THE TEA PLANT.
An Inquiry Into tit Killrnrf of Ruin
ing TrM III Till Country.
Tea's easily grown from either troth
or cuttings; uml, us tho soil ami cli
mate of a largo portion of tho United
State are adapted to tho cultivation of
tlm plant, and ii8 tea is a favorite b v-
crure. it niiiy not lie amis to imiu'ro
why this country may not rase its own
tolls.
iiio seeus 01 tea are found wuiiui a
hard caiMiIo, wh'cli in ctiv !! :nto
from two to five cell, each containing
, wh'to seed ns largo as n pea. Tea is
generally cultivated iijxiti slopm:
ground, hav.ng go-id drainage, nm
loo I s;i ruly loam is favorable to tiir
growth of the shrubs.
Iti Jui an tea is generally sown in o-
veml'ror December, iiiou propan
beds, covcivil witli mil an rn-ti in depth
uml carefully protect l from snow a id
frost. Tim planting is tioinct tnes do
ferreil until spring; hut tho growth is
not then ho ruii d. When ono year old.
tho plants arc taken from tho nursery-
beds and placed in row or circles
three or four feet ai art. and In their
geiicrul appearance they resemble
goosebery shrubs.
. in its native state, tlio ten plant in
twenty or morn feet In hijrlit; but in a
Htatu of cultivation tho plant In about
live or mx feet, J ho flowers grow
singly, or two or three together, in the
axils ot tho loaves, lliey are white and
fragrant, and much loved by honev
bees. The shrubs, in two or three years
irom pluming, iieur leaver that may be
"cured, and tlio plant near from ten
to twelve war. Ihreo times in thu
year are the leaves usually picked in
-1 f , t 1 , .
April. iiay ami uiy; mo last picking.
uowovcr, making very Infer or tea.
J lie roots of the tea plant need to be
Hhaded bv piuu branches or some sinii-
lar branches, until the leaven of the
plant are largo and niimnroiH enough to
shade their own routs, and no weeds
should be allowed to grow In the tea
garden. Thu (lowers are Hinuller than
camellia blossoms, and they open carlv
in tun spring, while tlio h Is ripen in
tin) lull oi Uie year. A soul hern expos-
uro, upon a hillside, is considered the
best position for tlie plants, ami the soil
should be well prepared for thu plants
ry deep plowing and burrowing. Oreon
nud black leas lire prepared from the
mime kind of leaves, the black color re
sulting from chemical changes caused
by longer exposure to heal and ulr. (II
course green is the natiiial color of the
i . I.. i
leaved, Hitnnugu manv green leas are
(loubtlcHS colored to lildu lhu presence
or ioreign leaves.
mat. "
Jen p eking roiiulros niiieli pntmnoo
ami careiuiness in tlio work, am it is
Usual v done bv women ami rliililn.n
With linskols strapped to ouu side, the
pickers go from liusli to bush, .iicknig
oniy mo throo or sometimes six lirst
hinder leaves of a shoot, Kacli leaf is
lucked senaralelv. or rather lorn nil' In'
ihe linger tinds, leaving about ono tliiril
or eacii leaf huhind to protect thu small
mm nun will, II undisturbed, dovo on
Into new shoots. The older and larger
leaves are too still' and brittle to twist
Into proper shape, and uro not tit for
tea.
Till) pickers empty their filled baskets
Into two llll'fi'r mil., fun! tvlt.m IK.. (..
terwill hol.l no more, a Chiiiainari
' ... .. 1..1., mi,-
fastens a basket to each end of his bam
'hi 1mm
boo st ck and trots oil', with the stick
on hi shoulder, to tho Iioii.hu for drying
ur curing ino icu leaves.
i ' i ii
iihtii im is usuauy prepared soon
iiiut pit-Mug. wincrwisu Uie leaves
wither, and injure the llavor and gro-n
color of tho tea 1 he leaves tiro simply
dried in a wicker basket over a slow
lire. Iwack tea reijiilres more time in
plepnrat'on. Hie leaves are piled to
gether, and allowed toheat ami partial
Iv ferment. This swe iting process pro.
tluees a chemical change that gives a
diU'erent llavor to tho tea. The Chines,.
manipulate the leaves, and havi
various icoioiis met nods of pre
paring them. After steaming
them, tho leaves are spread upon
mats to cool; then they are heated
over a furnace, being carefully stirred
meanwhile by the hands. After knead
ing and rolling and keeping tho leaves
in continuous motion for about an hour
thev aru again plac d upon mats. Sov
cial times this heating and cooling pro-
" ' repealed, ami eaeli lieatingeailses
i. .. i . . i .. .
