it i ocety
f 'J J ?
(i
. m M M - - -aiaa-Ma-iaa
Vff lllllllf If ff ViVK lIBf
.
f 7
dvertising
J
bb Printinr i
Ianj seasons brines
Is a vryirotx,rta!:t fsctT in
J business. Poor r riming r- e
Vol r, share or trade;
sdvertisiDg la dsn les
sons brings yon your share, sad also
tbat of the merchaat who "can't af-
:
T necta do credit on a fco-;ii 2
bosinesa boose. Let ns defyoor Jcb
Printing we fcnaraatee it to be in
every way satisfactory.
i frd" to advertise.
Published on Mondays and Thursdays Established 1868.
ROSEBURG, DOUGLAS COUNTY, ORLGON, MONDAY, JANUARY 12. 1903.
Vol. XXXIV.
No. i
my www w m&$y
A WOMAN SHOT FOR ROBBER
Charles A. Wilson Seriously Wounds His Mother-in
Law at
Potuaxd, Jan. 8. Charles A. Wilson, of 51 Starr street, Albina, awakened
by a strange noise shortly after 12 last night, jumped out of bed, ran to the head
ef th Stairs and fired a revolver snot
v v ,;f v fr a hnrclar.
nA.r ti,. .hnnMw. The w ound is not
,.! o"-i- f.rinc a
Pohl and W. B. Hamilton, ar delaying th operation ontil the patient shall ue
ou-n.ru1 at liar hnme. '
Charles Wilaon, wbos arrst was cansd about half an tour after the shoot
ing remained in jail until 10 o'clock this
rti.f f PnW npndin, farmer orders.
t ;tTAmA in
hi,h.wtl.attleshootiBKVM wholiy
berlain advised th release of WUson also.
Aboat two weeks ago the Wilson residence was burglamsd. Eatrance to the
bouse was gained through a parlor window. To protect th premises frtm rob
bers in the future, young WUson purchased a 3S-caliber Smith & V esson re
volver. Last night be and th family retired arly. About midnight Mrs.
Frederick WUson. whe occupied apartments on th upper floor of the bouse, iear
where ber son-in-law wae Seeping, wnt down stairs and attempted, first to open
the kitchen door. In this she was unsuccessful, and, returning to the front room,
the door of which opens near the foot of th stairway, she turned th key. The
ballwav was not lighted, and oaly a shadow of a person was to b seen. The shot
was fired without warning or question, and th unfortunat woman fell to the
floor with a shriek. "
000000 cocoo
Or.W.BEKSOX, a..MASTERB H.C.GALEY. O
0 residet, Ti Presiet. Cashier Q
- 0
Establihed I883. .
Capita! Stock.
BOARD OP
6 r.W.BIKSOS,R.A.BOOTU J.B.BDOTR.J.T. BKIDGES V
o j. r. Kelly, a. c. MiRSTiKa K. l. nam.
P A general banking businew traaacted, and customers given every
0 accommodation consietent with f aad conservative banking.
O - Bank open from nine to twelve and from one to three. $
ooooeccoooo
Bring Us Your ...
CHICKENS.
41' EGGS.
BUTTER.
FOR CASH OR TRADE
i
I
1 f rarkfr ft r.n :
Drain Gardiner
i COOS BHY ST75GE ROUTE
Commencing with Monday, January 20. '02, we will charge $7.50 for
i thefare from Drain to Coos Bay. Baggage allowance with each full fare
50 pounds. Travelling men are allowed 75 pounds baggage when they
have 300 poandi or more, ah exceB
r . . J 1 -
lowance will be maoeior rounu vnp.
For further information address
T
1
Hints to Housewives.
Half the battle in good cooking, is to have good
fresh Groceries, and to get them promptly
when vou order them. Call up 'Phone No. 181,
for good goods and good service.
C. W. PARKS & CO.
fll'llJiilEllt
AND
v
THketha ttoselmr. Mamhfield Stage
i pries Hack leaves Eogeburg Every Moruicg at 6 o'clock.
Portland.
at nis woinr-in-iaw ,
The shot took Rct in tli right breast
considered fatal. Although the bullet is
hemorrhage, tho doctors, Esther C
forenoon, wnen ne w mmm. ....
