iB3BpraSPS9!
HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION
- T 1 I tlX
What the Government Has to bay A 1 age ot bpecial ArtM
.....,..- t....i i. ji. tth,i ainion ncnnrtmcnt of Agriculture of Interest to the Northwest; 1mP
SS rSXa WidcfRc of Activities; Result of Federal Investigations, Etc.
Sour, or Bitter, Orange
Makes a Palatable Jelly
SPECIALISTS ot tlio Duroau of Chemis
try, of the United States Department
of Agriculture In the courso of experi
ments havo obsorved that the hitherto
useless fruit of tho sour or bitter orange
can bo made to yield a highly palatable
jolly which promises to afford a bo for
n largo amount of this wasted fruit. This
fruit Is too bitter to be eaten raw.
Tho chemists, howovcr, found that tho
pulp or Interior of this orange, with tho
unusually bitter skin removed and with
tho addition of twlco as much sugar,
would Jo into an ambcr-dolored product
not auto 60 bitter as bitter orango mar
malade but having somo of tho charac
teristic flavor of that consorvo.
Tho method ot malting tho Jelly Is do-
"'Xl all theS ot the orange, Includ
ing tho seeds. Add to It twlco Its volume
ot water and boll It until tho pulp falls
to PlcccB. Strain tho mixture through a
cotton or canton flannel Jolly bag and add
to the strained Juice twlco as much sugar
by weight as thero was original fruit
nulp. Doll down this mixture until t
,&... mm "loll point." Put whllo boil
ing hot Into clean glasses and seal wo
same as Is the practice with other cnics.
Tho chemists recommend tho following
test as a simple ono to determine when
Suit sirup has reached tho "Jell point :
"Make a thin, flat stick or a sma pad
dle, about an Inch broad, and whlttlo this
down to a straight edge. Dip tho paddlo
or stick into tho Jolly mixture and ro
raovo It. Hold tho end down, and If tho
mlxturo has reached tho Jelling po hit, it
will be noticed that tho liquid will not
drip off in drops but will Hake off; that
is, a strip of Jolly will fall off from tho
naddlo In ono mnBS."
Tho sour orango has boon used exton
Elvely as a stock on which to bud tho
commercial citrus fruits. It was Intro
uCcd Into tho Quit States by the -Span tab
colonist for this purposo and during tho
Intervening years hns spread considerably
by natural seeding, as It Is a very v gor
ous trco and grows particularly well In
low, moist ground.
Thero Is n considerable qauntlty or
fruit from theso trcc3 which has hitherto
been of llttlo or no uso and tho chomlsts
bollovo that tho publication of tho process
for converting tho fruit Into Jolly will on
nblo owners of sour orango trees to do
somo prodtablo preserving and possibly
may lead to tho making of tho product on
a commercial scale.
Stutlv Is Made of Helpful
and of Destructive Birds
THE biological survoy has studied tho
economic stntus of birds, largoly
through tho method of analyzing tho food
In their stomachs to dotcrmlno whether
tholr feeding habits woro helpful or do
structlvo to agriculture As a result of
this study, 11 birds woro added to tho
lists of bird enemies ot tho boll wcovll,
ranking a totnl of 04 thus far discovered.
In tho mattor of tho alfalfa wcovll, 45
species of birds as well as frogs, toads
and tho Bnlamnndcr woro found to feed
upon this beetle. Tho most nctlvo en
emies of tho wcovll among tho birds nro
tho Drowor blackbird, tho Western mend
ow lark, tho valloy quail, and tho English
eparrow. Of vortobrato onomlc3 othor
thnn birds, tho Itocky Mountain toad
rendors good sorvlco In destroying breed
ing adult Insocts In Spring and larvao
later In tho year.
An examination of tho stomachs of
COO birds scorns to Indtcato that birds nro
of no valuo as cnomlos of tho full-grown
rnngo caterpillars. Mammals, particu
larly tho skunk, seem to bo tho Import
ant enemies of this post.
In addition, tho burcnu mndo Investi
gations ot tho economic relationships of
tho birds of Porto lllco and, In co-opora-tlon
with tho Smithsonian Institution,
studied tho birds ot Panama.
Study was given nlso to methods of
attracting birds and encouraging thorn to
build nests and llvo about human habita
tions. A Fnrmors' Bulletin tolling how to
build nttrnctlvo bird houses and attract
birds in other ways, Is now In courso of
preparation.
Tho bureau nlso hns given much atten
tion to n study of bird migration, nnd Is
completing a bird census.