mo leaves to neconio o a darker color
Alter grad.ng, tho tea is reheated, and
when ipi to dry tho dust Is fanned out
and tho leaves placed upon low tables,
thai w n and children may pick out
l I t i '
uie uucurieii leaves and stems. On
person may prepare twenty-live or
thirty pounds of tea per day. ' It takes
about eight pounds of green leaves to
inaKi) one pound of cured lea,
lea is now made mow by machinery
than formerly; and much of the culti
vation is also done by machinery. Itut
tho roasting of tea is simple, and it ma
no none in an open pan, just as collet-
is sometimes masted. Successful e
periiuents in raising ten havo been madt
in years past in .North Carolina, Tonnes
see. Florida and other States. If agrl
cullurlsts could be induced to experi
ment with the tea plant, especially In
the warmer portions of the 1'nited
Mates, doubtless gratifying results
would oiiow. It will bo an important
era when half a doen tea plants are
found growing near each farmer's door
ami the leaves are cured and masted in
the farmer's kitchen. Cur. X '. Jmlc-
Pickled Grasshoppers.
Tho question of insect eating Is as.
Fuming Importance, judging from the
letters daily appearing iu your columns,
which prove the general 'interest taken
... ......nr. i conmouio my ti.lll0
-L'rassiioniM'rs. in .m.
t,,.V n, , i. wo 7 t . ' ''
JV .1 a. t, "l""11' I,r-
took tif, and often consumed u ... u. o I
npioou tie resistance, whole dishfs of
them. Our mode of preparation was
bimplo. and from a "subsistence" point
of view very etlicaeious:
,1 ,. "I
Material -Ono bushel of grnsshop
pcrs; one-half gallon brine (wrk pro-
i I 1 Vl, f
i relunmary Mix md steep two
..1'IIIS,
... i, . .
warm water ami dish up.
: - - - --
licforo eating ijivet of heads and
tads, etc., a In nhrimp, and take with
regulation biscuit.
Kfsult delicious Cor.Lomlon Standard.
i n parauon-noi logeti.er in a camp l.,. in th muiitcutiary ri-ht uow "
kettle for twenty in nui.'s-riM. i.. i, .I.L t ' 1 ' 1 o 'l uu"-
SOME THRIFTY PEOPLE.
Million of DolUrs
I arvrr and llualuru
Arrnmnlntcil Th
Oprrtiiii nf 111
llitriiifinUla.
There has always centered about the
ectof Harmonists a halo of interest
iieeauHe of their peculiarities and seclu
nve tendencies. 1 ho founder of th
rich colony, located at Economy, on the
banks of tho Heaver lliver. was (Joorge
Uay, who was born in Wurtemburg in
W). Relieving lie had a divine call
and was charged with a restoration of
the Christian religion to its original
purity, he organized a colony on the
model of the primitive church, with
goods and chattels in common. This
soon involved bun and his followers in
trouble with his (lovernment. ami com
pelted him to transplant the community
.11 IH'I.'I, to the I niiod States. They
settled first on tlie (.'olilieijiicncssing
(.reek. In Jiutler tounty. where they
founded the village of Harmony and
cmohncd UicmsolvcB in agriculture
ami manufacture. l!v industry and
thrift they acoiiired considerable wealth
and in IMMhcy removed in a body to
Indiana, where tiiey purchased and
located upon 27,0'Kl acres of land along
the banks of tho Wabash Kiver. The
settlement of New Harmony was even
more prosperous than the lirst had been.
but tho climate was not satisfactory
and in lH'.'l, after numerous councils.
they sol 1 1 out and moved back to l'enn
svlvnira, this time locating in Heaver
County, on tho right bank of thu Ohio
Kiver, where they purchased S.WH)
acres of beautiful farming lands and
where they soon afterward laid out tlie
town of Economy. Hero is whero thev
are located at present, surrounded by
peace ami plenty.
They are a strungo people do not be
l ove in marriage, but all live together
as brothers and sisters and practice the
strictest morality
In H.'W the ipiestion of marriago was
the leading one in tho community and
about two hundred members withdrew
because they favored marriages and e
tablished tho town of 1'hillipsbiirg; but
the new colony did not prosper, ami
after a few ears of struggling they
sold out and disbanded, dividing tho
proi us or meir sales o inaiiy among
all the members.
In the meantime tho Harmonists wore
gradually becoming more and more
wealthy, until at present they own
jointly and in common lands, stocks.
bunds and herds, the value of which is
estimated at 7."i,iMM.(JiHI. liesides own
ing all of Economy and ti largo part
Leaver, tliov own an entire county in
Dakota, in tho valley of the Kcd Kivor
of tho North.
Out of their surplus moneys they
built and eipiipped the Pittsburgh it
Eako Erie l'a lroad. running through a
rich ami fertile country from Pittsburgh
to l oungstown, and owned the con
trolling interest in it until tho road was
sold to the V anderbilts. It is said that
on this deal alotio they made seveiity-
livo per cent, on their investment, as
tho road turned out to bo one of tlio
best paying lines in tho country. It is
a matter of history that at tho time tlio
war broko out, in LSlil, they converted
all the r bonds and available property
into money and buried it. mine-the
, -
. ' ;.'" "" " '''s i pawng ll)r Uie
"" ' r.riroun. I lie pay.
incuts thus mudo put in circulation an
iininense amount of silver, many of the
p eees uui'iig oucK to IN1 hi.
