Rn7 Milk Cans. "Rusty cans and their effect upon milk." is the title of a very valuable bulletin of the University of Wisconsin Agricultural Experiment Station. Ex pvrlinents Indicate that milk hauled In 1 he poorly tinned or rusted cans Is ma terially Injured for cheese making, for In addition to the retarding Influence of the Iron on the rennet action and the neutralization of the acid by the Iron, It also produces taints or off-flavors. The milk cans used to haul milk to our creameries and cheese factories are too often of a cheap grade, and they are used too frequently after they have become tainted, and the tin be comes cracked and checked so that the iron Is exposed and rusts. In these ex periments, milk was placed In rusty tin aim and allowed to stand for different jierlods. while other samples of the siiiiie milk were kept In glass beakers. Every time thut this experiment was ivjvatcd, the mil!: kept In t!ic niry cans gave evidence of a retnrdlug Influ ence on the rennet as cooipared with the milk 4iept In the glass beaker. Milk which was allowed to stand In Iron utensils for several hours bad a pecu liar Mulsh color, indicating the pres ence of Iron In the solution. It was evident that the acid in the milk acted upon the Iron and dissolved some of It. The uiuximum quantity of Iron dis solved in the milk ranged from 1 to 1 pounds for every thousand pounds of milk. The Bulletin urges that the maangers of cheese factories and creameries see that the operator Is a reliable man, who will not only practice cleanliness but will Insist that the factory uten sils nnd those of the patrons are In lirst-class condition. He advocates the use of only such cans In which heavy fteel Is used that have been well tin ned, similar to those used In Europe. Experience has proven that the cans of the best quality, even though they are quite exiwiislve, are the most eco nomical In the long run. Heating Wnlcr for Hog Killing;. A device which Is superior to the old Iron kettle for heating water Is shown In this sketch. Take a piece of 2-Inch pipe 8 feet long and have It 8IMTI.K WATKK BARREL. securely screwed Into the bottom of a stout vinegar barrel. In the other end of the pipe screw a large wooden block. By arranging the affair as shown In the sketch water In the barrel will be heated rapidly and ran be removed as desired without bothering the fire. Do not make the . mlstnko of putting a 111c tii I cap ou the end of the pipe or the steam may sometimes burst the piping before the cap- will come off. The woodtta block acts as a safety valve and will fly out if pressure Is too great Hero Is another handy arrangement for heating water when killing bogs, cooking small po tatoes for stock, 'etc. A heavy bar, such as the track of a hay carrier is fixed In the top of two posts and the pulley runs 'eti.-c''-- upon it which pot df.ubick. carries the lever wliu which the pot ran be lifted. A small brick furnace will get the most out of a fire, as the pot sets Into a round hole on the top and receives the full benefit of the heat Farm and Home. Study of Windbreak. An effort to determine tho vnlue of windbreaks on farms Is being made by the Forest Service of the United States Department of Agriculture. At pres ent windbreaks are planted haphazard nnd many do not believe In them, so it is time we bad some definite Informa tion on the subject If there Is a par ticular kind of tree that makes a bet ter protection to crops without doing any harm we should know It The Forest Service proposes to find out Just how much, If any, and when wind breaks increase crop yields. Instru ments will be used to measure heat and cold, moisture and dryness, both aoove and below ground ; to register the force of the wind near the windbreaks and noma distance away; to measure light pi Intensity and take note or the effects f shade; to register frosts at different distances from the trees and to keep account of the effect of windbreaks on the suow which covers the ground to leeward In winter. Many other meas- ureraents and tests will be made and elaborate data will be collected by ex- nerts hn trill hv of the In- vestlgatlon. Corn will be the first crop " studied behind windbreaks. Corn Is a partlcularly good crop to experiment with because it Is easily Injured by ui n luun, will uui buuu Diuuiug and Is very sensitive to frosts. If It Is found, as is generally sup posed, that windbreaks are a decided advantage to crop yields, it will be an ' easy matter for the farmer to plant trees In his fence rows or along the sides of his fields toward the prevail ing winds and thus protect his crops as well as produce a valuable crop of tim ber. In view of the fact that our tim ber supply Is rapidly waning. It stands every farmer In hand to plant some trees and to maintain the wood lots upon his farm, so If windbreaks can be used to advantage, he can easily make , the trees he plants serve a double pur- i pose. The results of the investigation will be awaited with interest Farm er's Guide. Farm Fowls. Fowls on the farm should in the ver nature of things be the most profitable of all fowls. They cost little to feed uiiJ the space they range over costs no more on account of the presence of the fowls. Most of them have free rango and forage for their food ; this Is profit able for the owner and enjoyable to the fowls. Most farm flocks are too small. They might easily be Increased In size with little effort and small expenditure. It hns been said that a fowl will pay a dollar a year clear profit under such conditions as prevail on the average farm If they are rightly housed and cared for. This Is surely large enough a profit to be Interesting