bee. It
was a monoplane, flown hv a Bulgari
an aviator, who had volunteered to
reconnolter the Turkish defenses. It
disappeared swlftlv Into the nmok
wrack, and for some time I listened
intently to a furious fusillade which
seemed to meet this winged spy. Af
ter half an hour the anrnnlnna no mo
back, flying swiftly away from the
biioi ana sneu which pursued It from
the low lying hills. Its wings were
pierced, so that one cduld see the sky
through them, but it flew steadily
from the chase of death, and I heard
its rhythmic heart beat overhead. Its
escape was certain now. It " had
mocked at the pursuit of the shells,
the loud beat of its engine above me
was a song of triumph. I watched it
disappear again to safety. So it
seemed, but death has many ways of
capture, and when I came back to
Mustafa Pasha that day I heard that
the unfortunate aviator, after his es
cape from the guns, had fallen from
a great height within sight of home,
and that the hero's body lay smashed
to pieces in the wreckage of his ma
chine. "Then on another day I saw another
drama In the air. While mv eves
watched the smoke clouds from the
siege guns something twinkled and
glittered to the left of the four tall
minarets of the great mosque of Adrl-
anople. It was the smooth silk of an
airship which caught the rava of the
sun; this cigar-shaped craft rose
siowiy and steadily to a fair height,
though I think it was tethered at one
end. It rose above Deaceful Ground
into a great tranquillity, which lasted
aoout ten minutes. Then suddenly
there was a terrific clap of thunder
and a shell burst to the left of the air
ship. I gave a crest crv. It aeemed
to me that the frail craft had hnrat
and disappeared Into nothingness.
But a few seconds later, when the
smoke was wafted awav. I bw the
airship still poised steadily above the
earth, untouched by that death ma
chine. A second shell was flune skv
ward, far to the rleht. and for an
hour I watched shells rise continually
round that airship, trying to tear It
down from its high observation, but
never striking it. I do not know the
names or tne men who piloted that
ship, but whoever they were, they
may boast of a courage which kept
mem at their post In the sky amid
mat storm of shells."
Perils of the Late Afternoon.
Late in the afternoon Is the nerll
ous hour for all day workers. Not
only do statistics prove it, but there
is an easily understandable nhvatnlo?
leal explanation for It For it Is to
ward the end of the day's work that
ratigue comes on, and tired bodies
and brains inevitably lead to mistakes
and accidents.
"Bank clerks." savs the Medical
Record, "make most of the errors in
the late afternoon: wherefore there Is
now early closing of these institu
tions, since bankers have found their
employe's mistakes too exDenslva for
the maintenance of longer hours. Ev
ery one knows what dreadful calamity
must be feared when railway men
work too many hours through many
days. As to druggists, to err (with
pernaps fatal consequences) in the
filling of a prescription is indeed hu
man and hardly blameworthy In a
clerk who must be attentively at his
post almost two-thirds of the twenty
four hours. Amone industrial work
ers the desire for drink has often
sprung from sheer physical exhaus
tion."
. Patriots.
Vice-President Marshall was talklna
in New York about a famous multi
millionaire: "The man Is a exeat
patriot," said the witty and genial
vice-president "Yet, for all his pa
triotic talk, some people think he
doesnt really love his country. The
idea. Him not love his country! Why,
be loves his country so well that he'd
take the whole of it if he eould. As
it Is. he's taken far more than hi a
share. Love his country Indeed he
positively adores it!"
To Keep Cut Flowers Fresh.
An Interested reader writes that
whether the stems of flowers be lth.
er hard or soft, they may be kept
rresn longer lr the stems are cut off
about a quarter of an inch after plac
ing them In water. Use a sharp pair
of scissors, and be sure that the cut
end Is not exposed to the air at all
Prepare!
Never write on a subject wlthonf
first having read yourself full of It,
and never read on a subject till you
have thought yourself hungry on It.
Richter.
WEALTH
OF THE INCAS
(r&k A.
m' IT "
Mia? i mm n'sk 4" ' -
' MMrj
HUNICIPAL PALACE, LIMA
PERU is conceded to be the
third richest country In the
world. Its own leading men
believe positively it Is the
richest, and no one can say
Just how great is the wealth of its un
explored hills and canyons. The ef
fort of Its statesmen to redeem it, as
recently reported, by land concessions
to immigrants and railroads to carry
the products of the fields and the
mines, which are now carried on the
backs of natives, has attracted more
attention In Europe than the United
States, which is godfather to it
Peru is said to be the one country
in South America where there is no
racial antipathy to Americans, as this
country did. Peru a good turn prob
ably before that spirit was born among
the Latin races to the south. It was
in 1858 that the United States re
stored to Peru the Lobos guano is
lands, to which some adventurous
Americans had laid claim. The fair
ness of this government has since
then been something of a tradition
down there.