During tho year pormlts wero issued
for importing 475,392 birds, among which
were 3C8.C7G cannrles, 30,700 partridges
nnd 4148 pheasants. Thero wns a notlcc
nblo increase in tho Importation of par
tridges, ns n number ot states, Including
Iowa and Oregon, nro experimenting In
tho Introduction of theso gaino birds for
restocking purposes.
During the calendar year 1914, tho
Forest Service reforested 1074 acres of
burned over land In Oregon. To do this
required the planting of 000.000 trees.
uiia expected tnnt tnroo times that many
y tiuinui uui uunng ivm.
Careful Filtration Good to
HcmoYc "Eels" From Vinegar
VlNEQAIt matters wlio havo been
troubled with tho nomatodo known
as "eels" havo written for remedies to
tho United States Department of Agricul
ture, and In response tho department's
speclnllst suggests that tho "cols" may
bo removed from tho vinegar by filtra
tion, as tho eggs and larvao and all forms
of tho eel aro too largo to pass flno
filters. Coarso filter paper may bo used
for this or sand put In a receptacle with
a cloth or other porus bottom.
It Is always easy to test tho flltors, by
saving out a llttlo of tho filtered vinegar
and allowing It to stand for a fow days,
when, If still ccl-lnfcsted, tho cols will
mako their nppcrancc.
It will bo found ndvantngoouB, In ex
amining filtered vinegar, to uso somo sort
of centrifuge, nn apparatus somowhat
similar to tho Dabcock milk testor. In
this way a relatively largo quantity of
vinegar can bo quickly tcstod for cols.
Theso centrifuges aro mado by ft largo
numbor of firms for various purposes,
and tho cheaper forms, such as will bo
suitable for this purposo, nro not expen
sive. Tho operation Is very simple di
rections will bo furnished by tho manu
facturer. Vinegar eels always como .from eggs
or larvao of othor ocls. Theso oxlBt In
natttro In orchards, finding sustenanco
In decaying fruit which goes through al
coholic and acetic formations, nB In tho
caso of manufactured vinegar. When tho
cols nro Introduced In tho manufacture
of vinegar, it is usually through tho uso
of rotten or Imperfect fruit.
Onco tho cols aro In tho works thoy
collect In any part whero thero Is suf
ficient stray vinegar to furnish them with
nourishment. Any crovlco, oven of tho
most mlnuto chnractor, may furnish them
nn abiding place. Honco all such crovlces
or collecting places should bo abolished.
It Is useless to expect vinegar to re
main free from cols unless tho establish
ment Is kept perfectly clean. Tho vats or
othor recoptacles In which eels havo been
found should bo thoroughly disinfected by
heat, when It Is not working. This can
bo done, olthor by using team or boiling
water which should bo applied copiously
through a plpo, or In caso of tho water,
With ladles, to all tho surfaces and crov
lces whore eels might accumulate.
test
Giant Seaweed in Pacific
Contains Very Much Potash
ALL along tho Pacific Coast from Mex
ico to Alaska thoro is a vast quantity
of fertilizing material in tho form of
giant seaweed known as "kelp." "This
material," says an investigator In tho
TJnltor States Department ot Agricul
ture's now bulletin (No. 150), It trcatod
by a process slmlllar to that used to con
vert tho wasto from fish canneries Into
fertilizers, will yield n commercial fer
tilizer of particular valuo becauso of its
relatively largo content ot potash."
Auy echomo for using kolp on a largo
scalo as a fertilizer must bo based on
somo method of concentrating Mb valu
nblo constltutcnts. becauso green koln
contains so much water. Investigations nblo to nrrsn n, A.comnirclii!T
Boom to show that at present, consider- diameter, cut u i , elaWi
lng tho economic conditions on tho Pa- weight, and Li, !.nl.0 Hccct ci
rinn Coast, koln may bo best nronarod Thin tirn..u. ' ll " alrtl,vt ,
for tho trndo merely by drying and
grinding.
Even wot kelp, which contains 85 per
cent moisture, contains 2 1-2 por cent of
potash, whoro stablo manuro, alfalfa and
cowpcas all contain less than ono per
cent. Drying, however, Increases tho per
centage of potash to 15.8 por cent. This
commercial product nlso has l.G per cent
Cheddav-P
That n,e,u "crThanr
vantages over &'
nary way, s tho ""
uio Dairy Divl.in .1USI01
DeparfncntofSH',
01 tests which em ""
?.' " Wi S&2"!
u.o EpoclallBts, seem. ,ft tt8
ot hamliora L.n" tone
kind of chM.. r"1.
that would cllmln.t. elhol
, as ,m
tuuuu lint It ttn. .. TOU(I
" B'", ana seal it f '7? w
This provides n 'inlrttfl
keeps the cliccSo 7rZrlltV
r contamination. and ..""i
weight by cvapo atiSn W
these advantages thV 5
of course, Is nlwaj.a'10
Ti0;f.io.