to any farmer. Usually the farm fowls do not get cred it for all they really do, for the farmer seldom figures In the eggs and other poultry products used by his own fam ily, which make quite an item in the course of a yenr. - ( Not only the qunntlty should be In creased, but also the quality. There are vastly greater possibilities for profit In pure-bred fowls than In scrubs. They look better, weigh and lay better, and really are better in every way. Agri cultural Epltoiulst Where Oar Vegetable. Originated. Tti ir.S ilio nnti.tr, wns Introduced Into Europe by the Spaniards, who found It In Chile. At almost the same date It was introduced Into England by the English, who had found It cul tivated by the Indians of North Amer ica. The sweet potato and the arti choke are also American vegetables. Salsify Is tyund growing wild over Greece, Italy and Algeria. Turnips and rnrtll.e crime oriL'inallv from Central Euroite. Cabbage, which Is of remote origin, Is believed to be a European vegetable. Asparagus found Its origin In temperate Western Asia. Eggplant came to us from India. The carrot grows wild throughout Europe, Asia Minor, Siberia. China. Abyssinia, North Africa and the Canary islands. The tomato comes from Peru, the cuctini ber from tudla and the pumpkin from Guinea. Celery and Celerlnc. There is a special turnip-rooted form of celery known as celerlac, which pro duces a large root and very small leaf stems. This Is more suitable for cook lug than the common celery. Poultry Item. Lice are the cause of death of more half-grown turkeys than rrora any oth er cause. Foul yards are great sources of dis ease. Fowl diseases are also caused by foul coops and foul drinking vessels. Make the entrance to the nests from the back to make them dark, and make them big enough so the heus can get in and out without breaking the eggs. Almost any breed of fowls may be kept within bounds if rightly treated, even though it is much easier to con fine large breeds than smaller ones. No one wants eggs that have been washed; they don't look right To get a good price for eggs they must be naturally clean as well as fresh. Overcrowding or confinement In nn healthful quarters causes diseases among poultry. Tills, however, Is not excusable on the farm. There Is plen ty of room and sanitation should be perfect. Corn is not a good feed for poultry that is kept In yards too small to grow green stuff, but It Is the very best feed for fowl when they are on pasture, where they get plenty of Insects and clover to pick at Loss or waste is one of the great drawbacks In the poultry business. Waste should be prevented, and every pound of feed should be made to pro duce the greatest possible gains. Clean liness Is one-half the battle In prevent ing loss. Keep everything about the yard clean and much low will be stopped. MlMI flow tflP impost i&te if made ; r . . a fjle fndjalatidmade e matef Of thO j . vj. POfOQivpMemsorJUaei',lTeuchea at Casablanca, another In OSCOD&S. Awondopful hn.ii- rtfxtr nthinh . y , ywfitinu . J - JGW years fggffJ Dld 'ou ever 001116 ut ot a moving fltture show with the feeling that you had been "dreaming dreams?" There Is nothing that so thoroughly combines absolute mathematical exact ness with fantastic unreality as the modern entertainment known as a moving picture show. There Is noth- ,nS that requires more scientific and "rustic skui in the making or more care a'V1 dexterity In the reproducing thnn the Pictures shown by the klne- toscope, nnd there Is nothing more mystirytng to the beholder than these same pictures, when they are thrown on the screen in the theater. In the same afternoon, perhaps, you will see a thrilling train robbery, a prize fight, a dainty little domestic comedy, a scene during a trip of one of the pres idential candidates, a fairy tale of your clillJIiuoJ, and some of the majl cal pictures In which stones roll rap Idly up hill, saws and hammers work : without human assistance, or a skele ton gradually develops flesh and clotn jing. The commonplace is so mixed J with the Impossible that while you are looking at the pictures you find yourself believing It Is nil perfectly real and natural, and It Is only after you have left .the theater that you realize It Is a trick, an optical Illu sion, and you wonder how It Is done. I The effect upon your mind la much like that produced by a dream you ( have had, only In the case of the cine matograph you try to analyze the process. Behind the Scene. But the process Is unnnalyzable, un less you are permitted a peep behind the scenes of the business of film mak ing. Once In the film maker's studio, however, you find the making of the pictures far more Interesting than the pictures themselves. One moment you langh at your own stupidity in not guessing "how It worked." The next Vflll n tA lnot In nmlnnf Inn - !. " " luc ermsB 01 11,6 nlln mnKCTs in being able 1 to nrrW the natural and ordinary I men,m aD0Ut tnom to Produce such ex- traoramnry results. And you never see a moving picture afterwards with out remembering how it, or one like it, was made. Art, the drama, nature, mechanical forces, all have a part In the produc tion of the pictures that are repro- duccd a" over the civilized world, foi , the moving picture show has become the most universal of all amusements, I Erf manufacturer of motion picture j fl,nlB maintains a large company of ; actors- a theater of his own with an Immense stage fitted with traps, tanks, , ,lft and ot"er usual scenic accessories, . and a larSr corps of stage carpenters, scene painters, scene shifters and property men thnn Is thought neces sary In any of the first-class theaters In Europe or America. All sorts of Ingenious methods of producing un usual effects, all the devices for cre ating realistic Illusions known to the stage and many that are Impossible on the real stage, are employed. 