THE ORECOA &E.fLEL
djrr i' t..e mj tv wa a: I'm- twciti
mug of the ci-ntury et.tJced by Jtdeton
aj the vital principle of repab.io. and the
cwnU of th lost four yean bare establish
ei, we wii: bops forever that there lies no
appea: to torec. ia msmienaac oi jae
Union bring with It the mpport of the
State GoTwamenU in all their right, bat
It U sot one of the rights of any State
Govsssmeut to renounce its owe place In
tbe Uniee. or to nullify lb law of the Uo -
cc Tbe .:: liberty ii to be maintain
ed Id tbe dwcojiiou of the act of the Fd
. ml -P ..
era', Gore; nnent. bat there it no appeal
from iu laws escept to the varione bmn
ebee of tbtt Cioeernmelit itielf. or to the
people who print to the member of the
Lecbtatttre and of tb Executive Dpart
cwnt. no tenare bat limited one. and Ic
that manner alwayt retard the power of re
"' iw-otbwj .m.tw.--
the laMroaee ol the Coofcderaey. and not
the nfBm ol the Cmtltntten. The
htter eeotain tbe emphatic words: -The
CoMtttntion and laws of th Tnlted Swtee
wbteh iball be made in porwanee thereof,
and all treutiei made or which eball be
nude ander tbe autnocity of the United
-.. ... . ..,..L i ..l-j
S.ae.a..ne:oe ?:-,,
and the Jude in every sute ihal! be;
bound thereby anytbinf in tbe Cowtitn- i
:Iob or liw of any Slate to the contrary
notwitbiuindiof." C.-rtaicly the Govern-
meat of tbe Untied Slate ta a limited '
Government With at thit idea of limit-
ntioo pril tbroofh everey form of ad '
mmbtration aenerai. State and maoleipe! mnt and of the Stat"i. To that end Prn
ad rest on the rnat dietiofUiAltlf pew vitiooal Governor have been appointed
cipko!:lK recacaltioa of the rifku of 1 for lb State. Conveotioixeall. Govern
roan. 1'be ancient repuiliet tbeorbed tbe ' or elected. LfrUlitnr mbird tad
individual in the State prtwrritwd hi re- Senator and Bepreentt" cfaeen to
licloo aod controlled bie activity Tb
AcmiOfiB syttem nU oo the atrtioo of '
:b eqaal right of every man to lift, liberty
sad tbe parMit of beppin- to freedom
of eocjcience and to tbe culare and exer
cise of all bu faculties At a cooeeqoenc
the Sut Governmeat w limited at the
Mtral Govtmm'at in the inter! of
Usioc. m to ladividoal citizeo hi ia tb
iDt:: of frordea. Tb Stales, with
proper limitation of power, ar eatential
to tk eminence of tbe CoMtltutton ot tbe thereby enabled to communicate promptly
United State. At the very comawn with iu offleer tnd agent. Tbe couru
ment. when we Meaovtd a place amoaf tbe bring Mcnrity to nenon and property.
Power of tb earth, the Dcelaratioa of' Tbe opeoiof oftb por.t iovU tbe rator
Iarpodenee wa adopted by the State. ' atlon of indottry nod commerce. The
at .Wo w:t tse article of Cttfeikratioo. Pom Oft renews tbe mciiitie f aocial
ami whet) tbe people of tU United State
ordained sod emblbued tb Catitotw J
it wsj tbe aieeat of tbe State, oae by one, i
wbKh fiu it vitality. In tbe event too. bring with ll a blaming to lb Slat over tion for the enjoyment of th eleeuvr
of any ameodment to tbe CoMtitattoo, tbe J which tbey are exleadi : I it not a Mr ' francbk. Darlnc tbe period of the Cn
peopoiilion of Coofrem need th cawoem- promiat of barmoay aad renewed atlaea- I federeey there cnatmoed to exift a ere'
a'.ioe of tbe Stat Without State, oa I
great branch of tbe Leg i!ative gov. j
eraraeat wonld be wanting, ami if we look '
beyead tbe letter of tbe CowtltuiJeo to j
tb character of our country. Iu capacity '
of eomprebeoding within it juriedietion '
a vat continental empit it dae lo tbe
fTjtem of Stales. Tbe bett teenrity for '
tb porpeteal existence of tbe 3tatt it tbe '
tapreat asthoeity of the Conttltotloc of I
'.he United Staten. Tbe perpetaity f tbe '
Coutltstios brinci with It tbe perpetuity '
of '.be States. Their matoal relation j
nakei s wbot w are. and in our political
tyttca their eoooectioo is Indistolubl.