IsesUmntcd.TVbout?"!?
mm viins; n nart nf in "
Moro Douglas fir Is used
other wood In tho world.
than any
of nitrogen nna somo pnospnorus. un tno on account of cvnnn,.f; ""
retail market of tho Pacific Coast tho cheese cured In M..i.nuJ1
total valuo of n ton ot Koip snottiti do,
according to estimates, $22.94. In tho
eastern wholesale mnrkct It should bring
$1C45.
Tho main fertilizers termed "potash
carriers" today used In this country nro
tho German potash salts. Laboratory
tests havo Bhown thnt kelp is quite as
effective as tho potash salts, nnd dry kolp
would enter tho trndo as n "potash car
rier" to compote with tho Imported prod
ucts. Kelp has been used ns a fortlllzor for
centuries In tho British Isles, and has
been so valued thero that lands carrying
kolp harvesting privileges brought spe
cial prices. In Now England also kelp
has been found valuable
Tho kelp on tho Pacific Caost differs
from tho seaweeds of tho Atlantic becnuso
of their much greater size. Already this
produce of tho sea gardens of tho West
has been used In Alaska, particularly In
fertilizing potatoes nnd on truck gard
ens. Near San Pedro, Cnl., kolp has been
harvested mechanically and shipped In
tho crude, undrled condition to tho
ranches and orchards of that part ot tho
Btato.
Bird Machine Economical of Energy
THERE Is an aerial machlno far moro
economical of energy than tho best
ncroplauo Invented, nnd that Is tho
bird known ns tho golden plover. This
bird, according to tho United States De
partment of Agriculture's now bulletin
on "Illrd Migration," can fly 2400 miles
without a stop, making tho trip in not
quite 48 hours, nnd using only two ounces
of fuel In tho shnpo ot body fat.
A thousand-pound aeroplane, It ns eco
nomical of fuel, would consume In a 20
nillo flight not tho gallon of gasollno
required by tho best mnchlncs but only a
sluglo pint. The fnct that tho scrow
propeller of tho acroplano has no lost
motion, whllo tho to-and-fro motion of
tho bird's wings appears to bo an uneco
nomical way ot applying power makes tho
fact regarding fuel seem oven moro
strnngo.
Even tho llttlo humming bird can do
bettor thnn tho acroplano, for in its mi
gration across tho Gulf ot Moxlco it flics
ovor 500 miles In a single night. Nearly
all birds, In fnct, show In their soaring
nnd sailing that they aro proficient in tho
uso of several factors In tho art of fly
ing that havo not yet been mastered
olthor In prlnclplo or prnctlco by tho most
skillful of modern aviators.
Defying Gravity.
A vulturo or n crano, after a fow pre
liminary wing beats, sots Its wings and
mounts In wldo sweeping circles to a
great holght, overcoming grnvlty with no
oxortlon apparent to humnn vision oven
whon nsslstcd by tho most powerful telo-
BCOpCS.
Tho Carolina rail, or sora, has small,
short wings apparently HI adapted to
protracted flight, and ordinarily when
forced to fly does so reluctantly and
alights as soon ns possible. It flics with
such awkwardness nnd apparently bo
comes so quickly exhausted thnt at least
ono writer has been led to Infer that most
ot Its migration must bo mado on foot;
tho facts aro, howovcr, that tho Carollnn
rail has ono of tho longest migration
routes of tho wholo rail family nnd easily
crosses tho wldo reaches of tho Carib
bean Sea.
Ocean Flight litisy.
Tho popular belief that birds under
ordinary circumstauccs find ocean flight
wonrlBomo, nnd that nftor laboring with
tired wings across tho ecomlngly endless
wasto thoy ElnU oxbauatod on xcaculnjj
land, is dlsprovcn by facts, nccordlng to
tho now pamphlet. It seems rather that
tho powers of locomotion with which na
turo has endowed many birds nro so won
derful thnt under normnl conditions thoy
can easily cross tho Gulf of Mexico at
its widest point nnd ovon pass without
pnuso over tho low, swampy coastnl plain
to tho higher territory boyond.
So llttlo nvcrso aro birds to an ocean
flight thnt many fly from Eastern Toxas
to tho Gulf Coast of Southorn Mexico
though this 400 miles ot wntor journey
hardly shortens tho dlstnnco of travel by
nn hour's flight. Thus birds avoid tho
hot, trcolcss plains nnd scant provender
of Southern Texas by a direct flight from
tho moist, insect-teeming forests of
Northern Texas to a similar country in
Southorn Mexico.