Owing to tho law prohibiting mar-
nagii tlie sect has gradually diminished
until nt present it consists of only thir
teen men and fully women, all of them
well a lvancd in veins. They employ
over three huml-vd servants ami farm
hinds, ami these, with their families,
make quite a village, Everything
owned iu common, the irroecr. the
baker, the butcher, and the milkman
g tic rounds every day ami supply the
i 'Herein lammes w.lli the noeessnric
and a few of the luxuries of life
.V thing can be purchased in tli
v lingo of Economy, and it
probably the only town In the world
where a man can not, even if lie do
sires, spend money. I hev are extreme
i noerai and riuiaiuiiropio, and are
I.. 1:1 l-i i 1. . i .
constantly doing acts of benevolence
I heir nouses, which are all exactly
alike, are an eipial distance apart and
are at mi'iorm distance from the village
SiT 'et. 1 hey are pii'nted pure white
ami have no "front doors, claiming that if
they had these conveniences tho women
11 ik
ioiks would spend too much t me
looking at and gossiping with passers
b. A good story is related in this eon
neetion that tho president of tho com
miinity a score of years Hgo imagined
that there was too much familiarity be
tvoon the young men and maidens, and
so promulgated an order that all fi
mules appearing on the streets aft
dark must carry lanterns, but still the
merrv-inak ng continued, although no
unicrns appeared, l his caused an n
vcsttgation, wlrch developed tho fact
that the worthy old gentleman had
neglected to order that the lanterns
should be lighted.
As stated, there nrenow onlv thirteen
men and forty women left of the oneo
large colony, ' ami thev being old it is
likely that the law against celibacy will
cause the extermination of tho colony
in a few vears more. Aeeorilimr tn li..lV
laws, as long a three of them hold to
get her the property is to remain intact,
but when one of tho linal trio dies the
other two lose all right to the property
ami mux leave, .as more nro no heirs,
I. . ii. tit 1 . t . .
ino t...ow,ooij w uicn thev nossess in
real and personal property will come
inio uie possesion of the Mate of l'enn
sin. una. anil win lorni a liandsolUO lei
acy. lor. ( htctnjo Jkrahl.
-Agricultural Item. A few davs ago
"'.- as talking wun tour or t.ve
lawyers, when, during the conversation,
i... i. ...i ...... . ...r .. . .
...i.K .I...11I3 inn ..JUtVT IU
more to
cultivate the soil than any other class.
ow is that?" asked one of the
awvor. somewhat imstitiod. -All I
know is, that an Austin lawyer made
my father fork over DM acres of laud in
mighty short order. Mv father was
holding it under a forged title. You
M ho forked over that land. If b
hadn't forked it over, ho would have
l'ttas Sif'tings,
In Mexico they eat salt with thtvr
oranges, both because they prefer the
latter so seasoned and because thev
considered to be more wholesome with
s.du
INDIAN WIDOWS.
A ftrmitrkaltl hot-lnl Atlrnc la Iliutlo.
Inn.
English paiicrs, which como to ns
with several columns of extracts from
tho Indian press, tell of a very remark
able social advance cll'ectcd under En
gi.sii rule tn iiindostan. Jhls Is cspc
chilly noticeable in regard to the condi
tion of woman in India to-day
compared to her situation at the begin
ning of this century'. It was only in
l)S;(l that the practice of burning widows
was abolished by the (Sovernmcnt; and
up to that time, as Max Mullcr observes,
"women were burned wholesale, even
in tho imiueiliato neighborhood of Cal
cutta." Dur ng lX'.M. in the liengal
Presidency alone, U"h widows were
burned; iu tlio very limits of . the Cal
cutta Court of Circii'd lilO were burned
Numbers of these were beautiful young
girls under twenty; uml yet the first
etl'ortto secure tin; abolition of the hid
eous custom was made, not by a Euro
pean but nu enl ehteticd Hindoo, Kam-
inohun Hoy. Ho held, with good reason.
that tho pinct ce of sutteo was not
ordained by the great teachers of Hindoo
rclig on. and not justilied by tho ancient
San cr t texts. In the controversy which
he provoked he invariably camo out
conqueror; but controversy alone will
not gullice to exterminate a national
cursu or to uproot an ancient supcrsti-
ton. Jheretoroit was that ho estab
lished, about 1K18, the "Society of Be
lievers in the Supreme," or flrahma-
Somaj. Immediately the orthodox
lirahmin'cal party founded an opposi
tion society, called the "Society of tho
Law, or Dharmii Somaj, and this so
cicty at once petitioned the Englisl
(iovernmunt against the abolition of
sutteo.