The wfcoht cannot cxhtt without tbe part '
ni: the parU without the whole. So long (
at tbe Cow'.ito'.ioo of tbe United Plate
eodnre tbe state will endure. Tbe d I
traetioc of the oae i tbe dettruetloo of '
the other. Tbe preservation of on I tbe '
.a Ka B !.a a ba all.Aa T L. . L. .
ji.tn.Mii wi i mki innumu
pwioea my view ot io meieei relation
of tbe OwMtitulioa and tbe sutee. because '
they unfeW tbe principle on which I have '
lAnnal Sak aata.1 L kulAa a '
eujiut iv ivik tui pnaniini l'ie(lvii
and overcome the sppailm; diftkultle
that met me at the very commencement of '
my Admiahtratioo It ha been my sued
(lit object to escape from the tway of mo
r;ntary peMioet, and to derive a beating
policy from tbe fundamental and unchang
ing principals of tbe Consolation,
x!urar avu.
I fonsd the States tufferioglroa tb ef
fecti of civil war. Rmmuoco to tbe Gen
eral Government appeared to have eibn net
ed Iherf. Tbe UotUd state bad recover
ed fKwijioi of their for. aad arstnahv
Tieir armies were in the occupation of ev
ery State which had attempted to secede.
Whether tbe territory within the limit or '
Ihow States ibould be held as conquered '
territory asder military authority, emaaa-'
ting from tbe President a tbe head ol the '
army wn tbe first question that presented
Itielf for decision Now military Govern-m-tntj,
ettablNbed for an indeftaite period,
would bare offered no wearily for tbe ear
ly iunpretHioo of discontent, would have
divided the people into th vanquishers and '
tbe vanquMbed, and woald have coveaoaxd
hatred rather than have restored affection.
Once eitablwbed no pree;e limiu to their
coutiauance war conciabte. 'Chvy would
have oeeasioaed an inca'culable aod ex-
hauatinj expeow Peaceful emigration to
acd from that portion of the country it one 1
tl tK lMt mM flint fln tw flii-kuakt nt '
far the restoration of harmony, and that
emigration would have been prevented.
For what emigrant from abroad what in
dntlrious citizen at home, would place
himself willingly under military rule? Tbe
cblef periona who would have followed In
the train of the army would have been de
pendents on tbe Genera' Guvernmer.t or
men who extwet f i ' from the miseries
men wbo expect 'f j' n'irora me miseries
of their err.ng fellow c The poweri
r., i.ije nud ru. i.ic.. w'- J i'
tv , Sfcifit under tin P-e J i '. eve- .
t . aad populous and naturally wealthy
n'c no tin rrater thaa. an mi under ex
)r0M nmwttjr. I should be n Hilar: to
intrust to any w miin. They are ch a
fw- T.nir T mbM w. imIm an mm-
j!om of great emergency, consent to exer
. ..... a
else, i.e wmrui use otsueii power, it
continued through a period of year, wostd
j bare endangered tbe parity of the genera!
administration of the liber tin of the States
' which remained loyal. Beside, the policy
1 of Military rale aver a conquered territory
, would bare implied that the State whose
' inhabitant may have taken part in the re -
hellion, had by the aet of these Inhabitant
1 eeaHd to esitt.
C.vTWl.tlO.
Bat tb tent theory it that nil pretended
act Uf jecelon were, from Uw beylnnint
nnll and rd. The State, cannot eon.mil
i. nor Kreen ine hmitmmi cmneo
u may owt nwmiini tnmmva, wit and It WM ateeriainro dt iiuir7 .. ..ti-- ..iln to ih Ur trial of the
m0re than thy era make vaW treatie or CrreolrtWt of the United ?tate would "J""" b J . ,. , T
' mm in lawful mMmerce with any for- I Mt b,tetd within tbe dbtrlet o Vlrflol ; "r""1- 7u Me' . " tiT. "T
,fcB rower. ThStnte attemptmr tnldorlnr tb Antnmn or early Winter, nor ' " " of ta,0ljff"
, Med placed themaalve in a condition nMt: ConirreM ehoold have an opportunity " " ' , , ' ''7' m
wber their vitality wn impaired, bat not t0 eonetder nnd net on the whole wbeti "" anmlrly ta ndor nnwiiiinf
; onincalihed their mnation fltepended fo yao, deHbera:lov tbe iwrorntlon cf" . ?T ""
bat not destroyed : but if any State Deflect ' ,bfaj mutel 0f civil authority of the United ' " " oee In hb puna U.