Ex - MayorH. S. Row, who has known
bis behalf in view of th ci renin stances,
accidenUl. District Attorj.ey Cham
" Incorporated 190' v
$50,000.00. x
DIRECTORS V
wKgac, y. .
T TT CT 1 fir"
ai 1 , a
, S
2-TTTTTCS 5
Proprietor, Drain, Oregon J
-Ask to see nr-
UE E N
UAL IT Y
No. 621, with Mat Kid
upper, patent Kid ramp
and extension sole for
03.50.
All other styles $3. For
sale only by :: :: ::
EMPIRE-
Wl Fi ad il3 $!afe
C. P. Baemaed, Prop.
Saddle Hor&es. Single and
Double Rig-s at all hours
' Transient Stock gven
very be rf care .....
Rates always reasonable
Line for all viointu on Coo Bay. (joovl
i
S. C. Flint
NEWS OF THE COUNTY.
Gleaned by our Corps of Special Cor
respondents, Social, Personal
and Industrial.
DRAIN XIW8
Miss Bessi Johnson wat to Loraije
Tuesday.
Dr. Barber of Yoncalla, was a Drain
tisitor Tuesday.
Dr. T Brown visited Portland last
week returning Sunday .-
Gus. Cowan ia suffering from a very
painful fellon on his left hand.
Joseph Lyons and wife mad a trip to
the comity seat on Monday, returning
the following day.
Mrs. Dr. Barber and little son of Yon
calla were the guests of Mrs. Lyons one
day la.t week.
; The congregation at the Methcdiat
church was highly favered Sunday even
ing with a solo by Mrs. Geo. Estes, of
San Francico.
Capt. and Mrs. B. D. Beswell expect
to leave Saturday for San Francisco
During their absence .Bos well Spring
will be cloyed.
Miss Mae Endicott. of Harnihnrg ar
rived in Drain Saturday to attend
school. Miss Endicott was a student at
the Normal during 1902.
Mr. Oliver Griggs died at Comiteck
Tuesday, January Cth. Mr. Griggs is a
brother of J. A. Griggs f Coinstoek,
and has been ill with consumption for
manv months.
Mrs Elaui Wilson suffer! a very se
vere etroke of paralysis last Tnursday.
She is still very ill at the bom of Mr.
Wheeler, although at the present writ
ing she is some better.
C. F. Counts has accepted a positia
as section foreman at ColesUne, and
moved his family to that plac Sunday.
Mr. Counts has been section foreman
here for many years and both be and
bis family will be greatly missed by
their many Drain friends.
Wilbur Items.
Miss Pearl Beals baa returned to
Drain.
Mr. J. R. Ducan was visiting friends
here last week.
Mr. and Mrs.- Lull spent a day in Oak
land, transacting business.
"The Dusky American1' fehow was en
joyed by the people of this place.
Mies Annie Kamp, of Coles ValUy,
was visiting friends here the first rt of
the week.
Mrs. W. . Lamb, ia suite 111 at the
present writing. ' We hop for hr
speedy recovery.
Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Benton, of Fair
Oaks, wfre visiting with the latter'
parents, & few days.
Mr. Miller, a former resident of Mc
Clay, bss bought the "Aunty" Grubbe
projierty at this place.
School ojiened again oa Monday after
a tro weeks vacation. Teachers and
pupils are working with new enei-gy.
Master James Benoit returned heme
from Salem on Satarday, where h had
been visiting with his grand-parants.
Miss Frankie Dimmick and Emma
Agee, have gone to Salem to consult an
oculist. Their friends here, hoj they
may be greatly benefited.
Mr. Lee Cannon, of Lnrley, sjnt a
few days in town visiting relatives and
friendg. He troes to resuaie his duties
as student, in the Normal.
Barbara.
LEWIS ANDl CLARK EXPOSITION
To Commemorate the Expedition of the Famous Ex
-plorers. Will Advertise the Northwest
The one hundredth anniversary of the
arrival of the Lewis and Clark expedi
tion in Oregon will b commemorated in
1905 by an expoeiiion which it is in
tended to make international in ' its
scope, and representative of American,
European and Oriental life, customs and
industry. A crmpany with $500,000
capital has been incorporated at Port
land, the site has been selected near the
very jint on the Willamette reached by
Captain Clark in. April, ISOfi. The leg
islatures ot the various states will be
asked to make appropriations, and it is
believed that an appropriation from
congress is practically assured.