One would have thought that such
quostVm could not have been long dis
cussed in vain before enlightened En
glish rulers that thecau.se of humanity
would only have had to plead once in
order to "triumph. Put such was not
the case, (iovcrnments act upon policy
and tlie abolition of sutlo involved
some social problems of tho grave
character. It was only in 1H;J1 when
Kaminoliim Roy himself went to Lon
don, that tho (iovcrnincnt finally re
jected the prayers of tho orthodox
jmrtv and decided to abolish the abom
iiuible and inon-ti'ous custom of burn
ing women alive.
The new decree did not, however, do
so much for women in India ns had
been expected. While the practice of
widow-burmiig was indeed put nn end
to the unfortunate young woman who
lost her husband was not protected
agninst tho cruelties of prejudice and
superstition. Her very ex'stenco was
considered nu indecent fact: slio was
universally treated with contempt, de
prived of whatever property she pos
sessed, condemned to perform menial
labor and often driven to commit sui
cide, (iradually this state of nll'airs
ameliorated; but tho idea of a widow
remarrying was still considered shock
ing in the extreme, the next reform
to bo attempted was to make a second
marriage popular, and a new society
was founded for that purpose, which
has already accomplished much good.
It publishes n period cal devoted to its
object, and th s pnper. entitled the
horml Li iornu r, is full of matrimonial
advertisements of a very sincere and
ccorous description. Wo cite some
examples:
4 wilMtvv OF HKNKAM, PHAHMIN
distil. Ill years of awe. lost her liuslimi'l
six months ii ricnimiTiuui'. Her I'm her wishes
to Vive tier in iiiiiiT.uiru Ion llcimull llt-i.li toll.
r ll (fh dim.
I IIKNOA M I.Any.liK IIUAIIMIN CA-s'l'B.
who liecimio a w-ilnw lien she wmj 11
yours of Hint uml who no-sesses 11 h.lr emu.
ileion uml loiitr, liei.iiiiiul hair, and whoso
iiiorin eiiioMCler is must iiiir.xi ciilioiiiitile. Is
preimreil In iniirrv h iren! leiiuoi of her own
nisio HcioiUMnf to orilmdox rites.
TIIK (il'AHHIAXS OK A KlIATItf (CASTEi
1 linl of Knpiir dim. aifed 17. who is thu
scion ot intfhiy respeeteil tiunilv. Hint Is re
eeivmir fiiiu-iitiim in Knifhsh it ml per
are willlnx to encoiirinre tiiesi stem of wii
iiiiirrmue lv inmryiiiK lion with a widow of
mo sumo. cH-lc.
MKt.il lHKI), A M ATI U KOIt A FIEXOAU
i wiiiiiw tu h nlilYii on si , i.ifeil 14, who hint
i miirrieii nt her lltli, nii.l lost her hits-
lum.iiit nrrisin. MiolsorwhentootiiiiloxiDii
oririinil lentures, nn. I can reuil hikI write
lleinfiilt tnlenilily well, knows Hie Hlplmhet
wi i.iiKiisii, nun m wry iniciiijrcht ; enn Mint
ciunlorters, sloekinirs, ete., prettv well, ami
Is very willing to work. The cionliiliite must
lie ii nieiul.er of the Viiiilvn t aste, uml of
rcspeeiiinie iiiiiiuy. lie must lie well etUl-
iiiifu nun tu (oo.i mono character.
pKOI lItKI), AN" MUTATED WIDOW.
II lo Ii yours of ao. Shu should he of (fooil
Ill
r-iiiii..-, i,-iiiiiii', uMiiinexion, temper uml
heiiltli.anil not sitlleriiiir Inuiiiinv hereilltiiry
clist. isn, ilimifhter of 11 wull-lo ilo' ireiitlemitii,
uml of res I utile onste-for nn enhhteut'il
ji.iuiK oeniriii .iiiiiiiuar (Miiilliinli ot respect
nine ctiste Kiel titmily, Heeiiinplisheil. well-
iiiiii. nun in-e uoiu every previit mill lilio
inniiie inniiiny. no is jirepureil to meet
iiKiTeuiiiu iieiiuitniH, nun lii nnler to en
couiMio willow miirriiores iimoii)fst the
untiles nml trentries. he is ilesirmis of prtw
i-.-iiiiiiH nn- m ine ill luu Wl'iM.lls- Willi JOWeld
worth hin.i rupees.
In England or America this sort of
advertising is generally deemed either
farcical or worse; but' in India it is not
so; ami accomplishes much good for
the cause of reform. Oikuttit Lor. A'
V. Jtmci-Jkmocnt!.
A Good Idea.
A (Jriswold Street lawyer lately posted
ou ins door a notice reading as follows:
"Yes. I'm going awny this summer."