.. . .. .. -. .t .. i . . ....... .....!. -anil tb Mrtalntv of h! rMOverin hi
or mra v per.orm omce.. .r. m
note need that the O.neral Government
thoald mainuin it antbority and a toon
a practicable retam the exerehe of it
functioa. Oa tbto principle 1 nave acted
and have tradaalty and qaittly. aod by al
moe: Imperceptible ttepe. touht to rmtore
the rbrbtral enerfy of the General Govern
tiw CiofTeat ol the I'uu
I -tale. At
tbe earn time, tbe
f tbe United
State, a fat at coi
have been
to that ttannbaf th-Uoitril
jui mujrct be enfotc'trTBrooitri their
afCBcy. Tb blockade hat been removed
ami tb Cottom-boo te e:biiWd in
port of entry, to that th revenue of tb
United State may be eullecud. Tb
P. at OtM-t Denartment renew it aeaolea.
activity, and tbe General Government i
mtercoune aod boeioest. b it not happy
for u all Umt the restoration of each of
tbeee Iwactioc of tbe Geoentl Goverrmerrt
moat ta tb Union that, alter all that ha
baapeaed, the return of tbe General Gov-
ernaMot m known only a a beaetoeace?
I know very well that tbi poliey atteo-
dd with torn ruk : that far it taccom it
require at least Urn aceiaieecene of the
stale which it cooeerr. that It Imptle
mi roviiattoa to taote stale, by reoewiog
their almgianc to tb United State, to
retaaw their function a State of the Ue
loo j bat It w a risk thai matt be taken.
j0 the choice ot dnleoltJ it i tbetmallett
risk, and to dimlaleb and. If peesible, to
remove all danger. I have (bit It incumbent
to astert one other power of tbe General
Government tbe power of pardon. A
do State eae throw a defoote over tbe
crime of treason, tbe power of pardon i
exclueively veted In the Rxecative gov-
ernmeat of lb United stale. In eserei
ing that power 1 have taken every preeua-
.e - a I 1.1 1 .
iioo to ooaoeci ii wiin in clearest recog-
nitio or the binding rorce or lb law or
the Uaited State aod an ouqnalifc.l ae-
kaowbdgomeat of tbe grant Mcial change
0 . .. I a -I . a-ta
U aooalliotl
in imrani w wy. wnicn
has grown out of the war. Tbe next Hep
I bare taken to restore tb Contiiutiooal
relation! of tbe stale ba bean an loi-
latioa to tbem to particifwU in tb high
ottos of amending tb Comiumnm. Kv-
ery patriot must wish for a general una-
ty at tbe earliest epoch coosbteat with tbe
public eafety. For tbi great end there I
aeed of a coBcarrenee of all opinions and a
spirit or matoal coacilbuiop. All parties
la the late terrible conflict most work to-
gather In bArmoaj.
thb coti"noi4t AMtxDMBjrr.
It i not loo much lo ask. ha the usme
oi tne wnoie peopie, tost on we one sum
tk pjao of restoration shall proem! io
conformity with a willingness to cast tbe
dbMrders of the past into oblivion ; aad
that oc th other, eeukoot of sincerity ia
tbe future mointeaance of tbe Union btll
be pot beyoad any doubt by tbe ratifies
lion oi the jwoposed amebdmtnt to ibe '
Cosutiiutioo, which pruvuies for tbe aboli-,
two of slavery forever within lb limiu of,
oar country, so long a the adoption of
tbi amendment is delayed, so long will
doubt and Jealousy aad nuotrtainty pre
vail. This is tbe measure which will etfaee
1 the tad memory of the post; it will mutt
certainly call population, and capital and ,
K-curit to those parU of the Union thai ,
A ik.b ..., Irt 1 il 1. nnl Inn iniu-h
to ask ot the State which nre now rerom-
ing their places In tbe family of tbe Uinoa
to give thU pledge of perpatua! loyalty and
.. ..... , .. .
peace. Until tt is uooc, me pa, uowever
much wc may desire it, wilt uot be
forgotteu. The adoption of the amend
ment reunites uj beyond all power of dis
ruption. It heals the woaod that is stilt
imperfectly cled I' r.-niuvi ivry
tne e.meni w-l.c. Dai ..g ,, -,,.u
ri ? makes of ni
the e .ment wihci. na s urg p -r. . a
Miran,
oi ni ''v i" "' ' ''''
tre-.: ! .i,''Min ' ni'T
r, n.'svi-'l nnd
1 ,. Cf" ' ni"'"
The Amendment
, al aBrclioo and tuppo"
to she Constitution bclwr adnp'eJ. II would
-- - - -
i
.
; remain for tb s't whom? p--"
' beeo w long m abeyance to vtom Ibelr
I bI.m in the two branch of tbe National
legislature, and thc-eby eompieir m
' . .. t la I h AM BilinW-
, of restoration. h wr j -
! citizen of the Senate. and tor ? fc'!o
eitiscnt of tbe Howe of RepreeeoMtl
; to Judge, each of you for yoorele. of the
' eleetloa return and qualiocatloe ol your
' own members.
ctarv:; conm.
