Lincoln County leader., July 14, 1911, Image 7

FARM m
Notes and Instructions from Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations
of Oregon and Washington, Specially Suitable to Pacific Coast Conditions
THE RANCH WOODLOT.
By George W. Peavy, Professor of Forestry, Ore
eon Agricultural College.
It is one of the trite sayings that of
all people the rancher is the most in
dependent. With advancing civiliza
tion, and its accompanying specializa
tion, however, people come to be more
and more dependent upon each other.
We no longer know the tallow dip but
we buy Standard Oil. Homespun
gives way to the products of the wool
en trust. We Bell our livestock and
buy meat of the beef trust, and so on
to the end of a long chapter. Finally,
the independent wood supply of the
farmer is threatened by the exhaus
tion of the ranch woodlot.
One renders himself liable to be
looked upon as visionary when he un
dertakes to warn people of the danger
of a timber shortage west of the Cas
cades. Yet a shortage there will be, in
spite of any precautions which may
be taken. The writer very well recalls
from his younger days the jeers which
greeted any suggestion that the mag
nificent pine forests of the Lake states
would soon be exhausted. Yet, at
the end'' of 25 years, the people are
cutting off stump tops for shingles
and digging up the roots for the man
ufacture of wood alcohol, charcoal and
turpentine. The farmers are paying
the prices exacted by the lumbermen's
association for the lumber they need,
and are hauling coal from town for
fue at such prices as the railroads are
willing to sell it.
In this state, firwood is selling in
Portland for $6 per cord. In the
smaller towns, from $4 to $5. Fence
posts, hop poles and other farm tim
bers are proportionately dear. Not
only that, but as time goes on these
prices will increase, for the supply of
timber the country over, is constantly
decreasing and the demand will be
more and more centered upon the tim
ber products of the Northwest.
By a little wise management a large
part of the ranchers west of the Cas
cades may make themselves independ
ent in the matter of a supply of fuel
and farm timbers for domestic use.
Nearly every ranch contains a tract of
land which, owing to the character of
the soil or the situation, is better
suited to growing timber than for reg
ular ranch purposes. If the rancher
does not possess such a tract, it would
be good economy for him to buy some
cheap land just for woodlot purposes.
Recent investigations show that
second growth Douglas fir, 40 years
old, will, in good situations, grow
over two cords per acre per year.
When one knows the character of his
soil and the amount of wood he uses
each year, he can easily calculate the
acreage he will need to supply his
wants.
While forest trees are not as exact
ing in their demands for light, soil,
moisture and care as the fruit trees
are, yet there are certain rules which
can be observed with profit in manag
ing an ordinary woodlot. First of
all, stock should not be allowed in the
woods, except in small numbers.
They get but little forage if the lot is
properly cared for and they trample
down the young stuff and pack the
soil so that air and moisture do not
circulate, freely through it. If shade
is needed for the stock it will pay to
fence a small portion of the woodlot
for that purpose.
Fire should never be allowed to run
through the woodlot, since it destroys
the young growth as well as the litter
and humus which increase the fertility
of the soil ai.d serve to hold the moist
ure. As far as possible, young
growth should be kept on the sides
from which the severest winds come,
to protect the soil from the drying
effect of the air. The forest floor
wants plenty of litter and humus,
shade and a good supply of moisture,
for the production of the largest
amount of timber.
To illustrate by use of a special case,
suppose one has a 20-acre woodlot and
that he uses 20 cords of wood per
year. Suppose also that the stand is
about 40 years old. He should begin
on the lee side of the tract and cut a
strip containing a half acre each year.
All material, except very young
stuff, should be removed. These suc
cessive strips will be quickly seeded
up, for the fir produces an immense
amount of seed, which the wind will
distribute over the cut area. Nearly
everyone is familiar with cases where
nature has seeded up cut over lands.
When the area has been completely
cut over the different strips will pre
sent the appearance of huge steps
with the youngest stuff on the wind
ward side.
Of course, if one starts with an
even-aged stand, the last cuttings will
contain a larger amount of material
as well as larger stuff. The amounts
can be equalized by cutting larger
areas at first.