"O. for alnuit two week3."
"Yes, 1 shall take alonir mv tisliinir.
tackle." J
"Well. I've caught 'cm that weighed
twenty pounds."
les, l feel that tho trio will do I11A
good."
"I shall publish any gain in weight
in all the papers as soon as I return'
"O, of course. I never eo nir n
these trips without taking t !,.
twenty sure mosquito remedies a!on."
-o, my wne isn t going.
"I generally bait w.th minnmvs lmt
have used Hies and bugs."
No; I never try to sell 'em tn th
hotel. I always scud 'em home in a re
frigerator car."
Of course. Don't think I'd go to a
summer resort which doesn't boast of a
mineral spring, do vou."
Well, mostly "pickerel nnd has.
though 1 don't object to a whalo now
and then."
For further particulars sen unmli
Dills, or call on mo as soon, aj I
turn." Detroit t'rte Press.
re-
Sitting Bull has sent the Tow a
prescnt-a mngniticent buffalo robe
covered with paintings, one of Hi
enes represented being the light with
Custer
OPiUM IN CHINA.
A Crrat Crlnin ' nrrietl on With tlie Ton
nit of An InsOioi-rn .iirrriiiiieiil
Opium is H'io piivvory, or like feudal
Imv. it has grot u upon China by the
iulluencis cl o its'do nations. Ihe
Chinese complain ' a great deal
about tho po icy of firont Britain in
forcing opium upon the country; but
then, when we consider the fact that
China herself, undo- tho policy of somo
of thu Viceroys ha; been growing
op uiu In the hope of driving out the
J nd an crop. It really '.v. is i.o: a matter
of disctisdo i, because you were com
pelled to seo that they lacked candor
and were di-ing.uiuo.H in th r o,ipo i
l.on to the op. um trailic. I presume
that the op nu) trade will end in th s
wav, that I liina will grow her own
op tun and pro .ublv ct ngu'su the In
dian trade. The Chinese op um is not
ns : ood as the I ml an o; um, but in
talk ng to t ie o lie als about the opium
qu -st on. and -n remonstrating w tu
the ii noon ih-.'ir cneourag ng ts
growth in their province . and :iy ng
that thii ourso on tlio rt led ton
d strust of their cando; u aski 'g for
e gu covnii ucnts to prevent the
tra le. their response was: "If
we must tako opium, lot us raise it." I
wo -Id say to them that I thought, con-sid'!i-ng
the eo di ions of tho ( him so
population, the want of foo l and the
necn-Mty, as youjni .ht f-ny. of culiivnt
ing every foot of ground, that it might
bo better to give t;io acres where they
grew tho poppy to wheat, or indict, or
corn, or som Mithu f io I, and that rho
gi ing up of so m ich tcrr tory to poppy
led lo iho occhi onal famines. I ut they
had tho theory that by grow. rig the
poppy t n m-ielvcs they could prevent
the importation of tho Ind au crop. Li
always said that if thr-' had conCol of
tho opium trai'u they would stop i: by
an edict rum tiiotiirone. b it 1 question
that v.u'v mu di. Op um. like any other
vice, w 11 take a generation or two to
eradicate. It his gone too far now to
bo ho d iu check by anv legislative or
restii tivo measure. The suppression
of oi ium iu China would, Ithiiik. me 'in
revolution, and the Govern. nont is not
prepared to meet that contingency. At
tho same time it is a gre it curse and a
great crimo. oahn Jiiusdl luiuii. in
.V. 1'. Lent il.
BUILDING HOUSES.
I'll iierlst't Ailv v '
Who Ill-sir, til II
to
i.n
u Vim iu Alan
.1 rrliilect.
So on uvo g i ng lo be an nrchi'ei't,
inysoti.J Well, that is n good what do
you urchitoctscall ii. pro eiou? Wnat
everyoiicallit.it is a good calling
Now, I'll tell you what I would do if I
were an architect. 1 would learn to
build a house. You pay close attent.on
to that department of nrchi.ojture, my
son, learn to p. an a house and it Mill
put money in your pur.se. But all
architects plan houses; that is what
they do? ' Oh, no. mv sou: oh. no.
Aien have been plan - ing and buihliu"
houses ever sl ice the ev ction at Eden.
tnd they haven t succeeded in making
model yet. All the architectural
gcni.is in tho world hasn't suoctoded in
designing a hous-t that is perfectly sat-
s;actorv to uuvb ;dy, and as to build
ing a house that w li tit even body
why, there's the bggc-t bonanza n
Ojihir County waiting for the man who
an give us that house. ;ow. the tailor
has atta nod a perfection in his art to
h cii the arch tcct is a stranger. He
has designed suits that are models tor
all civi ied men. When .Mr. Vauder-
ilt wants a d ess su t his tailor makes
him one iU-t like the ouu ho made for
th
head waiter. And when the head
waiter wants a dress su t the ti.ilor
g ves h in one like unto that which Air.
anderb It owes f u The l'r nee Al
bert which you wear, my son, U lie
unto tlio ono whi -h tho Prince wears.