' The hit ajeertloe of the per of the
' General Goveramnt require hnldlnt Clr
tail CVmrtt of the Tnlted Swtee with
the d(trlU where their nthrity na been
Interrupted le the present poeWf of one
' pahKc afialft. stronf objeetiaw h been
' dfirH , hMi tho Cw ia ?
thr Ftatee wsere tne rewmoo na .
that the
5tatt, . i.wacceee.nnrr.rreo.-
tb bone that an early provbinn win be
Mid for tbe reeumptien of n It fnnrtioi.
j n It manifest thai trtatonavwt Safrant In
character bat beta committed. Pewow
wbo are cnarsvd with it commiwlon
ahoald have fair and Impartial triah m
the bbrbett etvil tribanalt of tb country,
in oroVr that tb CoBttltatloc and law.
mar be fu''v vindicated and tbe truth
. . ..'... . .. .....
clearly cittti'wwii ana amraca tnat ireaaoa
it a crime, that traitor, thoc!.! be pool-bed
nnd tbe oftn be Made inmmo.u and
1 iIm am thra that th ooMtion mav be
ijudiclallv tettkd. flaalrynad forever that!"
no State, of it ob wm. bat a right to
rili fi 1,'WiM HH(! '
renoonce it pJae m tbe UbIob. reaiitation of it remotest aim, bat time
-xtoao tcr.'tuot. -lae an element in reform. It i one
TnreUtloo,oftbeGeiira!Goerr.meot,'f the freateet act oa record to hate
toward four million of inhabitant whw ' Hrootrht lour million of people into free
the war hat called into tneaW have a-! Jw. Tbe career of free indwtrt moot be
, raced my moet terloo coo dtm'too. On
' ha ihmhIi nf tinmi t. mako tb
! freedmen elector by pmclama'ioa of the
Exeeative.1 took for my oon 1 the Cowti : ond J nway. iri m he eureful that , ,ure puiwer
lion htelf. tbe interpretatione of that to- be milnre thai not be attributed to any Th laWe event of ll hnt four
ttrumeot by it author and their catempo 1 ol jmnic. Ia all that relate to the , ". ' ' crice made y th. cl
rarie. and reeent legietation by Coofrrew 'oWtiny of the freedmen. e need not he j to"1 s0 of "" rB1 " rwvy. hive
When, at the Snt movement toward lade- ' t" naxloa to read tbe latere. Many ia' j wHed tbe record of our PnMn Hureau
peodeace. tbe tootrem ol the United ! cidenu. which, from a Mecokttive tioiiit of ao noprecedtnted extent. On the 30lh
State twtroeted the reveral ?tate to in-'
titaie Government of their own. th-y Sell
, each Stale to decide for iiarif the cadi-
i ditenitv in tb oaalllimtloaa oi etadan
In everal Sutea, and even wltbio a state
' a dlitiactloo of qnalileation prevailed
j with regard to tbe oflkvrt who were tab
' el . Tb Caaatitatlon of tbe Umtn!
Stat reognixct tbrte divenitw when it
erjla that, io tb choice of member of
! the Hoote of JfepeatMUtiv. uf th Unl-
ted Stat, the elector ic each ritatr Mai.
' have the qoallflcatioa, requuiie for tbe
I ekctoes of the meet numeeow branch or
! tbe State Uglelalare. After the forma-
two of tb Coattltotioo it remained a be
' fore. The uniform otage wat for each
j State to enlarge tbe bedy of iu elector
' seeordlng to Iu own jodgnment. Uuder
! & ytem one Sut after another be
pnvded to iocrta the number of u
I e.eclort until now univet-! iiiarf. or
' tomethioa; very near ii. U in teueral rale.
j So fixed wat tbe reeervanon of power in
l tkat akalklai aaj La a-ata. t . J . -. .(
i 'w "i w IT1-"" Dquumoo
no. neon in mirpriairac ur ib too
i etitntioa. that dorioc tbe civil war th-
( President never harbored tbe purpute
I aal aslafel a n an i l&,a u
; -" ww w. pnrpo, oi a
rigardiag it ; and m tbe AcU of Congrete
' during that period, aoibiog can be found
wbicb dnriog the continaaneoofboitiluies
wwb In after their el., would have
i sanctioned aay departure by lbs Ksecutive
i ' P"7 which has so uniformly ob-
l "id. Mor)er, a coocemion of tb
tleetive franobiee to the freedom by act
of the President of the foiled State mast
bevc been extended to all colored men
' wherever found, aod to mast have eslab-
'"bed a change of tnrTrupj In tb Kocihera
MWdle and Westers Slates, not lew than
J f ' Soalbern aad aouihweiu States,
-"" " an awauip-
" of,power by the President which m.th
f b Coastitatioa or laws of the
I United Slates would have warranted. On
j the other band, every danger of cond.ct u
i avoided when tbe wtlkment of theqatalioa
hi referred to tbe several Slate. Thwy
" each for iuelf. decide on tbe ineaMie.
aad whether it j to be adopted at one
od absolutely, or m-r.-Jaeed gradually
t an "no eoaauraus, iu my jodgment
the freedmen. U they show pauuc a,d
manly vlrtoes, wlH tocner obtaio a partiei
pariiel
Ipalioa in the eleotiv frunebie through j our duties as legislator by according ,!