In considering this whole proposi
tion it might be well to state that
material of no higher grade than 60-year-old
Douglas fir is being sold in
Germany for $23.00 per 1,000 feet
ORCHARD
)
board measure, on the stump. Some
of us will live to see the day when
the second growth Douglas fir will
command prices not now dreamed of.
It is a wise man who locks the stable
when the horse is still inside.
MILK AND YIELD OF CHEESE,
By O. G. Simpson. Aaaiatant Dairyman, Oregon
Agricultural College.
The relation of the composition of
milk to yield of cheese is a subject
of special interest among dairymen of
the cheese producing districts.- It is
often maintained by many dairymen
that milk containing more than 4 per
cent of fat failed to produce any more
cheese than milks of 4 per cent or less
of fat. This view was prevalent until
Van Slyke, by extended experiments,
proved that the yield of cheese was
nearly proportional to the per cent of
fat in milks of normal composition.
This view was so general, that, until
1892, no thought was ever given to
paying for milk on any other basis
than by the 100 pounds. There was
complete ignorance regarding the milk
constituents and their influence on the
yield of cheese.
The amount of green cheese pro
duced from 100 pounds of milk is in
fluenced by three factors :
1. The percentage of fat and casein
in milk.
2. The percentage of fat and casein
lost in cheese making.
3. The amount of whey retained in
the cheese.
The amount of whey retained in
cheese can easily be made to vary 10
per cent. When we consider the
amount retained we find that it bears
no relation to the amount of water in
milk, but that it is entirely dependent
upon the methods of the cheese-maker.
Therefore, when we discuss the yield
of cheese from milk of different com
position, it is necessary to have a
fixed standard for the amount of water
present in the , cheese. The average
amount of water in factory cheese is
3 per cent. This is the amount usually
taken in comparing yield of cheese
from milks of different composition.
It is not far from the truth to say
that the fat and the casein are the
only constituents of milks prominent
in determining the yield of cheese.
The production of cheese depends on
the ability of rennet to coagulate or
make a solid mass of the casein.
When casein coagulates it surrounds
and holds the fat globules. Other
conditions being the same, the yield of
cheese varies as the amount of fat and
casein vary. As a rule, as the per
cent of fat increases the per cent of
casein increases also. However, the
casein does not quite keep pace with
the fat, as is shown in the following
table:
Per cent of
Fat in Milk.
3.00.
4.00
5.00
6.00
Per cent of
Casein in Milk.
2.10
2.50
2.90
3.35
Parts of Caaein for
One Part Fat.
1:0.70
1:0.62
1:0.58
1:0.56
We would not .expect then to get
twice as much cheese from' a 6 per
cent milk as from a 3 per cent milk,
which is borne out in practice. It is
a matter of interest to know the ex
tent of the variation of yield of cheese
as influenced by per cent of fat.
v Yield of Cheese
Per Cent Fat. Ter 100 Pounds Milk.
3.0 8.30 lbs.
4.0 10.60 lbs.
5.0 12.90 lbs.
6.0 15.20 lbs.
(The cheese in each case containing
37 per cent water.)
It is noticeable that the yield of
cheese per pound of fat decreases as
the percentage of fat increases. The
less rapid is the decrease as the per
centage of fat increases.
In making milk into cheese some of
the fat and some of the casein in un
avoidably lost. The fat being held in
little pockets by the casein, falls out
when these pockets are broken or cut
open during the process of manufac
ture. It was for some time thought
that with an increase of fat in milk
there would be an increased loss of fat
in the whey. Under normal conditions
it is found that the per cent of fat in
the whey is fairlyconstant. Also that
the loss of fat is quite independent of
the amount of fat in the milk. In the
handling of the curd during the cheese
making process small particles of
casein are broken off and lost in the
whey. The average amount of fat
found in whey is about .33 per cent.
The amount of casein is about .10 per
cent.
Other conditions being about the
same, the yield of cheese will vary
according to the per cent of fat and
casein in the milk. As has been
pointed out, milks rich in fat are more
valuable for cheese making because
of the increased amounts of casein. A
5.0 per cent fat milk is not twice as
valuable from the standpoint of yield
as a 2.5 per cent milk. But it is
maintained by such an authority as
Babcock that the increased quality in
the cheese will make up the deficiency
in yield.
