V" HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION Profitable Business of Poultry Raising in Ameri I'lnclc or moUlcaTT - ;;.r v ." ; ntl ad; uh ltl. . uj IndlThlnat foulii lory Kttntir '" Ihtlr cliarorterlntlrn. 1'or lntnee, eit-rptlonnl Injrro unit poor lajrr lire found In nil breed, mil In all breed llio general I)lp l well fliH, anil the Mirloito IndltldiinN ( thtn breed crrulb mriiiblc each oilier In utirli liiipurliint mnlterii n lim'rJ nnd Mie, linrillnfM, color of tgg idiell, nitltlly. etc. Therefore, llir lioultrjiimii will do writ to nilol (lint breed, nhlch bert inert lilt need, or permnnt prefer, enee, luUe full itilumtnirc of lt dr ulrnble i,untltle, niul rrk to Improte lil flock tlirmiKli rnreful selection n-'id brcvdlnir. The proiiilnrnt ilinrnrtrrl(lr of our turloiii I.I111N of iloutmtlc chick cm lire tUMUed lii'low. m-rnor rnnDintir it. sTONnnun.v. POWLS lmvo been kept under do mestication for untold centuries, They arc referred to In Holy Writ; are reproduced on ancient coins minted long before the Christian era; aro mentioned In the most nuclcnt books. Poultry-keeping, therefore, la an ancient art. Just what wild forms wcro first domesticated, how they were selected nud crossed to produce now types, will probably never be known. Most students believe that the Junglo fowl of India the Callus bankivn of the scientists Is the progenitor of our domestic sorts. From Asia the stock was carried westward, by sea and overland. Iu most countries sonic special typo wns finally evolved, and later tlieso wcro so blended thnt It Is almost posslblo to trace the ancestry of even the newer breeds. Hut this process has worked for improvement, und today tho better kinds of fowls aro tho most efficient machines thnt wo have for transforming raw materials Into food products for man. When securing a flock of fowls It is always best to obtain birds of pure brooding. Crosses and mongrels may in themselves be profltnblo uudor cer tain condition), but they lmvo so many serious faults that one Is. hardly justified in working with them, espe cially In view of the fact that really good stock may be secuicd at such modornto prices. Tho great advan tage of tho thoroughbred flock Is duo to tho fact that tho various individ uals aro reasonably nllko In size, color, temperament and habits, and will produco eggs and chicks which aro uniform, nud, therefore, more nvallablc. When breeding mongrels no ono can bo sure of the typo of tho resulting offspring. It Is not necessary to buy exhibi tion birds for which high prices aro charged, nut It certainly Is advis nblo to talco full ndvnntngo of the work already dono by breeders in fixing tho typo of tho various breeds so that tho future operations may bo conducted with renEonublo confidence that tho results will bo satisfactory. Uut breed is not everything. Wo find poor Individuals In all breeds. Ono should carefully consider his problem, definitely determlno tho object to bo gained, and then select thoso fowls which have in greatest degrco tho characteristics ho most needs. If tho market demand Is for eggs having white shells, It Is poor business to keep u flock of layers of brown eggs. If tho production of tablo poultry in to ho tho main con sideration, tho light-weight breeds should bo considered. So much for tho utility poultry keeper. Tho fnncler, tho producer of exhibition stock, valued because of perfection In form and color, may glvo his fancy froo rolgn and dovote hlmsolf to tho kind which best plcnsos him, regardless of any other consid eration. Class, Iti ccd, Viii'ifty. Iu connection with fowls we hoar buoIi torms as class, breed, variety, btraln, etc. These