1 Every kind of scenery nnd stage setting are used. People of nil ages, sizes and con dltlons, "the lame, the halt and the blind," ns well ns the physically per fect, take part In the various scenes, Sometimes the actors play their parts on a real stage, sometimes they act In the fields or woods or even on the streets of a city, nnd sometimes they go partly through a performance in the midst of natural surroundings and complete the play on the stage of a the ater, or vice versa. It nil depends on the subject of the picture and the way the Idea Is worked out. Dramatic ability of a high order Is necessary In the actors who pose be fore the speeding klnetoscope, for act ing alone must tell the story of the play they are presenting, nnd many of the subjects ore too artistic to admit of mere pantomime as an exposition of their meaning. Trick Picture from France. The klnetoscope Is not a French in ventlon, but Its development along ar tlstlc lines Is due almost entirely to French Ingenuity. In England, and In America till quite recently, it was used merely to record events as they occurred, such as the unveiling of a monument, the Inauguration of a pres ident of the United States, a boat race, a prize fight a championship basebnll game, or a great parade. No attempt was made to create subjects for the machine to photograph, and all fanciful pictures, color pictures, or others that were out of the ordinary were left for the French film makers to produce, and the result has been three distinctively characteristic class e of motion pictures sr Moving England produces the "current events" films. She sends her kineto scopu operators wherever great things are happening. She had one in the . . wwMantlnopIe when the Sultan pro- 'claimed the constitution, another in Australia when the American fleet vis ited that colony. When King Edward opens an exposition the entire perform ance Is recorded by the klnetoscope, and reproduced somewhere else later. America makes "current events" films, but she also makes others. Film mak ers In America maintain their own thenter and company of actors, and some of the best picture dramas and farces now shown have been produced here. The French manufacturers pro duce all the kinds of films made in En gland and America, but they make the colored pictures and the trick pic tures In addition, and on that account their work Is more Interesting to the uninitiated than that of either En glish or American manufacturers. An Example ol the Method. Everybody knows how a moving pic ture camera photographs a ball game or a prize fight The film, which Is Just like any other photograph film ex cept in size, passes over the aperture through which the exposure Is made at the rate of about lu.ni pictures to the minute, recording every motion of every object within range of the cam era, while It is passing, and sometimes consuming half a mile of film In a sin gle record. But everybody does not know how the picture of a man who Is run over by an automobile and both legs cut off, and who afterward re places his legs and walks away on them Is made, nor how the siren who calmly swims about under water dur ing a twenty minute picture could have remained below the surface long enough for the photographs to be taken. In the case of the nian the picture was made by the "arret," or stop. In iliat of the siren the "fundu," or blend, Is employed. Both of these nre French discoveries, and both are all Impor tant In the making of any moving pic ture films that are not strictly record films. In the "arret" the machine is stopped at some definite point during the exposure of the film and the shut ter closed so that registration Is Im possible. A change In some portion of the object being photographed Is then made, after which the operation of the machine resumed. The "fundu" Is pro duced by a double exposure of one film, or by doubling the film by superimpos ing one film upon another for repro duction. The first Is exemplified by the well- known picture, the "Happy Accident" A man falls asleep on the roadside and while he sleeps a motor ear runs over him and cuts off both legs at the knee. The motorist discovers his carelessness too late, but stops his machine at once and, hurrying back to the Injured man, picks up the severed legs and bands them to him. The victim of the acci dent replaces his legs and after shak ing hands with the motorist walks off up the road. Photographs of the Impossible. Of course the thing Is Impossible, ridiculously so, but the pictures shown on the screen are the reproductions of actual photographs, and the puzzle to every one who sees the film Is how can there be a photograph of a physical Impossibility? The trick Is not a diffi cult one after the right man Is found to pose for the photograph. A man who has both legs off at the knee and uses artificial legs In their place was made up to look like another man with two good legs, and these two men changed places In the photograph. The actor comes on the stage first nnd goes to sleep by the roadside. The regis tration of the film is then stopped and the man with the artificial legs takes the actor's place, being careful to as sume exactly the same position as the actor. Then the machine Is started again and the picture Is made of the automobile coming down the road, run ning over the sleeping man, the motor ist getting out and going , back and giving the injured man ills legs. At this point the machine Is again