THE SUNDAY OKEGONIAN, PORTLAND, " , NOVEMBER 14, 1020
but did not see the Tumwater or
CULTURE OF LOGANBERRY DEVELOPS GIGANTIC FRUIT JUICE INDUSTRY
FOR OREGON AND PACIFIC NORTHWEST PROMOTERS GET REWARD
-
Berries Grown in Beaver State Finest That Can Be Produced, While Rapid Conversion of Breweries Into Factories Soon Make Manufacture of Products Enterprise of First Magnitude,
Bringing Finally Into Existence Huge Phex Company of Salem, Which Now Controls Nation-wide Trade. -
Olyrnpia plant, nor the Wenatchee ,
plant, nor the receiving station at ;
BROAD-LEAVED MAPLE AMONG
VALUABLE TREES OF OREGON
Species Easily Distinguished by Enormous Leaves Attains Highest
Development in This State Scientist Tells of Characteristics.
Woodburn. But I saw many of the j
people at work in various depart
ments, and I wish to say that for
cleanliness and all sanitary conditions (
I never saw those plants equaled. In .
the jam and jelly plant, a building
uxtuu feet, part of It with mezzanine
floor, where they put up hundreds of
products made from prunes, pears,
apples, plums and all sorts of berries,
everything is as tidy as in the finest
parlor in the land. Sorely the Phex
company Is to be congratulated upon
being the great enemy of germs and
dirt.
I intended to give the area planted
- -I
-to berries in Oregon, but overlooked
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it in its proper order. I will give it
here: Loganberries, 5339; straw
berries, 2599; blackberries and rasp
3." .t I . an T.JW- "J- Of-fN.".
berries, 4246; total. 12.154. Marion
leads all the other counties in all
classes,- as follows: Loganberries,
3446; strawberries, 875; blackberries
... .. . V : V"y VffSniW:".-'''''-v-' r-'f----
and raspberries. 294fl; total. 7261
acres
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BY ADDISON BENNETT.
THE loganberry is a comparatively
new arrival in the fruit family
of the world, and one of tin most
Important since the tomato came to
greet us. Some will Bay the tomato
la a vegetable and not a fruit, which
Is perhaps true and perhaps partially
true and partially false. The old def
initions of the words stated that
fruits were eaten raw; vegetables to
become edible had to be cooked. Such
s definition would throw the tomato
In the scrap heap, and many say It
la the most valuable vegetable grown.
The loganberry, unlike the tomato
and other "inventions" In the fruit
and vegetable families, can be traced
to Its ancestry as definitely a can
the Concord grape or the Burbank
potato, and, fortunately, the man who
save the world this rich blessing Is
still living and tells us Just how he
produced the first wonderful logan
berry plant, which occurred In 188J
at Santa Cruz, Cal.
Judge John H. Loan Is the person
who gave us the loganberry, and in
doing so he gave to Oregon and Wash
ington a plant that will revolutionize
the fruit business of the northwest.
Judge Losao tells us that in 1880 he
planted, in his garden at Santa Cruz,
a row of blackberries of various varie
ties, and close by the side of these
plants he put out a row of red rasp
berries. He hoped the blossoms might
so pollenize one another that a dif
ferent berry perchance might result.
When these hushes or vines bore fruit
he took the seeds from various vines,
about 130 in all, and planted them.
One Viae Bean LOirmnberry.
As these vines came up he noticed
that Just one, and that the first one
planted, seemed to differ from the
rest. He took that vine and planted
it anew and the loganberry resulted
It was, as most of the world now
knows, a berry a little larger than
the blackberry, not as bright a red as
the raspberry, not as dark as the
blackberry. It was found to contain
more juice than any berry ever there
tofore seen, and this juice was heav
ily charged with acid. The acidity
soon convinced the canners that it
could not be put up in ordinary cans
for the reason that it soon ate into
the tin.
Remember this first vine appeared
In 1882, and for several yeara the
judge and his friends experimented
with it. It Is not definitely known
just when the first plant came to
Oregon, but probably in 1895. some
14 years after the berry was perfected.
When the Oregon growers in the Wil
lamette valley got some of the, plants,
and others in southwestern Washing
ton. It was found that the berries In
these districts were far superior to
those produced in California. In fact,
the judge has frequently said in print
that the Oregon and Washington prod
ucts, produced west of the Cascade
mountains, are in every respect su
perior to those produced elsewhere,
so far as heard from.