'COWBOY GOES "LOCO"
COMMITS WHOLESALE MURDER
AFTER KILLING BRIDE.
Ropes and Drags to Death His Wife,
Kills Brother, Stepson and a Sis-ter-ln-Law,
Then Com
mits Suicide.
Billings, Mont. Driven temporarily
insane by marital troubles and suffer
ing from an injury, due to a fall with
his horse early In the winter, Cliff
Roots, a cowboy and freighter, resid
ing about forty miles north of here,
ran amuck with a rope and six-shooter.
After killing his young bride of a
few weeks, her brother, Andy Render,
his own stepson, James Bridges, and
his wife's sister, Mrs. W. S. Thomp
son, he committed suicide.
Mounting his horse, Roots threw a
rope around his wife's neck nnd
dragged her at iTgallop over his ranch
until the back of her head bad been
crushed ' by striking against the
stones. He dragged her body back to
the ranch house and left it In the
stable, where It was found by officers.
The Immediate cause of the act will
never be known.
Rehder was playing cards with a
friend when Roots rode up and fired
three shots through the door, killing
Rehder instantly and tearing off one
of the ears of his companion.
Roots then went to the ranch of
James Bridges, son of his first wife,
and without warning shot him to
death. From there he rode to the
ranch of Mrs. W. S. Thompson, wid
owed sister of his first wife, and shot
her dead. Returning to his own ranch,
Roots went Into a field and blew out
his brains.
A note found by officers, addressed
to his former wife and written pre
sumably after he had killed wife No.
2, stated that as she had taken hla
boy from him he would take her boys
away from her. When the first wife
was granted a divorce she was given
the custody of their eight-year-old son
and he had been trying ever since to
have the boy returned to him. An
other son by the first wife, living In a
remote section of the Bull Mountains,
has not been heard from and It is
thought that Roots had murdered him.
It Is also feared that Ralph Bridges,
his wife and baby have been killed.
Roots covered at least fifty miles, us
Ing two horses, while perpetrating his
wholesale murders.
LONDON DANCING IS "LIVELY"
Mrs. Grundy Takes Exception to
"Kitchen Lancers" Style of Art
Girls Whirled In Air.
London. From letters that have
been appearing In the newspapers
one might Imagine that the "Kitchen
Lancers" style of dancing Is some
new thing. That, however, is far from
being the case. Quite a quarter of a
century ago one heard the Identical
complaints that are now voiced by
certain old chaperons In the dally
press as to the romping that goes on
in fashionable ballrooms.
In the old days, too, round dances
were much more "lively" than they
are now, for a very fast "deux temps"
was the style fashionable folk affected
In the Voctorlan age, and as the smart
young man of that period held his
arm out at right angles going ahead
for all he was worth, a real romp was
Lthe result
Nowadays waltzing at a slow and
stately pace Is the fashion. As to
the much abused "Kitchen Lancers,"
it Is quite certain that If lancers were
not danced In the way that "Mrs.
Grundy" and the others complain of
they would be very little indugled In,
because no i ne except at a court ball
would think of standing up and walk
ing solemnly through the figures of
the old Victorian "square dance."
The young people of the present day
are all for rapid progression, and It Is
quite In the order of things toward
the end of the evening, when matters
get "lively" for the young men to lift
their girl partners off their feet, whirl
them In midair and then deposit them
on terra flrma again. They would con
sider the ball a mighty dull affair
If that part of the program were
banned, ,
Turtle In Car
Xisle.
Kansas City, Mo. Men and wonvn
whose acquaintance with turtles was
limited to the kind In restaurant soup
were startled on a cross-town Inde
pendence street car when a specimen
of the sea-going variety appeared wad
dling down the aisle, besd thrust welt
out before.
Some passenger? lost no time In
getting out of ths way until one
young woman with the Intellectual
brow of a coed reached out with her
dainty kid slipper and with a quick
turn threw the turtle on Its back.
The turtle had been given by a
fishorroan to Conductor Nolan. He
had put him In a sack which had
somehow become untied.
AGED COWS BEST BREEDERS
Some Interesting Results Secured In
Tests at Iowa Station on Pro
lificacy of Swine.