Tho tailor has made a coat which tits
us all, and we want the architect to
make us an easy, co.nfortable, respect
able looking houso. If it takes nine
tailors to make a man, whero are tho
architects? If yo i are going lo be an
architect, my boy, remeniuer what I
telliou: Learn to build a house.
L'unkttc, in Lrookhjn Kmjle.
Avoiding Dead Furrows.
How to avoid tho nuisance of "dead
furiows" is a problem with all fann
ers who have regard for the appear
ance of their Ileitis and is especially
to b,i desired where irrigation is prau-
uce i, or wne re a ueid is to o i sown in
alfalfa or other crop to be mown, and
it is desired ta secure absolute uniform
ltv m tin surfa.'o of the ground.
hen a lield is plowed in lands, turn
ing the furrows outward, the result
will be a dead turrow in the center
ami one irom each corner runn n
.i p
d agonuliy lo the main one. In this
way, toi, it will bo found that the
team will do all the turning on plowed
ground, and s i largo a patch in every
i.... i ...tii i.. ... ii i . . .
mini in oo irotiuen oown and left j.i
almost as bad a condition as if it had
never been plowed. If a lield bo
..l 1 : it i ... i .i
jjioncu iu smaii luntis. me result is a
series or alternate dead furrows and
ridges, extremely unsightly, as well
as diilicult tor tho operation of the
mower and hay-rake, not to mention
.no almost utter impossibility of
properly irrigating such a lield if do-
sired, as the major part of the water
applied will of course settle in tho
hollows of the dead furrows nml
leave the ridges untouched. In order
to plow a tield without making a
tlead furrow, then, commence at "tho
mitlslle and turn all the furrows in
ward. If a right-hand plow is used,
tho team will do all their turning on
unplowcd land, and thus avoid tranm-
ling upon and packing tho loose soil.
After tho lield has been plowed the
slight ridge formed by tho first two
furrows thrown aga nst each other
may be removed by a couple of buck
furrow, and when properly harrowed
the lield will bo found as" level as a
lloor. and superior in every wav to
those plowed in other stylos. San
trancitco Chronicle.
An eccentric Frenchman at New
port, h. I., recently startled the resi
dents of that place by hanging a mirror
on the outside of his house at r ght
angles to a chamber window, which
euabied the inmates to see all that was
pas-ing iu the street without Uingseen
themselves
PONDOLAND.
Ppm rlptlon of ft DUlrlct hyng Tin South
of N.ttiil.
Pondolund is a fertile district north
east of tho Transkoi. and lying due
south of Natal. It is now under the
protectorate of Capo Colony. The
reasons for this new protectorate are
obvious. In the lirst place, by estub-
lish'ng it. we have completed tho half
circle of British colony which now ex
tends in unbroken succession between
Capo Town and Xntal, thus making us
y.rtual protectors of tho whole scuiionrd
and ports between thosa two points. In
the second place, we have kept out
other nations the Oermans and the
Dulch, for instanco who have for some
fine cast n longing eyo upon the fertile
pia ns- of 1 ondoiaml.
The present ( 'hief Paramount that is
the style ami title of the King of the
Pondos is Umoiiikela, a small but
well-made man of about fifty vears-of
age. Ho looks somewhat older, but
this is probably on account of the shocks
that he peno I cully gives to his consti
tution bv drinking to excess. This
monarch has lately issued a proclama
ton. which came into force in Octobf
of last year, by which he has decreed
that all transport between tho port of
M. John s li ver and the inter. or should
pay a prohibitory tax of oO a wagon
l'h s was doubtless in retaliation for tho
previous annexation of the port of St
John s Kiver. in In.), contrary to Lin
quikela's wishes, and in defiance of
treaty made in 1M44 with his predeces
sor, t-akar. Jheellect of this procla
mation has been lo stop the importa
tion of goods ut M. John 8 Kiver scttl
ment, which extends for nbotit twenty
miles on the northeast bank of
St. John's Kiver. The Pondos uro
r.cii nation so iar as cattio is con
cerncd, and their country allows them
to grow mealies and corn and tobacco
in profusion without much trouble ant
labor. Pondolund is very mountainous,
and at the same time extremely well
watered. The sea shore is covered with
brush and forest. Tho principal trade
of the country enters Pondolund across
the Kiver Lmtiimvuna from Natal, or
by way of Lmtata from King William'
Town through Tembiilnnd, which lies
imined ntely southeast. The exports of
l'omioiand nre principally hides, horn
and cattle. Tho traders of the country
luivo been hitherto outlaws nnd othe
adventurous persons who have chosen
to reside beyond British jurisdiction. In
many cases they have exercised a wise
d'scrof on.