, the Slates than thrown the Geoer.. Ge- j and exact justice to all men-peekl n?,?
erameat, even if it bad tbe poar to iut ' !).. i ..,.,- ;, ' ... l.
power to luier
Waco ihe tamull of emotiorj that
' IWVe OOtO raeO OV Ua? Mdtloan.... at ,1.
j ' ebenge shall bare eobtided. it may
PWTe lbut they will receive tbe kmdliesi
j tt," " tome of those oo whom tUy
knfa aaalaink ibm. J.J. .1.. ,
i "-' "" ",v """'ww uefammtj,
rnss&MBN thbir aioaw
. DMIHa.ND
rawTw,r.
While I have oo donbt now, aft t
olose of war, it ie not eotppeteot fa tke
General Government to extend the o.Vct.v,
- - - - - ., eq, ,
; dear that g,i hub tequ,rrt the wurur j
iraf.cinH ti tlii v v. r. n utt- it
. ti -... !ni r i
ih i- iiN ' ' l r
, !,,(, - rt i t' r t't'
,r.-..mtl.f wtrwo-nl-r thurlao-r-
J cannot ton rtnmf' 'P'-' ,p
troaiment of thb ohjec, which .honhl Ik
eareralle kept alwf i" m'7'1' '
We mwt eqttally "d h- Meowi"!"11
of any natnml impoibitity for the tw
nre to lire side by id in tate of mu -
tdal beneBt and food will The csperi
nwnl IotoItcc mi In w Ineonebtetcie. lt
M then go in and mnke that experiment ir
nod faith, nnd not to be too easily die-
bMriened The emtotrv b In new! or
labor and the (reedmen 'ar.- in need of cm-
. . .
ployment, en Hore and protection. bile
their rbjht of voluntary mi(frtioti and ex
patriation i not tn be qncetloned. I would
not mhte their forced removal and colon!
wtion. It rather eiwmtrage them to
be bowicabh iMerel and indattrkme where
) M to tbiHilm and to
jMwd of Wtfr mM
, , - . . , - - ,.,. ., ,,.
""" v' '" -v - --". - -
T
etrnalated wa. in tne mierciu oi
""ployer empyed coincw ine
employer dWire in hi workmen epirit and J
' iwl,yi Bd !Bae eM bo permaneully j
eecared in no other way : and If the one ,
n"l'nt ,0 ' ,0 ' contract.
, tk otDr- ,fbe poUic Iniereet
n: nrotnoteu ii me arverm atotf. .
' ' "vovide adequate prot-ciioo and rem i
, J: k. tk. --- T.ii ku i- i- .
"- v.n w. m ,
" ? acemnplitted. there i no ctur.ee
w "" naw.tageoo e of their labor.
nd Ike blame of ill Mceau Hill
wet on tbem. I knew that tlncere
pomnpy t aaroett lor tbe immediate
frrly opened to them and then their retnre
' oremeritv and condi'ion matt after all
' & maialy upon thawlvci. If they mil
mbrbi rait alarm, will quiet1; .ui
' thetneelvM. Now that lav..-y it at nn
end or near iu cod. tbe sreataew of iu
evil io tbe point of of public ccuaomy
beeomee More and more apparent, su
very wa eieenliully a mooupoiy of labor,
' aH ai mtk locked lb. Stale where it
' prevailed amloat the iaeominf of Irve In-'
! Anrj. Where labor wa tb property oft
j capitulut. the white man wat excluded :
! ''" eaiplof mnt or hud bat th ewooed
b ehanee of Sodiuc it, and then tbe for-,
' emigrant turned away from the reeic
"bee hi eoeditioti woaid be m precariiM
Wb the destmctiuo ol the monopoly, fm.-;
' labor il bastea from all part of the civ- '
! l(wa world to eit ia dewlopinf tbe var
' and imaaitrabl reeocrev which i
' bs hitherto win dormant.
- Tbe eight or nine Slate Bearcat the !