The Oregon country, which the Lewis
and Clark expedition assured to Ameri
can sovereignity, comprises all the pres
ent states of Oregon, Washington and
AFTER CRUDE OIL.
Standard Oil Company Wants Pro
duct of Bakersflcld.
BAKuisriELn, Cal., January 8. It is
learned here that the Standard Oil Com
pany has ascertained that California oil
is much better adapted to the manufac
ture of kerosene than was at first sup
jiosed, and, as a consequence, will great
ly iucrease the manufacture of that
product, and has ordered its agents to
contract for oil wherever it can be ob
tained without placing any limit upon
the amount to bs taken,
With the order to purchase all the
oil in sight comes also the additional
statement that the amount now availa
ble does not meet the present require
ments of the refinery at Point Rich
mond and the contracts already made
for supplying fuel oil.
Near Salem is found one of the larg
est nurseries 011 the Pacific coast. It
comprises 200 acres, with packing housde,
IMPORTANCE OF
Oregon, Washington, and California Contain Onethird
of the Standing Timber of the United States
The-impnrtance ff the Northwest can
easily be seen when we remember that
in 1S50 there were only 2,0CX),000 jeople
in all the West, while now the same
area has a popnkition of 21,000,000,
which is more people than the entire
Cnited States had in 1S50. In the mid
die of the last century the imputation of
the West was alxmt 1-10 of the entire
population of the country while now it
is more than '4. Fifty years ago the
West produced KCOO.OM bu-hels of
grain, while the production oi 'cerals
now is' 2,400,000,000 bushels annnally er
nearly thirty times as lunch as then and
is uow the grain producing part of the
world. Live stock has made almost as
great a gain. Theu it was a poor coun
try filled with poor people, no it is the
most prosjerou8 part of the glolnj with
the wealth more evenly -distributed.
Few people may have thought abont it,
but Oregon, Washington and California
contain one-third of the standiuglim
ber of the United States and the largest
mi'ls in the world are in thce states,
with a lumler cut of nearlv thirtv hun
SAILORS ROBBED
Sailors No Sooner leave
Attacked by Thugs and Thieves.
Wasihxotos, Jan. 8 Senator Foster
today received a telegram from tlie
Board of Trade of Bremerton, welcom
ing an investigation by the Navy De
partment into the condition of that city,
to determine whether there is suc.i law
lessness as recently alleetl by naval of
ficers. When this challenge was show n
t Secretary Moody he produced a letter
just filed by Captain J. G. Eaton, who
commanded the Oregon when in dry.
dock at Bremerton last Summer, in
which h descrilel the care that was
taken to prevent sailor falling into the
hands of thugs, dive-keepers and others
in the town. He adds: "After nearly
40 vests' experience in many seaports,
I have ii hesitation in saying that for
open robbery anil organired pillage of
bluejackets, Bremerton nrpasw ell
oilier towns I have known. So oiien
and dangerous had the attemps upon
bluejackets become that I have known a
number of men to be picked up insensi
LAST EFFORT AT
Kxe, Jan. . The Poe has instructed Prince Ablw Max of Soxony to
make a final effort to effect a reconciliation between the Crown Prince of
Saxony and his eloping w ife. The effort to effect a mutual agreement between
the heir to the throne of Saxony and his wife is being mad through the good
offices of the Pope.
COAL COMMISSION
Philadelphia. Jan. 8. The anthracite commission made announcement
this morning that hereafter long sessions
settlement of th issues involved.
The examination of nou-union men
fered abnse at the hands of anion men was
Idaho, the western part of Montana and
the southwestern part of Wyoming.
This territory lias an area 307,000 square
miles, and since 1S50 the population has
increased from less than 14,000 to 1,600,
000. It has an aggregate wealth of
about 12,000,000,000.
The main purpose of the exposition
w ill be to advertiai the resources" and
possibilities of the Pacific Northwest
with a view to encouraging settlers and
investors to come here from the east
and middle west and establish new
homes and industries.
- Low railroad rates will be in effect be
tween the east and the wett in that year
and over all parts ot the stales of Oregon
and Washington to enable the visitors, to
see all parts of these states and visit any
point of interest that they may see fit.
HE IS REMEMBERED HERE.
Grafter Reaping Harvest All Along
the Line.