Wlicro Do ltlrtls Migrate?
Everybody knows thnt birds whon thoy
mlgrato in tho Knll goncrnlly "go South,"
but knowlcdgo Is seldom moro specific.
Tho department's now bulletin brings out
tho fact that whllo somo birds go to
Florida or tho West Indies or Moxlco,
others, such as tho bobolink nnd rlco bird,
go as far south ns Paraguny and tho
southern pnrt of Brazil.
Much has beon learned about bird mi
gration but much yet romnlns to bo
learned, and tho following Is ono of tho
most curious nnd Interesting ot tho un
solved probloms. Tho chlmnoy swift is
one ot the most abundant and best
known birds of enstern United States.
With troops of fledglings catching tiielr
winged prey ns they go and lodging by
night in tall chimneys, tho flocks drift
slowly south Joining with othor bands,
until on tho northern coast of tho Gult
of Mexico thoy becomo nn Innumerable
host. Then they disappear.
Did thoy drop Into tho wnter or iilbor
nato In tho mud, ns wns bollovcd of old,
their obliteration could not bo moro com
plete. In tho last weok of March a Joy
ful twittering fnr ovorhcad announces
tholr return to tho Gulf Coast, but tholr
hiding placo during tho Intervening flvo
months Is still tho swift's secret.
"'at lb,
uncese cured In , mb.I. '"
of superiority ti&J
recommend It in ,J "l,lcM
. - waui rnnin .
sou enough to spread "?'
ripeneu una a wellJ.i:.V
flavor, if thero nr .m Sfr. Q
it cool It should poVeoKl
camplnc parties Mj,l
Also farmers who live at iob,
- .......... ..uuui una cantM,
bo conven ent. n it ...vi". '
In a supply that will last n'
or two months In cold !,?'?
When cliceso Is packed la u
..v..ioiiv, in wiceao ripenltn
. ..iiDvu nni'iuui; oi mo tan, is
not necessarily Indicate that t
nro unfit for consumnMnn
Cheese handled In thitn.b.
ishablo as any other chr ..i j
not bo allowed to stand Iaaw1
iuu unit, uuuiro using; tnu u i
which should lo madeflMM.
crs, who may think thatidwit
i.i uiib immncr win Keep InfltH
length of tlmo that cheesdt
can bo kept dependj Teryhrpa
luuilif iiiuirL1.
Tho lower the temperatn(
natural fermentation o( thi t
checked. At a temperature of Hi
Fahrenheit canned cheese prciii
rcmnln good for several month.
At the present time ote ot tin
cIiccbo factories In Wisconsin, t
oration with a cheese dealer. lit
lng to extend its trade la tilt 1
product.
'I he Clcwr ctir n
I nin a llttlo firmer.
And n '! ty chap came oa,
Wo formed a flight icqulsi
nut not ror very ionr.
I kept my cyei wide op
Wnx to make tome cur boui,' I
Which ho very aoon coninn
Tto onenrd un an OHIO.
Some real estate to lell
And everybody he could li
ll.. i,m tlirm nrtltr wtlL
llv itxiclibori out tcroilUll
Ti.r,,m-h him hav left ttlli
And I am out tome hnndreltn
l'l.ll. In l.lm T itlil IA1S.
Now lie's Kone. the oKlco clout
tio now the toll HI bare ti U I
In wnaicom counir. ""
Illnlne. Vnh. -Mn.M!
tIiIm niilhor certainly UIU. i
Witt !'!!, A'W'VIb?
Why uliould lhf be tr' Wi
an fntorc.tlnc fellow who
tiiin community, built a rtoi
cr9?.aPJ"15UXffiM.
LUco'o tho-'fnaory-.couj
Bni,i 50.000 tialra of ihoea te
!?nf.i! i"ccX.' Sia-SSl
Whon wo . undertake to uilm
t on..whlcn w ni "
norinwcui u"i ":-.:-,. .!
up our handi la lw
of our cootempotartd
wo throw
lmna tnmo
plnln. L'J.)
Ked alder is now btlti : j
matches, ana wcsl" i,"
found to make good P"dlt
In splto of tho low rates charged for
tho uso of tho forests, tho Tongas Na
tional Forest is solf-supportlnB almost
twlco over. Twcnty-fivo per cont ot this
Incomo reverts to tho Territory tor
schools and roads. ..... .
WHOLESALE
AU Wnd; of
rflffi7?aas?B
mnll tins tuui-vu .--
STARK-DAYISCO.,
5 Third fUW'"-,?,
SaftKJn!
nncl.o.ed.flnd fflWw
'9. y .mbir! bill.
Name. ""
....... ""
UUC T.i .
L;DL