An Investigation at the Iowa experi
ment station to discover the influence
of the age of sows upon their prolifi
cacy and the weight and growth of
the pigs they produced gave some In
teresting results, says Coburn's Swlne
In America. It was found, for exam
ple, that 15 sows bred at eight or nine
months average seven and two-thirds
pigs per littler, while 14 sows about
24 months old averaged nine and six
tenths pigs per litter, nd agedsows
averaged ten and six-tenths per Titter.
Pigs from the younger sows weighed
on an average 2.39 pounds per pig;
from the two-year-old sows 2.63. and
from the aged sows 2.61 pounds. When
about six weeks old the pigs from the
young sows made an average dally
gain of .32 pounds, while the pigs
from the two-year-old sows gained .40
pounds. No data Is given on the gain
of the pigs from the aged sows.
Stated In another way It was found
that the two-year-old sows farrowed
24 per cent, more pigs than the young
bows, while the old sows farrowed 30
per cent. more. The weight of the
pigs from the two-year-old sows was 9
per cent, greater than that of the
young sows, while the pigs from the
old sows were 12 per cent, larger than
from the young sows. The pigs from
the two-year-old sows made a more
rapid gain than those from the young
sows, amounting to 26 per cent. In
each Instance the older sows farrowed
more pigs per litter, heavier pigs at
birth, and their pigs made the most
rapid growth aftej birth.
DRILLING FOR SMALL GRAINS
Tests Show Increased Yield $3.57 Fr
Acre Over Broadcasting Coi
dltlont Identical.
During the past few years, tests
have been conducted to determine the
comparative yields obtained from
seeding small grain by the old method
of sowing broadcast and harrowing,
and by sowing with the press drill. All
conditions were Idetnlcal for the plats
being compared, excepting the man
ner of seeding. During each season
the grain was sown on corn stubble
prepared by disking. The average re
sults of the three seasons, Indicate
that drilling Increased the yield of
spring wheat 7.4 bushels per acre, of
barley 7.7 bushels per acre, of oats
10.7 bushels per acre, and of emmer
10.8 bushels per acre. Or drilling in
creased the revenue $3.57 per acre,
considering wheat worth 70 cents, bar
ley 45 cents, oats 35 cents and emmer
30 cents per bushel. According to
these results, the Increase In the value
of 20 acres of small grain planted with
a drill over the same area sown
broadcast and covered with the har
row would pay for a $75.00 press drill.
Objects to Average Hens.
I am willing to agree with many
people that the average egg yield is
very much greater today than years
ngo, but the talk of the average Is
misleading, says a writer In an ex
change. Hens don't lay an average;
they lay eggs or nothing. It isn'tVfalr
to count eggs laid by hens well cared
for and good layers against old, poor
ly cared for stock kept by poultrymen
who only guess what they get. In
other words, all stock Bhould be a
record unto Itself and the owner not
averaged against poor layers and
poor poultrymen. For this reason
our poultry census Is not fair in Its
average poultry statistics. Every sec
tion or state should be credited by
Itself, and purebred fowls and mon
grels separated, as well as nonlayers
from layers.
Alfalfa Needs Lime.
We have found out a good many
things about alfalfa on our farm.
Some of them may help you. No oth
er forage crop requires so much lime
In the soil as does alfalfa, says a
writer In an exchange. The young
plants are very tender and are apt to
be killed by weeds during their early
stages of growth. Alfulfa Is often
killed by overflows from streams a
well drained soil Is essential. Well
rotted barnyard manure Is the most
satisfactory fertilizer, as fresh manure
is apt to carry too many weeds. The
time of seeding alfalfa varies, but late
summer Is usually best In the east and
south, while spring Is the time In the
Irrigated and semiarld sections of the
west, and also In the north. Better
experiment on a small acreage fir it.
Substitute for Green Food.
Clover hay is not a green food, but
It Is a pretty good substitute for poul
try. Steam or scald the shattered
leaves or run some of the hay through
a feed cutter and scald It after It has
been cut up. Sometimes we add
enough middlings, ground oats or bran
to make a crumbly mash, and feed In
troughs. When we haven't any time to
scald the clover we gather up a big
basket of the leaves from the barn
floor and scatter it In the houses. The
hens scratch among It for seed! and
hulls, and it Is surprising how much
of It they will eat.