The grafter who so recently "done" a
number of jieojile in this city ia evident
ly making a fortune out of his business.
In Medford he is credited with having
secured f 200 and he roaped a bounteous
harvest in Ashland and other towns
along the line. His fame does not teem
to precede him. lie keeps ahead of it.
He works the same game in every tow-u
and the wonder is that the prospective
victims do not 'jecome "wise" in ad
vance. Ho has however, such a witch
ing flow of language that it is doubtful
J if any amount of knowledge on the part
01 his hearers coulu prevent their giv
ing money to him.
The German Consul at Geneva has
received the necessary permission to
serve a writ on the K run Princess Louise
in connection with the suit for divorce
brought njjainst her by the Crown
Prince of Saxony,
THE NORTHWEST
dred million ftet a year, which would
make about U000 car loads for the
largest cars, or in other words, two train
loads a day of sixteen of the heaviest
lumber ears each. These figures are too
larsje to le couipreheiiribh'.
In Oregon only Irt.i, r cent of the
total area is in fnrii; ; Washington, 11'.!)
Idaho, 5.9; Montana, 12.7; Wyoming.
13. Practically the entire area of these
states is susceptible of devel jement i:i
ng'i'.-nltural and other industrial pursuits
Another very important fact ia favoi
of Oregon is that in IHTiO the death rat
in this state was th lowest in the
Union and in 1900 the city of Portland,
the only city of any large population in
the state was the second healthiest city
in th Unite. 1 States.
These thiags taken in consideration
with the fact that we have the mott
equitable climate in the world and that
onr natural resource are unexcelled and
offer rare opportunity for capital and
labor makes jj a desirable place for the
active, and energetic yonng man to come
to settle.
AT BREMERTON
Nay Yards Than They Are
ble and moneyless on the streets of
Bremerton, near the navy-yard gate,
within 20 minute of the time when they
had passed cut, clean anil sohvr
"It s notorious that there were in
Bremerton certain men who made their
living by either enticing the men-of-war's
men into oen gambling halls,
which were located near the navy-yard
gate, or failing in this, they pl-ed
knockout droit in the first drink offered
t-i their victims, who frlj nneonsciotis
and were at once robbed.
"Seattle," he adds, "is not particu
larly noted for its singleness or order,
but iu that city the men-of-warsmen
were not mad the special prey of the
virions classee. Continently the men
going on liberty were not enconraged to
nvke Seattle their destination. V con
sider it due to Seattle to hear testimony
to toe care and) protection extended by
the rity police to visiting sailors in uni
form. RECONCILIATION.
HEARINQ.
commission made
would be held in order to expedite a
and their friends who claim to have suf
resumed today.
OREGON TIMBER
What Eastern People Think
State and
The Toledo, Ohio, Blade, of Dec. 27th.
hai the following item :
Fred Gettins reached Toledo today
after traveling through rain storms and
blizrards in the 3,200 miles between Or
egon and Ohio. The ex-Toledo !oy,
looking hale and hearty, made a ran to
gt;t here Christmas, but the storms were
too much and h was 4S hours behind
the turkey dinner day.
"Oregon is a cmer," remarked Mr.
Gettins enthusiastically.1 "I am con
nected with a timber company out
there Fred Blakley, you knew, is its
manager. Our headquarters ar located
at Roseburg. The timber is being cut
out at a great rate through the state. It
is really th finest timlier cuutry I ever
saw. Many trees stretch up 150 feet to
the first limb, straight as a die. Why,
CITY IN COAL BUSINESS.
Detroit Wl'i Supply the Population
With Fuel at Cost
Djetroit, Jan. 8. The City of Detroit
is going into the coal business and will
supply the jeople with coal at cost
prices. The Common Council appro
priated $50,000 for the purchase ef coal
to le sold by the . municipality, and
Mayor May bury approved the resolution
today. Advertisements will be printed
this afternoon calling for bids.
Assaulted A Pen Guard.
SAtAM, Or., Jan 7. John McMahnn,
the most desperate criminal in the Ore
gon Penitentiary, made an assault yes
terday upon Chapel Guard Jay McCor
mick with intent to kill the guard. Mc
Corniiek saved his life by beating his as
sailant into Insensibility, hut he accom-
pi ised this only after receiving several
blows upon the head with a brick in the
hands ol tho convict.