The Pondo men lend very lny lives,
1 hey scarcely ever do any work. They
leave to tho women the cultivation of
the mealie gardens and the hewing ol
wood and drawing of water. To the
boys they leave the herding of the cat
tle. It is diilicult to say what thev do
but lie, and thieve, and "choat, and in
sulhcientlv formidable numbers fren
dering resistance impossible) attack a
store, carry off the goods of the unhap
py storekeeper, and murder him if he
protests too vehemently at the loss of
nis inaiiKeis and rum. Ihevnronn
amiable race altogether. Pondolund
contains plants of valuablo mod
icinal properifes, nnd the num
ber of poisons iu tho country
ven large, l no rondo toes not
scruple to make use of the latter when
ever occasion ro piires an objectionable
person to be quietly removed." The
grass, oreldt.of the country is. ns a
rule, too r eh for sheep, but is iidm ra
bly suited to cattle and horses, whicl
mo terv numerous, mere nro very
r ii . ...
iew itoers. n any, in the country, most
of the traders being British or (irio
half castes. I inquikela. who is half
his time fuddled with dr nk. Iiuslost his
int.iience with tho rest of the chiefs in
the country. Iribul wars are freoiient
and tho power of .the Paramount
L met is but very partially recognized.
even in Irs own neighborhood. Justice
is conseipiently perfectly out of tlie
Ucst,on. there being no one to admin
ister it, nnd no one to execute it. tor.
London Ulobc.
Skulls of Criminals.
rni k . i . .
ino Anthropological Congress nt
Rome will have a curious feature in a
collect' on of 700 skulls of criminals,
numbered and classified. To these will
be added the photographs of 3,000,
nnd the brains of more than loO con
victs, thousands of autographs, poems,
sketches, and special instruments, the
work of criminals, an album contain
ing a record of "00 observations,
jdiysicul and moral, on 500 crim
inals and on :HH) ordinary men. There
will also bo graphic maps of crime in
Ktirope with reference to meteorology,
food, institutions, suicide, etc.; tallies
of the stature of criminals in relation
to the length of the arms, and of crime
in towns compared to that iu the conn
try. M. Bcrtillon will exhibit tho
graphic curves of 23,000 reridirigtcs
examined in twelve parts of the body
nnd the Practical results obtained.
Photographs of Russian political nnd
other criminals, especially of those
from Moscow, and wax masks of a
large number of celebrated criminals
will also be exhibited. All tho nobili
ties m tho science of criminal anthro
pology will tako part in the Congress
A". . lost.
Population of the Hawaiian Islands.
The population of the Sandwich
Islands in 1881 was 80,573. The last
census was taken iu December, 1873,
when the population was 57,985. The
increase in the six years has been 22.593
or nearly thirty-nine per cent. As the
decrease in the native population was
4,074. the increase noted is due in a
great nieaMire to immigration, prin
cipally of Chineso and Portuguese
laborers, who now aggregate nearly
21.000 on tho islands. In 1S73 the
strictly native population was 44 088
nnd in l.ssi 40.014. showing k '
stated, a decrease in six years of 4.074.
I., naif-castes number 4.218; Chinese.
.Vi;!; ,;IIf.rt,'ru,r' 9,37;: Americans,
2.0 ,b; British 1.282; Germans, l.GOa
ami other foreigners, 2.012. There are
also 2.010 Hawaiians born of foreign
parents. Of the entirA rvi mill
ol.5.! nro males and onlv 23.039 fe'
males, this disparity being 1arMv due
o the fact that of the 17.M7 Chinte n
the ulands onlv XT! 1..
Vkiea,o Herald.'
SANITARY COOKING.
THa K"lll VmIiik at Food m AITh
tor I'ntikirjr. ''
Next in importanco to puro air Is ,
food. This roally includes good wm,..
since tho watery constituents of f(Wll
constitute a great part of them. .
since wntor itself, ns takon in addit
is a kind of conveyancer ami distribute,
of tho needed supplies throughout th.,
entire system. Chemistry nnd expi
once have now made us pretty well at.
quninted with tho various constituent.
wh'ch go to make up the litimnn body
ainl their various modes of iiitroilu'c.
t ou, appropr.ation and settlement. 1,
alio enables us to know in whutfonu,
and iiiiantit'cs of food these
to bo found, or when not found"
how they are inaniitactiired there,
from in the human system. Alhg.
n.en, for instance, ns found iu
an etj"
may almost be said to be so IdiMitiraj
with that found in the human uj
that it is the business of tho digest ve
and circulating apparatus tn'distribute
and place it. rather than to transform
it. On the other hand, starch,- wliirfi
forms so largo and valuable a constitu.
ent iu f 01 Is. is not found in tho huiiiaj
body. Vet the process bv which. in
tho" system, and in tlie procutt
of digestion, it is changed . to dc.
trine, sugar, and animal heat, hud
made vital, is well understood. Greu
care has been exercised in the mini
study of foods, in order to iletcnniii
what is actually in them, so as to know
how. and bow fur. they can be appro
printed in the system. The two great
divisions into flesh or liber-forming and.
heat hroducing food is still prncf cable,
although the dividing line is not now so
broad us in the chemistry of Liebig. It
is to be remembered, however, that a
bare chemical analysis may greatly mis.
lead us us to the value of any'gjveri
food. One has remarked that niun is
not so distinctly a carnivorous or herb,
ivorons. as ho is a cooking, animal.