nro often confused, so n word of explanation jnny bo In 'ordor. In tho Ameilcan Sandard of Per fection, fowls are grouped Iu classes' largely according to tho country of their origin. Uaoh class contains ono or moro breeds, tho latter consisting of fowls which aro alike In slzo and shape. Hioeds are further subdivided Into vnrlotlos, the determining char netorlstlcs usually being plumage color or comb shape. For oxamplo, tho Whltn Wynndotto Is tho whlto plumagod variety of tho Wyandotte breed, and tho latter belongs to tho American class. Let us tnko up tho classes in order. I'lrfat comes tho American, con taining tho Plymouth Hocks, Wynn riottoti, Javas, Domlulquos. Hhode Is land Hedh and Huckeyos In their sev. eral varlotlob, These are all general- purposo broeds, medium In weight, generally yollow-Bklnncd, oxcollent tablo stock at all ages, good layers of brown-Bhollcd eggs. Tho hens are depcndablo slttors and careful moth ers. As a rulo tho members of this class aro hardy nnd vigorous. They nro rather heavily feathered nnd nro ablo to enduro without apparent discom fort tho cold Winters of our nothom section. They stand confinement, but will "rustlo" if given an oppor tunity. Tho Aslnstio class embraces tho Drahmas, Cochins nnd Lnngshnns, our heaviest broeds. Tho llrahma Is tho giant of domestic chickens, males often weighing 12 pounds nnd up wards. Thcso broods produco dark brown eggs but, cxcoptlng tho Langshnn, nro only modorato layors. They aro gen tle, easily confined, unusually hardy, much inclined toward broodlncss. Tho Brakrua Is often used by grow ers of hoavy-wolght tablo poultry, either In its purity or crossed with lighter stock. This seems to bo its greatest vnluo. Tho Cochin, formerly a very good utility fowl, as now bred, is of little practical vnluo. In tho Important Mediterranean class nro grouped tho Leghorns, Mln orcas, Spanish, Andaluslans nnd An conns. Thcso nro tho so-called "lny lug machines," enjoying a high repu tation ns lnyors of tho whlto eggs, so much wnntod In tho Now York markets and thoso controlled thereby. Thcso broeds nro nmnll in size, ex cepting tho Minorca, ncttvo, nervous, non-sitting. Owing to tho size of their combs and their comparatively light plumage, they nro seriously affected by the cold. Tho Whlto Leghorn Is ono of our most widely-bred fowls nnd Is a prlmo favorlto on commercial egg fnrms. Though small in size, It dresses off nicely, bolng full-brcastcd and having tho desired yellow skin. Turning to tho English class, we find tho Dorkings, Redcaps and Or pingtons. Tho former Is ono of tho most an cient breeds, nnd In England Is eon strorcd ono of tho best tnblo fowls. It has not mndo much progress In America. Tho Orpington Is n goneral purposo breed, In many ways resembling our Plymouth Hocks It, Is hardy, a very good layer, will hatch nnd rear Itii young and ninkea very fln6 tnblo poultry. Tho fact that It has vhIto skin places It at a disadvantage in our American uinrkets. A Promising Fowl. Tho newly Introduced Sussox fowl also belongs to this class. This breed Is n great favorlto In tho Sussex dis trict whcio such gieat quantities of flno tnblo stock pre produced. Tho American sponsors for this fowl claim that It possesses unusual business qualities, and predict that It will bo roino. most popular hero ns soon as Its merits aro recognized, Ono breed, with eight vnrlotlcs, forms the Polish clnss, Thin Is ono of the oldest breeds known, nud though n fair producer of whlto eggs, Is now regarded as being strictly or nnmcntnl. Iu this clnss arc found some of tho most beautiful of nil domestic fowls, graceful In form, with