Planting; Is Commercialised.
The first planting on a commercial
scale was done on the farm of State
Senator Alexander La Follette, who
planted a two-acre patch in 1902.
And, by the way, that first important
vineyard has given a good crop every
year since 1903. That shows that the
plants are enduring; that they are, as
nearly as any fruit plants known, of
the live-forever variety, for every
year the stalks producing fruit are
cut and the stalks of that year's
growth bear fruit the following year.
Like the strawberry and other vines,
a good crop is produced the year after
setting out, but a bumper crop is not
assured until the second year.
Let us now stop a moment and look
into the loganberry situation as it
is today, and note what it means to
Oregon and Washington. We have in
the, loganberry one of the very finest
of all berry fruits grown. It pro
duces the year following planting. It
has more uses than any other berry
and the location in which it is pro
duced to perfection is a small area
of land, comparatively, reaching from
Roseburg on the south to British Co
lumbia on the north, and between the
Cascade mountains and the Pacific
ocean.
IiOssabcrry Oreatm'a Own.
In that same territory, and some
what extended, especially on the
south, many growers have enriched
themselves by growing prunes and
hops, strawberries and other small
fruits. Now it is not wise for any
person to decry the growth of any of
these fruits, or of the apple and the
pear. But in the loganberry Judge
Losran gave us a Iruit of our very
own. In its production we have no
competition that is so far as known
at the present time. Other districts
may eventually be found equal to ours
In foreign lands in the future. But
in North America we have the exclu-
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sive loganberry field In the area men
tioned. When Senator La Follette set out
his little vineyard there were quite
a lot of other small patches planted.
Probably 50 acres in all. But I think
there were no plants set out in Wash
ington until about that time or later.
So by 1904 we were producing quite
a lot of the berries, and the canners
and others undertook to make use of
them, but found they had a problem
that none of them could solve. They
were magnificent berries, actually
overcharged with a very rich juice.
All canning attempts came to nought;
they could not be shipped any dis
tance by express, for they broke down
too readily of their own juice.
Prohibition Aide Indoatry.
It looked for a time as if we had
a fine fruit but no use for It, save
a limited home market. It failed in
jams and jellies as in canning. Finally
the prune dryers- were put into use
and quite a lot were dried. . But after
drying there was no sale for them.
And thus ran along the years until
about 1913. Most persons thought the
loganberry Industry was all "bunk,"
so far as profits were concerned, and
a good many who had set out vines
by the thousand and ten thousand dug
them out and went back to prunes or
other fruits and berries.
But all of this time there were
three forces at work. The one to be
named first I think was H. S. Gil
of Salem. He had been in the prune
and hop business at Salem for a num
ber of years and had resided there
and made a fine reputation as a man
of weRh and business judgment.
However, he got caught with a few
tons of dried berries on hand, but by
persistent advertising he sold them in
pound packages by mail. The other
force was the Schmidt brothers, of- the
Tumwater (Olyrnpia) brewery lfs
the water!) F. W. and Peter G.
Schmidt. And the third and, yet a
very important force or factor was
the prohibition law, which put the
breweries out of business!
Breweries Turned In Factor! cm.
It was at about the same time, in
1914, I think, that the Schmidt broth
ers, in their Olyrnpia brewery, turned
their attention toward getting some
use for their brewery. The beer busi
ness, they understood, was gone for
good and forever. So they under
took to put up in a commercial way
the Juice of apples. Applju they
called their product. It was cider
with keeping qualities and with a
very low percentage of alcohol, well
within, the limits of the law.
At about the- same time Mr. Gile
organized a company In Salem and
took over the old . Salem brewery.
This company was called the North
west Fruit Products company and
their product was loganberry juice
called' by the makers Loju. In 1915
the Salem company put up what
seemed then an enormous quantity,
of Loju 30.000 gallons! This was
marketed principally in the Los An
geles section of California. They ad
vertised in the southern California
newspapers to the extent of about
S00.
1 Let xhe tell the reader that the
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brewery plants became fine plants for
the putting up of fruit Juices, pre
serves. Jellies, etc In the manufac
ture of beer one of the principal fac
tors is fermentation; in the fruit
Juice industry the main factor Is to
prevent fermentation. But the chem
ist soon found It was an easy problem
to take a brewery plant and convert
it into a Juice plant.
Cold Storage Bis; Factor. .