"PINNACLE OF PARNASSUS."
Clarence E. Eddy, Another, Oregon
Boy, Climbing 'o Fame's
Dizzy Height.
We are just in receipt of a very neatly
printed iKx.klct entitled "The Pinnacle
of l'urnassus" by Clarence E. Eddy of
Idaho. The booklet contains 10.1 pages
of original poems by Mr. Eddy, all of
which are of fur more than ordinary
merit, one of the best scitHtiong being
the poem entitle i "If thi-t-' i't a llel
there ought to be." Tin- subjects em
braced in his poetical sketches overs a
wide Hp.! and are handled in a master
ly niannt-r, denoting that the young poet
ia decidedly in favor with a bright, witty
blithesome Miiae whose gentle whisper
ings inspires him to sing as the bards of
old. Mr. EdJy h a well known Oregon
b y, many years of his early life having
l.m-ii pet on a farm ucarMyrtlo Crek
this county, where he is well known.
Mr. Eddy's little poetic work is copy-
wrighted, contains a fine full page half
tone picture of himself and has a very
nni(iie cover, on the tirst pae of which
the mount of I'arusfsus is shown and
lrched on the highest pinnacle apeara
the yonng author wearing a laurel
wreath, while at various heights below
such old bards as Sl.akespere, Dante,
Byron, Longfellow and others are look
ing longingly toward the dizzy pinnacle
occupied by Eddy. The book mar be
had by addressing the author, Box 323,
talt Lake, Utah, iurhtsiiig 50 rente.
Of Mr. Eddy the Challw, Idaho, Mes
senger says;
Clarence E. Eddy, Poet, Prospector
and Newspaper man, was born Septem
ber IS, 1874, at Bridgeport, Oregon, in
that portion of the beautiful Willamette
Valley, which was the home of Hmer
D.venport, the great cartoonist ; Edwin
Markham, the immortal poet ; Lieuten
ant Schwatka, tho Artie explorer and
Samuel L. Simpson, who sang the song
of the Willamette. Eddy's boyhood,
from two to fourteen, was parsed on a
farm above Myrtle Creek, near Roee
bnrg. Southern Oregon. Afterwards
learning the printing trade', he sojourn
ed in Port lan J, Seattle, Tacotna, Spok
ane, and then Moscow, Idaho, where he
attended the University; and suUe
qoently was General Press Correspond
ent, and Editor and Proprietor of The
"Times." Being an adept mountaineer
and prospector, he joined the great rush
to Central Idaho, Gold Fields, and is
the principal discoverer of the new camp
f Ixrhi Creek, with fair prosot of a
fortune. He recently compiled for pnl
licalion a louk of j.o-mg entirely from
memory; which, together withriitnb-
112 Mount Estes in Midwinter, rafting
.TO ruiies down the ragin Salmon River
and running foi ju of f"n;er connty
on the wroirg ticket, proves energy suSi
cirnt to heights .i Fatnis-ns. In bis
writings, wit, love and philosophy, find
apt expression. lie is oce of Ihe prom
ising young p-ts of the West. Chaliis,
Idaho, Messenger.
State Treasurer C. S. M-re has issued
his semi-annual report, showing the con
dition of the various state funds. It
shows a balance of 11.123,796.11 n the
state treasury, of which 1235,(47.76 is in
the general fund ami $721,772.25 in the
common school fund. He' states that
the money in the general" fund will be
sufficient to pay all the Mate warrants
np to the time the slate taxes are pay
able in the spring. But there will not
be much of a surplus on hand w hen the
state taxes begin to come in.
IN THE EAST
of the Timber in This
Connty.
the mast to Emperor William's yacht U
an Oregon fir, and the royal pennaut on
Windsor Castle float from an Oregon
fir staff.
"The timber companies clear off the
timber as they go, seel the ground and
immediately convert it into grazing pur
poses. It is a paying enterprise. A
great many people ar entering th
country and buying tracts from the gov
ernment." A. A. Hall, a lumberman of tipper
Rogue river, has contracted to furnish
Ii 0,000 feet of pine logs for R. D. Hume,
of the lower stream. Seventy-five
thousand feet of the logs have already
been placed in the river, and for the
first time the experiment of floating logs
from the source to tho mouth of the
stream attempted.