hugo crests and wondroiisly marked plumage. Tho Hamburg clnss also contains but n single breed, of which thcro nro six varieties. Though now bred almost exclusively by random who hnvo brought It to n rcmnrkablo de gree of perfection, tho Hamburg was formerly a universal favorlto. It pro duces nn abundance of whltc-shellod eggs which nre, unfortunately, rnthor smnll In size. In earlier times Itu ability as an egg-producer earned for Fine Table Stock From Franco, it tho name "Dutch Everyday Layer." Somo excellent tnblo fowls nro found In tho French clnss, which In cludes the Houdnns, Crcvecoours and La Floche. These breeds nro all " very tZ ! shelled LI ?Lr,.,5I?ewi 5 J BlZO. """OlMltfcfc.'l .., ', ,l T'-H'Hinins class, i wnmnq, (,. ".""mil and Oiiiii..li.i0.V.ail.l(Hl tlieso h considered Z ffi tf poultry keepers .! J bel'2 urientiiiu ii... .: .v.uorMw. cxcollen. ninn , :. . used for i-mroIii V ,M'ift bred In m,ITJ",k. tWPoiei ? 4i. it ,.."." V,"IM.B.rfJi viiu WIUIP UlLCIl Hurl .. . ' 1 "y nn AinrKSeS Two oihrr breeds hw i 2"! ,y .!!" "rouSS HUB l,, ""-ii'imi Hero. Th,C from unrlnrn ti,i.i. '".' "IS L'tf'2?". WSZ& ; v,,sr .. ttwhtt'a riiuu'U. M a rne h. '.; " 1 fllllll .,1ili.,. ...b,uw!le fowls. Ul mK If tllllillr fnvn. I. to the ro,,ivo ;it'lltBy moivri r. r?Whi iV ,i . ""UI10 i lilrilit! l.ii.ln n..i ' "" Rocks. " "mm Pill' 1iriklLM1.tl1in1l..1 -- Hlnrlf ,if t..n,ii,ln. ..:fflu'i WiHiUoltr,lJcilind0fphi3 lrill It llllll.ulinllJ ' .,'l . .. Miiii-nnuill'U Cggl Anrnniiu unit ffiftniUiv. Tor squab broilers. Wtim Itlll lArliri1liad nt IL. L...i. I rlely solefted, tho very loitjjj,! ouv-vaT n iictiiin, Bircaiu, i null UKUl in iiiu IK)( i f ltnilA Hllllfinfrl AMM t..JI-t. MftV, Ii 4lll. lHltnlll .... definite) IlncH, whether for tql iiivm iMDiiiiciitiu, ana isu jj. -ti in iii oii-iiiuii uuu uiirniir. viiwiffiiT ii nuiiuuiu uivva, uqi iuui uiuiuy nin-Tiua'Dici projfii- iiik. (Copyright 1015, by Mttei-Vm J V.O., in" i Poultry Breeders Will Find This Chart Usefu NOMENCLATUUK DIAGRAM OF FOWL. Sj($?y& if' '&r r . &&&Z. simivMECAiicnc- In order to make descriptions of fowl int. lilk-li.lo poultrymcn have named the various body iu The accotnpnnyltiRr churt t alnlv show. cSn, r,... ' ' 7 " i " 7. .1. ":S i". .rA rtfertnet. V ilrawlnir la of n Knlm,, ii. X.. ......."" "'"'? """ "" no I'rnni im - - - - " '"'"" ui'Db oi coniuk nro uiui luatrated by A, I), C and ! ny KDWIM SlEfiAitonn. TV- S tho art of poultry breeding was Jfc developed, poultrymon began to feol tho necosslty of giving each hcctlon of tho fowl somo doscrlptivo nnmo. In tho courso of time, a com plete system was evolved which great ly simplified a condition that was be coming decidedly complex. The accompanying dlngram shows every soctlon of a domestic fowl, and tho following list gives tho nanio of each. This Is In accordanco with U.o system adopted by tho American Poultrr Association. In the descriptive mattor nccom pnnylng tho drawings of thorough bred fowls which will appear regu larly In these columns, wo will have occasion to refer by nnmo to tho va rious sections of tho birds shown. Therefore, this cut should bo pro sorvod for futuro roforonco. It will bo found most useful. A, shows n slnglo comb; n, a roso comb of tho Hamburg typo; 0, a strawberry" comb; D, a pea comb. (1) mst, (2) comb, (3) oyo, (4) cnri. (6A,.faco' c) cnr-lobo, (7) muffs, (S) beard, (9) nostril, (10) .... . .-i. hi tttU wattles, UU CiJB' y.V, iKif Mas lourtn too, - - ,.,1wrjlf (24) foot, (25) toe ' vulturo hock, IS'"J,YviA (33) abdomen, ( 3 I ) '"L !3 wInuM.ar. (30) MoirL wing-bay. (37) PnX, ,fc (38) fllght-covcrts, Cl J (CopyrlBht. ii. "' -, A ' BH nm ill ,