' Oalf of Mexico have a . of vxuberant
' fertility. a elioute friendly io limg life, and
' can tuttaio a deotor oiaUtiun than k
jog0d H yet ia ai part of our ooautrr
f ud tbe future inftux ot popalalioa ta tbem
' in h. nmie hn. tu ,ii --. .i
, aqitlvaud natioo io Karope. Prom
lW MaWrioM thai have nubA! ii-,
tbem i
doriaf oar law ilrafgW let a
' ik- taimn ,.- u , ...
look away
U Mcaed
,,, ,tfc afaHiar tosueeiiv than hu
' ' "
, ,w bff -- 1Bft.,.. yke, MllHU w
,b, mi, ,uw UUr u . ljMiltu
that tiw regions will be peopled u, .
numerous awl tnurpfieioir Donalaiioe
' bMi. will vU with any ia the Union In
i0 compacts. iuvoHlie eaaia wl.t.
awj iodnatrw.
yua..,'... ,
T " Ut-"TOS-
j "' Goveremeat toeing from and wai
j " be people, not the people for tbe
j Government. To tbem it owe allegiance
from them it inset dfivo it Mmye.
eeng th and wUdom. Itut while the gov-
ernment m thu bound to defer to tbe peo-
v" wnom ii oerive iu existence it
! ehould, from the very consideration of iu
origin, be itrong in Iu power of resbtuae
to the establishment of inequalities. Moo
opolies. perpetuities and elaes legbUiioa
a contrary to tbe gcaiot of free govwn-
." asu oogni not to be ullo.d. im
there is no room (or favored claisw or
mmopolic. 'i-M prineinle of enr rovrn.
ment U that of eqaal awa and freedom of
industry, u nfvr moaonolr n.i.i
' foothold, it is sure tobeatoorceof daoer
discord and troabl. Wa ah.it i., f..na,,'
ditcord aod troabl. We shall but fuiiflu
hfaea lo bun 'Ck -r ........ :. ., .
dmaie to the neonl. hf. u it- ,.,.. .....
reprewotattve of the people, it must la
held mperior lo monopolies, which, in
tbemieifet ought never to be granted, and
which, where they axiet, must be subordi
nate nsd yield to the government. TLe
CowUtotion confers on C'oogrees the right
to regakte commefee among the several
Siat. It b of Ihe Grst ceeeesity for the
maiutenaoe of the Union that commerce
sUuldbe free aod unobitrucied Xo
f - f-"' . - ' -t--M. UUU
,,,, Ulj ,.,,, , ,
the tranm o travel and c wrco U-
..; '"
tween 'he S'nt'". The prmtion pfnmiy
rtutr-' H "Mi'h that if thoy were nllctml to
take ailvontBze nf it for purpow of local
rereime. the commerce lttivern tli Stutu
tn'(rh( le iJurioii'ly check!, or even vlr
tnal'y prohibited. It l liwt while the
uoanlry it tltl ynuns. and white tbe ten
dency to dnnyerouj nioiiopolteit of tl.ij
kind l rtill feeble, to ue the power of
ConprcM mm to prevent nor felDOi im-
I r . , .I- I -t I..!-..
peumirni o uw ir.c oircn.uuon ni nwn
' anJginerchar.dHo. A tax on travel and
! mrchatidic, in their transit, conetituteg
one of the woret forms of monopoly, nnd
the evil I lncrecd if conpW with n de
nint of tbe choice of route. When the
vat extent nf our country k conllered,
it U plain that every olwtnele to the free
clrcHlation of commerce between the State?
of lit to lie guarded n;aint by appropri
ate lesriem'.iou within the I!mit3 of the
Cnnttitntion.
foRT or thr iKir.KTAr.r or iNTKmon.
Tbe report of the Secretary of tlie Inte
rior explain the condition of tbe public
land, tbe transaction of tbe Patent Office
and the 1'cneion Hureau, the management
ofonr Indian Affairs, and tbe ptogreee
made in th coaetrnction of the PacIHc
Railroad, and lurniebot information In ref
erence to matter of local inter eel In the
District of Colombia. It aim preeentf
,vi(lfnfc 0, ,-cmsfoI UoR ,k
, r
Hnmritead Act. under the trVMiotit of
which 1.160" acre of the jallic km)
were entered dnrine the laet Qtl year
more than one-four ti, of the whole number
of acre old or otberw'iie dinpoeed of dor
ine that period. It ii estimated that thr
r!ept. derived from tbi iwnrcc are enH
ctent to cover th cxpnat incident to lb.
(urvey and ditpnanl oi tbe land euterml
under tbU Act, and that payment In cal
to tbe extent of forty or fifty per eeai will
be made by .ettlert. who may tbn. at any
time.aeqnlM title before tbe explrutmn
"' r i-r'"" """" " ""-" '""" '
r ncimemeaa pwiey wa --moii.n.
d ""'r li1wr w,Mt -" re-imamf.