SENOR SAGASTA DEAD.
Fight tor the Dead Statesman's Sltis
Already Begun.
Madrid, Jan. 0. Senor Sagasta,
President of the National Council,- died
last night.
Arrangements for the funeral have
not been fully decided upon, but the
burial will take place Wednesday.
The fight for the Liberal leadership
has already begun.
Praxedes Mateo Sapista, Spanish
statesman, was born, July 21, 1827. In
1831 was compelled to fly Spain through
engsging in revolutionary intrigue.
W9 allowed to return but again con
spired in ISftt) and lied the country.
Held teveral cabinet jositions and was
Primo Minister from 1SSI to 1883, from
1888 to 1890, from lS'.Kl to 1S95 and
1S98-4I, then from 1902 .till death.)
In Nebraska two railroads are etrug,
gling over the election of a speaker in
the legislature,
NEW POSTMASTER AT PORTLAND
Bancroft Named to Succeed Crossman. The President
Sends His Name to the Site.
Washixto, Jan.. Among the nominations sent to the Senate by the
President today was that of Fred A. Bancroft to be Postmaster at Portland. The
appointment of Mr. Bancroft marks the close of a contest which has beD ra.in?
for several months past, A. ii. Crossman, the present PostraasUrr, being Bancroft's
rival. Long petitions signed by business men of Portland, in behalf of their're
spective candidates were sent to the department'by friend of ea h, and for a time
the outcome of the contest was difficult to forsee. Lut month the m-ws came
from Washington that Senator Mitchell had indorsed Bancrofts candidacy. Thia
practically settled the manner, and today's announcement occaiions co surprise.
N
SENATOR GEORGE C PERKINS RENOMINATED.
..-8AiiKJV,JaL, Ja -Gg.-C. Perkioa was. talt re-r.i.xated
United Slates Senator to succeed himself by the Republican caucus. Ihe vote ia
caucus sf-od : Perkins, 68 ; Irving M. Scott, J.
FKMTLNQ
Chicaoo, Jan. 8. The retail coal dealers hare been added 1 5 th? 1 1st of tbos e
who ere waging war against and endeavoring to break the combiao betweea the
coal railroads, mine ojerators and wholesile dealers. The retaik-ra are bringing
suits for damages for nou-delivery of coal, for which ot Ut hiv-; L.-ja ive u
The railroad yards are filled w ith long trains of cars loaded wt;h oil aid at the
same time the city is beginning to suffer from Lack of fuel.
Coffee, Tea and Spices
IF YOU ARE CALL AT f
CURRIER'S GROCERY
AND ASK
Price is no ldgher and
Currier's,
J. M. Weatherby
T.
Roseburg Real Estate Co.
Faro and Timber Land Bought and Sold
Taxes Paid for Noa-Residents. Timber
Estimates a Specialty. List your proper
ty with ns.
SPECIALTIES.
Physicians' Presvriptions
and Family Beciues,
KubWr Goods, Toilet
A.
Articles, Lime and C j
meut, Paints, Oits and I
;., Perfumery, lruse- j
es, Sponges, Brushes Etc. j
Itambier Bicycles and !
Sundries. School Supplies.
Stationery
F. S.
JEWELER and
All Work'Gnaranteed
Second Door north new Bank Bail ding.
KODAKS!
They've gone and done it again
Done away with the dark-room in
developing. A little machine to de-
velope film negatives in daylight
without going to
child can operate it. See this won
derful invention at our store.
CkrcMIll Wesley.
COAL TRUST.
IOR
every can guaranteed
Rosebur s 5
Lead rig . t
Grocer
0
Fountain
of Health
is found in enl Flour row, as ur
centuries, tiie "sta3 of IL'e." The
loug tried : : : : :
Pride of Bouglas
F'.onr Ua c-"-d .;a:f .c (ea rr,i may
Uioa-arvi!. to. tJ tir-r taSi.
oou J n y.ni ti l: rt ue b .-f-
Xcr'jir z .-..je ,js or taxel V. jr
::::;:
A. Bnry
D. L. Korti
C. ularsters 5 Co.
Drags, Kcasctas, Cicir.tak.
raiuueiSTs
School Jiocks
DRY,
WATCHMAKER
for Reasonable Prices.
li0SE2f:'.Ci, Osegos
a darkroom Any
1 1