Facility of assimilation has much to (In
with the valuo of any food-containing
article. Changes may thus bo made
"which may double the nutritive value
without aflect ng more than a small
percentage of alteraf on in its chemical
composition ns reveulod by Inborntorv
analysis." Common ho ling is a good
illuslrat'on of this. There nro oru
foods made less nutritious by boiling;
others made more so; while many
others nre great Iv at'e. ted by the man
ner ot cooking. 1 he var otts modes cf
cooking an egg is a simple illustration
of this. If an egg is cooked in water
which is raised and kept at a tem
perature of about 100 1 its al
bumen, which is nlso tho chief
con-f tuent of tho yelk, conies to be a
tender, llaky substance, which is very
easily digested. If, instead of this, the
egg m plunged in water already at tho
ilmg point, and kept there for four
minutes or more, it becomes tough and
hard. Even if kept in but three min
utes, so as to bo soft, the albumen is in
a different condition of toughness from
that of the lirst egg. So hard and
tough is this albumen, when prepared
by heating it a little over 212 degrees,
that n valuable cement for china is
made by smearing the edges of a
broken piece with the gl:iiry"albiimoii
and then plunging tho ,t ed article into
boiling water.- An egg kmt iu water
nt from KiO degrees Jo -70 degrees for
ten minutes will still . lie a soft-boiled
egg, but is more easily digestible than
an egg of apparently tho same softness.
wli eh lias been kept ill boiling water
for three and a half nvniites. In ties
latter cooking, in order to cook tho
yelk at all. the white must be stibiccted
to too h gh a temperature. This may
make no difference to some stomachs,
and yet, through all the years of three
score and ten, docs mnk'e a difference
to very man. The point would be of
less importance were it not that
this very albumen is . found ns a
juice in nil our meats, nnd in a
aned form, in manv verretables.
and forms a very valuable part of
their food values. In meat it is every
where, among the libers of tho muscles,
and in tho blood contained in the meat.
Now if yon put n piece of meat into cool
water, or that only slightly warm, the
niDiinien, together with other ilavoring
constituents of much nutritive value!
ome to be diffused through tho witter
If the design is to make soup, wo thus
extract from the meat some of its mmt
valuable nutrition. But if tho meat is
being boiled for use, unless nt tho start
it is immersed into water above one
hundred and sixty degrees, so as to im
mediately coagulate the albumen on Ihn
surface and hold in the inner juices, tho
meat will lose greatly, both in valuo
and in llavor. In order to make a mrek
seuling of the pores by making a firmly
coagulated coating, the temperature,
into wli ch the ioint is plunirn,! iiniil,i
be nearly or quite at tho boiling point
(212 degrees.) nnd bo kept so for tivo
minutes, but after that shnnU
igher than 180 degrees. This cooking
ill take about half as lonr- ntn.in iw
cooking at boiling point, but furnish vou
a boiled meat of very different value and
digestib lity. The Jffect of adding salt,
five or ten minutes after the joint has
een put in. is that it helns to ennonbita
the outer albumen, that it slightly raises
the boiling point of water, ami that, by
increasing the density of the water, it
manes mo oozing out of the juices less
nctive. These rules apply to all prepa
rations Of meat by boilino- w liprn nn
soup is to be made, and. in a modified
degree, to roast and fried or rrrilled
meats. -
1'. Independent.
Steering; Clear of Sin.
Milkman Johnny, did you put water
in the milk this momiug?
New Assistant Yes, sir.
T '.'l)(,n, i'ou know tlia' wicked,
Johnny? "
.1 "I!"I,T,U tolJ Ine t0 mix water with,
the milk."
t "Yes. but I told you to put tho water
m first and pour tho milk into it
Hum, you see, we can tell peoplo we
never put water In our milk.-tViicaoo
A cuv?. '
Dur ng the sessions of tbeChaatau
qua Assembly nearly 'JQ.Ooo people vis
ited the grounds. The gate receipts
were $30,000, and tho receipts from all
other sources $00,000. Tho totals are
larger than any of the preceding as
semblies. Twelve thousand dnUrZ a-,,
expended for tho programme this year.
Lujjalo Exprcst.