' Kxprr.nc prove U wldom. The
'11 '" Bt B', lndwtrhu
'' wn MaT - we"' ""
eontrtbute to tbe poMic reeoarow. are
worth more to tb United Stater than if
tbcT b'1 hrni tn,ni Mt"ae mr fu-
y of June tat. th total number of pea
I onri w ;5.00 tcqulrlac for their
! ""t pay. rxclotive of expenses, tbe mm
I of cp .023,1 15. 'IV number of appllea
' ihaM thut have been allowed ! that
i date ll Kqnire a lure inereaie of thk
I amount for the next fiul venr. The
oran for the payment of the ntiiMb 4e
"l" exiMinr law to oar dtahled soWier
3' igUow. and ta the families of inioh u
have perUbed in the ervice of tbe country.
IH o doubt be cheerfully and promptly
erantrd. A gratefal peofle will not beai.
tate to tanetion any meaeure having for
their nhjrt the re'if of aoidier mutilated
and famlliet mode fatberlc in lb effort
neeaerv oar natiooat t-xiateaee.
i-o-tma'tk oa.vimAt.'H hbtokt.
las report of the Potmter General
Pteeet an encoaming exhibit nf tb op.
rmll0M r l ''' c reparimest
,afln '"' ' 'lh rMW",r ,ar " I"
TMr frow ,he lofB' :StRtM 10 etceeded
tn n,"lBm,n nnnnal receipt from ull tbe
' sU,w V"'0 l0 ,h 'ebellion in tlie om
' of 3C.03,nl, and the annual averace la
tntt a( rveB rlop the hut four year.
' .l ..( m . at
wKaoareu wio l lie revenue oi ll tour veari
immediately preoedinr the rebellion, wai
S.S8,45. The revenue of the hut fis
cal year amounted lo 81 1 f.5C IftS.and the
expenditures tn $13.09-l.;2BtiU-aring a
mrplu of retelpt over expenditure of
9861,430. Progrei lies been made in
relorin(T tbe postal service In the Simth-
" SM 'n rWv" Pivoted by tbe
I Postmaster General against the iwllcy of
agaitist the policy
granting tHbiidies to ocean mail ttenm
thip lines upon etablilied route, and in
favor of ooo ti no log tbe present pystem,
which limiu tbe compensation to the post
age earning, are recommended to the care
ful eooskerc.lioo ol Congress
.-AVAI. AVralM.
It appear from the P.oport of tbe Sec
retary of the Navy that while at the com
mencement of the proxitit year there were
in commission five hundred and thirty ves
sels of all eluMs nnd dsseriplioiH, armed
with three thousand guns, and manned by
61,000 men, tint number nf veete at pn
eat In cammUsiofl is one hundred and ev
enteee, with eight hundred ami thirty
gun and 12,123 men Ily tbi romp
reduction of the naval forces tb-rxp-it-
of the government have Wo htrgrly di
minished aad a number of vcaarle tureha
ed for naval parooee from the mercbunt
marine have Ihmu returned to lite peaecfui
pursuits of eommstce. Sine the suppre
ion c-f active hostilities our foreign jquud
root liuve been re-etnblbed nnd oonsnt
of veaeeh much more ffieient than tbute
employed c timilur service jevioo to
the rebellion. Tne iuggration for the en
laigeiiami of the navy yardi, nnd os)oiully
lor the establishment ol one in frh water
fur Iron clad s,Mi, U deserving of con
sideration, as U alw the recommendation
for a different location and more ample
ground! for the Xuval Academy.
KKPOKT or TIIK SWUETABV Or WAK.
In the Reriort of ihe Secretary of War
a genera! summary ia given oi the military
camjialgna of lbCl and I860, ending in the
fuPP'wionofT
' operation. oftbtceM2Suta,
live uareax of tlie V, t ""0B'-r-
' "Hilary Purrvw ,B lbt jJxJ
commencing the 30th da of J i1
M-.1SG5 nunaberi liSot ",:
lltmnttoapacc rostln- esmlT .
aMoaJmrtofcnwi:"
nptheranhtoeo.COO.if.uS
stanccof the counts ,t..u .. .
I n.sanwntation of the army The vl!!
wr ior ims already bn daMd .
d...chargcframrvlM of or.r eoOMO
troonndtheDopartnrnthpT
rapidly In to work of further rtdacf.S
1 he ar climates arc redaced froa8Jf "
210.131 .OS3XS14.4CI, which aSt
the opinion of tbe Department, li da-,..
far n ieae estaWisbmcnt. The anK
of retrenchment is each Unrwaacdbn-'
of the service exhibit dilltgent eeocr
worthy of eommemlition r.lrrKK a
no made in the report to the Mceu.i:i
providing for a uniform ramtia jji;
aad to the propriety of matic- kjuv!
provUloB for weanded atd dtiaWrf cEsa
nnd soWllerf.