A NAUGHTY KNOTHOLE
BREAKS UP NATURE CURE FOR
FROLICSOME FEMININES.
Back-to-Nature Movement of Topeka
Woman Spoiled When Male Pa
tients Discover Optical Orifice
in the Partition.
Topeka, Kan. It was only an inno
cent little knothole In a board, but it
has probably wrecked the future hopes
of a new society which was fqunded
here. Mrs. Katheryn Boggs of this
city started a back-to-nature move
ments which Includes sun baths and
vegetable diet. A score of people had
taken kindly to the plan and had en
rolled In the movement.
Mrs. Boggs lives in a fine cottage
on the edge of town, and haB a large
yard that she Is using for her patients.
She has a kind of outdoor hotel, where
simple vegetable diet is partaken of
by the twenty members. At the south
edge of the yard Is an enclosed plot
of grass with a board fence, about ten
feet high, surrounding it. The plot en
closed is about fifty by one hundred
feet. Through the center lengthwise
is a partition as high as the fence and
made of boards, likewise. In the cen
ter of each partitioned space Is a
large pile of clean sand, fresh from
the Kaw. In this the patients take
their sun baths In the nude state.
They roll In the grass, wallow in the
sand and run and play, finishing with
a shower bath and a rubdown.
But the knothole! Ah, the naughty
knothole, spoiled It all. Eight of these
patients were men. They have taken
the south side of the big corral. They
have always seemed to enjoy the new
plan Immensely, frolicking like lambs
or kittens and making the sand fly.
But one morning they were still so
very long that it attracted the atten
tion of the ladles who happened to be
taking a sun bath at the same hour.
They listened and looked and won
dered. Suddenly an eagle-eyed dam
sel spied a knothole In the partition
and on the other side of the knothole
was an eye. A human eye, a man's
eye. First a blue eye, then a gray
one, then a brown one. The eye at
the knothole was a regular chameleon
sort of an optic. At this the squeals
broke out right, some fainted, others
less embarrassed ran to the dresBlng
room and then safely encased in bath
robes Into the cottage.
When It was all over the men coun
seled among themselves what to do.
They decided that to remain In their
corral and act like nothing had hap
pened was the best.- So, after a half
hour of falling attempts to have a
good time, they bathed, dressed and
went home. Mrs. Boggs has notified
the gentlemen that operations will be
suspended for a while and that here
after the new thought movement may
be for women only.
MORE OF CLASSICS WANTED
Head of Vassar Regrets College Ten
dency Away From Liberal Arts
Too Much Specialty. '
Philadelphia. It Is a mistake to
make the college do the work of the
factory, the office and the shop and
to relegate the liberal arts to the
background. The craze for vocational
training is a result of the impatience
of Americans who wish to accomplish
everything at once and who will not
wait for things to take their own
course."
Dr. James Taylor, president of Vas
sar college, who spoke at the College
club, where a reception was given In
honor of htm and his wife, thus placed
himself on record as opposed to the
modern attempt to shove the classics
and all branches of cultural training
Into an educational Umbo, while room
is made for trades, crafts and useful
manual work, which has for Its final
object the earning of money.
"The mistake of vocational train
ing," he said, "is that it fits a boy
or a girl for only one occupation In
life, for which he or she may take
a dislike afterward. There can never
be any certainty about the bent of
a yo'ing person, and there are a thou
sand chances that the trade or profes
sion he or Bhe takes up will not bo .
the one followed In later life. x
"I know one man who devoted his
enrly years to studying for the min
istry and who ended his life as a
manufacturer' of gun wadding and
cartridges. There is danger that vo
cational training may warp faculties
that should have a broader range."
Farmer Sues Aviator.
Paris. M. Huerteblse, a farmer at
Guyancourt, sued M. Esnault-Pelterie,
the aviator, because the pilots of his
aeroplanes landed on his property and
caused damage to his fields.
On March 6, notably, Mr. Marie fell
In a rye field and the aeroplane could
not be gotten out without doing seri
ous damages to the crop.
M. Quesnel, the justice of the pease,
sentenced M. Esnault-Pelterie to pay
a fine of $2 damages. h sum claimed
bT M Heurteblae.