Wealth Back of Desolate Coast
Much of the wealth that Spain has
dissipated, her gold and silver that
was made into ornaments as well as
money, and the precious stones be
longing to the royal houses are re
puted to have been largely carried
back from Peru by the Conqulsa
dores. For a thousand miles the coast
of Peru presents a bold, unspeakable
barren appearance. Mountains tower
up toward the cloudless skies day aft
er day as one pursues his slow way
down the coast Not a tree or a green
bush can be seen, but back of the
barrier Is the wealth of the Incas
gold and silver, coffee and cotton and
spices and fruits and rare woods. No
where does the desert run back' for
more than 80 miles from the coast,
and usually not so far. Then there
is the long stretch of gradually ris
ing plains, the foothills and then the
great Interior table lands.
From 1630 to 1824 Jesuit priests
are credited with taking 27 tons of
pure silver out of a single valley,
while other mines are said to have
yielded hundreds of millions of dol
lars, and even with the primitive
system employed by the monks and
the native Indians. But for nearly
half a century or more Peru went
backward, and became so poor that
her richest citizen lived on the pawn
shops. But that period has passed,
and with permanent peace the country
Is slowly recovering its prosperity.
Silver is one mineral that is, per
haps, most abundant, and that is to
be found in every section of the re
public. In many places it Is found
in a native state, and the deposits are
of great richness. Copper mining
Is comparatively a new industry in
Peru, as not until the depreciation of
silver, did miners turn their attention
to copper, when it was found that
It existed In paying quantities In the
great silver districts. Within the
last few years the Haggln-Guggenhelm
copper mines at Cerro de Paseo have
produced enormous quantities of ore,
and modern smelting works have been
established at several of tho more Im
portant centers.
Cerro de Paseo and Yaull are the
two best known copper regions of
Peru, but others are known to ex
ist The ores of Peru are always found
In various combinations with differ
ent metals. ,
Gold, which constituted the great
wealth of the nation before the con
quest by Pizarro, was not mined to a
very great extent by the Spanish con
querors, who, for some reason, gave
all their attention to silver mining.
1 1
oi
For this extraordinary reason the
gold mines from whence the native
Incas derived their fabulous wealth
remained more or less abandoned for
three centuries, and it is only now
that there is a revival of gold min
ing. Gold is found In several parts of
Peru. There is alluvial gold gen
erally on the Amazonian slopes and
throughout eastern Peru the rivers
have all gold bearing gravel beds,
so that hydraulic mining, the most in
expensive method known, is likely to
assume some magnitude.
The Germans are showing the same
enterprise and aggressive policy in
Peru that they have shown in Brazil
and other parts of South America.
They are elbowing the British out,
and are absorbing the export trade. In
almost every city throughout Latin
America the retail shopB, the com
mission business, the manufacturing
Interests, and all kinds of enterprises
are owned or controlled by Germans.
They have recently gone into Peru.
The United States might have had the
best of everything, but Americans do
not show any disposition to go out
Into other countries. There are, how
ever, several large American enter
prises In Peru.
Mines Forgotten.
In the northern part of the repub
lic It Is proposed to rebuild and ex
tend two lines of railway in order to
reach valuable deposits of coal, cop
per and other minerals, and open
up tracts of . land that are suitable
for vineyards, fruits and general ag
riculture. One of these roads will
be an extension of a short line now
running out of Pascasmayo to the an
cient town of Caxamarca. where
Atahulpa, the "Last of the Indas," was
strangled In the most treacherous
manner by Pizarro, after he had filled
with gold the room of the palace In
which he had been confined." The
mines from which that gold came have
been forgotten, but are believed to
lie somewhere back In the mountains,
and, what Is more to the point, there
are known beds of coal of good qual
ity, almost inexhaustible, It is said,
and much needed in South America!
It is also proposed to build about
100 miles of road from Ho to Mo- '
quega through a rich agricultural
valley, where the soli is especially
adapted for vineyards.
An English corporation holds a con
cession to build a line a distance of
200 miles from the port of Chlmboto
over the mountains to the town of
Huarez, capital of one of the northern
provinces, which Is the center of a
mineral region with large deposits of
copper, silver and coal. An American
syndicate obtained a concession a'
few years ago, and deposited a for
felt of $60,000 for the extension of a
railway from Payta to the Maranon,
one or the largest branches of the
Amazon. ' The proposed line was to.
cross both ranges of the Andes and
open up an agricultural country and
vast rubber forests. It was surveyed
and is yet to be constructed.
Floor Stains.
When hot fat ia snllled on a flnni
the first impulse is to pour on hot wa
ter. Do not do this, as It keeps the
fat melted and allows it to sink Into
the wood. Pour qold water a lot of It
and the fat will harden h
sinks In. Then it can be removed by
scraping up.
Area of the Oceans.
The Atlantic ocean haa an in.
24,636,000 square miles; p'aclflo, 60,-
bus.uuu; inaian, 17,084,000; Arctic, 4,
781,000, and Southern, 30,692,000.