THI MiVMCt ASO HitANrn.
The revenue f-ystem of tbe country hi
ilveet of vital interest to in kwcri:
troperlty. and rhould comnnnil th rtrj.
el coiwideration of Congren. Thebtt.
I relary oftn lreanry will Uy befort j
n full and detailed report of tbe rttipti
I nnd dibarwmenti of the lat fical jn t
tbe flrl quarter i,f the pr.nl fWa. t(l;
of tbe probable receipt. m! ifnd,e'a
ir the other three qarte- oi 1 1-. n .
male for tb year fnllnwia; tv 3 v
June. 1M6. 1 mieht content nj(elf.u.
a reference to that report, in which yw
find all tbe informs t mo required forycir
dellberatioM and decisioDr, hot tbe pin
moun: importaoec ol the hj-et i pre
r itelf on my own mind that I ca:cot
but lay before you my vievi tf tbe trrv
nre which are required fur tbe rooj char
acter, and I might utmest My for the ti
Wtence of tbe peopt. The life cf a R?p&
lie In certninly In tU ercy virtue k1
intellirmee of iu citizen bo' it u rq-a. ;
1 true that a sood revenue itit'm u u
of an ortrawaed government 1 taeetjn
I at a time nhrn tU uatmn b fe!uut.-
' ally Uordeaed it H with a il-b! "frt-
denied in oar annals. at ll itimMt
it aide away Into n-whtnj "he" ceTpitrf
with the eounllei l'.ein-i that waife
coofered upon mr country scd djo iuj
by the prervntlB of the nitifti
Now. on the first nceamon of tbe aettur
of Congr elnec the return of peace I' "
of tbe tttmot importance to isuara'et
jost policy which shall ot orce he put :
motion, and which tball eomroriid ilflfte
there who eoote after u for lit cootct
aeee. We mast aim at notum; kit ti
a complete eSacement of the Soticia! s
l that oeerially followed s H'a'.e of n
wnr. We mut endeavor -o rrJ "
earliest rtmedy to the dertnrd "Wl
the eurrtney. and not shrink from deriMJ
a pol1'? "'"M- wil,,n,,, bf'D:r W"'"
to Ihe neotile. thall immediately hern '1
( effret a iHiuctiod of the debt, snd I' pen i'
' ed lo. dlecbarce it fully w.th'O sd'is't
, number of year. H U our frit dVjto
i prepare in earnest for our recore? ff
. .k. .. l.-in- eel'i o'ar ifmltSlV
I currencv. wlllawt a toddro revo'sioo vJ
I ...'... .......! .v...lIntloe Fct
vet unoui uiwiiieij jhw..-
i that end we mt eacb. in oar rp
i ... i.. .. r VaM tube
pOStllOfll. prepare lire j-
duty ol the Kxeentue to lni!t opoafrt
cality in the expnditurri arl t ipsrcf
economv U it-olf a great national ttMta,
Of the banki to which autbori'j ru
t-lven to i.ue notes secured by WM
ihe United Staler, we rosy ifqJ
greatest moderation and pruJeace, w
aw muU be rigidly infold wttoiti.B
iuareexcecW We may eaeb cce o. a
ooun-eloursetive and cnterpmmgccM
trymen to be constantly on tbe.'
te liquidate dvbU contracted to PF
cnrreoey.nnd by cotJucting bo i
menu or rhort credit to bok rtd
prepared to return to it sDOrdof
aP.Hr. Toal oar fellow C
the prudent management of theirct
nfTslH. Ibedaty devolves upon aited
Ih by law the amount of F.per.
ncwinciroulallon. rire year, .f
tank nole circulation of lU CJJJT
amounted lo ant much more tl JW
OQOiMIO. Kow-he circulation, iok
H.,.-I..xce1700.000 000. nw-
Mro.yih.nanywordi.ifn.in'co
iltaIV of sur restraining W
abas The gradua. ren--' f
rency is all that can
ne'of the country romdtro"
ties, and th can be almost iatperP1
ttonalcircntatlonlaseearilfaitW
nwdercdtvmableattbep,
Government. Our deb b d
first in , l,e actual .ealta.J
UnleveloH'ourW,0','1aerVMli'
next in the character oMo'
The moit Intelligent ob
that the public debt of . j
In proportion-l Pf ',10?
an uuri. w ,,..,-beli-uw.
1.0 theory and I fi"1"' , ,,wun.
to give it -ti" wore i