stop ped, the legless man gets out of the way and the actor takes his place. When registration on the film Is re' sumed there is apparently no break In the scene, and the little tragedy Is fin ished without difficulty. But . the ef fect produced by the two stops Is thor oughly startling to the beholder of the reproduction. Fairy Picture. One way of producing the blend is doubling the film, and this Is the nieth od most often adopted when super nut ural appearances or disappearances are depicted. For example, a fairy ap pears to a child, talks a moment, and then disappears. First, a film of the scene, with the child in the foreground, Is taken, the object being ' gradually thrown out of focus as the registration proceeds. Next, a film of the scene and the child with the fairy is taken, out of focus' at first and gradually brought Into focus. Then the two films paw are placed one upon the other so that they register exactly, and the result is the apparent gradual materialization of the fairy out of nothlne. The fairy is, of course, much smaller than the . child In the picture. In reality they are about the same size, the apparent difference being due to their respective distances from th'e camera. In the cases of apparent defiance of natural laws, such as stones running hill and Jumping into open win dows, or people walking updh the ceil ings, the effect is produced in a dif ferent manner. The exposures are taken in the usual way. The stones fall out (if the window and roll dow the hill, and the people walk on the floor like civilized creatures while they are being photographed. But when the reproductions are made the films are refully reversed, run backward, as were, and the result Is the reversal the action part of the picture. This a simple trick enough, but is hard understand unless you have seen it done, and Is one of the most puzzling all the many illusions of motion nlc- tures. A Girl'. Vision. "The Errand Girl's Dream" shows nother way of working a little trick on the audience. In the first scene the girl ia shown leavliig her home to go to the shop where she Is employed. In the second scene siie is shown at work In the shop and afterward starting out itn a big box to deliver some eoo'ds to customers. These two scenes are shown with their natural backgrounds, having been taken without preparation in typical sections of Paris. But after the girl starts on her errands the oper ator of the klnetoscope leaves her and returns to the thenter, where he finds an actress made up to look like her nu a scene painted to represent the street through which the girl ia likely to pass. In this scene the actress is saunter ing along the street. Seeing a bench. she sits down, places her box beside ber, and is soon lost in day dreams. hudueuly the box opens and out of It comes a party of fairy creatures who Dow prettily to the girl, and then Jump ing down, go through a merry" dance. There Is more to the story, but this shows the trick. When the girl sits down on the bench the film Is stopped while the real box Is removed and a piece of scenery painted to look like It Is uncovered. This Is opened from within In such a way that it seems to be opened by the fairies. The apparently diminutive size of the fairies Is produced by plac ing them 30 or 40 feet farther away from the camera than is the girl, and as they are seen through the onenlne which the spectators regard as the lid of the box the Illusion Is complete. Most of these tricks are accomplish ed much as similar Illusions on the real slage are produced except that the il lusion Is the more perfect in the mov ing picture because of the possibilities of a change of properties which the 'arret" provides, but the ability to set the scene and produce the effect Is based upon the same sort of knowledge and skill that Is required in Dronerlv staging any theatrical performance. Mechanically, the klnetoscope Is be coming rather well known. The Dic- tures are taken on a sensitized film. 1V inches wide, and varying in length from 100 to 1.200 feet. The film mass es In front of an aperture 1 Inch by three-quarters of an Inch In size, stops dead still for the fractional part of a second, and passes on, the process be ing so rapid that at the normal rate of siecd of operating the inachlue, sixteen exposures are made every second of tune. When these pictures are reproduced and passed through the machine which projects then' upon the screen, they are usually shown at exactly the same rate of speed at which they were taken, and thus the natural effect is produced. In showing the pictures the film, which for reproduction has sbeen changed from a negative to a positive and probably colored in the same way that ordinary lantern slides-are color ed Is passed from one reel to another over an aperture of the same size and shope ns thnt through which the pic ture was originally taken, nnd the en largement of the projected picture is accomplished by means of lenses in front of the picture. Light Is furnish ed by electricity and, ns in all stereop tlcons, passes through the picture Into the lens, where It Is refracted to form the great spot of light upon the screen. It Is the manipulation of this light that is the dangerous feature of mov ing pictures. The film Is celluloid and highly explosive, and the point of light that falls upon It Is so intense that If permitted to rest for a single Instant upon the film, the heat produced will cause an explosion. While the film Is moving there Is no danger, but It can not be stopied without danger, unles the machine Is fitted with an auto matic shutter, which falls over the aperture as Boon as the crank stops turning.