One great factor in the juice busi
ness Is to keep the original Juice from
fermentation, which Is done by cold
storage. Every brewery ot any mo
ment had an Ice plant. The Olyrnpia
and Salem plants had large ones, so
large that their Ice sales each year
were a large factor.. Then again, the
bottling plants of the breweries were
all right for bottling fruit juices,
and the big tanks of the - breweries
could, by slight changes, be made
use of to store the Juices.
The reader should remember that
during: the season when the fruit is
coming in from the vineyards about
all the plant can do Is to press the
juice out. and that takes a steady
day and night run usually. This
juice is put into refrigerating tanks
until the plant has time to put it up
in commercial form, which is done in
the fall and winter months.
I might here diverge and say that
a plant to be successful should be
kept running as nearly as possible
all the year through. To do this all
such plants, or all successful ones,
put up a variety of products, such as
jams, jellies, butters and preserves.
using thus all sorts of fruits, from
the cherries in the spring up-to the
time of apples and prunes in the fall.
Bryan : Boosts Loganberry Juice.
In going carefully over my notes I
find a. more explicit statement of the
early career of the loganberry with
us, and rather than rewrite what is
already written I will tell the reader.
In 1908 the canners made contracts
for the berries at 4 cents a pound.
and this price later dropped to 2 cents
pound. At tnat price tne berries
promised to break the growers, and
in 1911 and 1812 hundreds of acres
of the vines were dug out. .
Mr. Gile had been busy all these
years to try and make use of the
fruit, and in 1913 he utilized an old
cider press at Salem and pressed out
57 gallons of loganberry juice, which
created a business of the enormous
proportions of 8500 that year.
He bottled this juice and succeeded
in selling it, and his success was
enough to stop the uprooting of the
vines, for he then made a limited
number of contracts with growers,
the price being around 5 cents a
pound. The first great boost the
Juice ever received was given it by
William J. Bryan, the great apostle
of soft drinks. Mr. Gile was giving
away several hundred gallons of the
juice at the Pan-American exposition,
and among the tasters was Mr. Bryan,
who there and then pronounced it. a
"better drink than grapejuice. He
likewise dubbed it as a "nature-made
Mr. Gile then knew that he had
solved the loganberry problem, mo
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far as the use of Its juice as a bev
erage was concerned, and by 1916 he
did a million-dollar business, mostly
in loganberry juice. By the way, he
had pressed out 2500 gallons of the
Juice In 1914 and 40,000 gallons In
1915.
I have not followed the course of
the Schmidt brothers and their Applju
plant at Tumwater very closely, but
they were in a way interested in the
old eTalem brewery and they were
closely connected with Mr. Gile in his
operations, and they were doing some
loganberry business in their Wash
ington plant. As far as Mr. Gile is
concerned, it should be said that he
ta operating at Salem with the
Northwest Fruit Products company,
of which he was promoter, organizer
and president.'
With a million-dollar business most
any ordinary business man would
have been satisfied. But Mr. Gile
is not an "ordinary" man, one content
to stand still and let others march
past him. He saw plainly from the
time heproduced 2500 gallons of juice
tnat. oy proper nanailng laganberrv
juice would be the great soft drink
of the continent, perhaps of the civil
ized world, and he intended to carry
the work, forward until that became
a fact.
Freiarat Problem Develops.
The reader should understand that
under the old conditions it was not
possible to ship the Juice any great
distance, the freight rates being pro
hibitive. Mr. Gile was working to
solve that, problem, knowing that for
every three gallons he shipped he paid
freight on two gallons of water and
on one gallon of pure Juice.
I have so far not stated that an
other loganberry concern had grown
up in Salem and It was also prosper
ing in a small way. This was the
Pheasant Fruit Juice company. So
there were three concerns competing
for the business, that company, the
Northwest Fruit Products company
-nd the Applju company of Tumwater.
In January. 1918. a working agree
ment was made for a period of four
years between these three companies.
But it only lasted for a year, when a
closer alliance was made by consoli
dating all three companies under the
one head and management. And thus
came into existence The Phes com
pany, as it stands today, with a capi
tal of 11,600,000.
Before this consolidation was per
fected ' the Salem company had
reached out for a continental market.
The freight disadvantage had been
solved by shipping what is really a
loganberry syrup, the pure Juice of
the berry, which is reduced before
drinking by adding two parts 'of
water to one part syrup, or juice if
you prefer.
National Advertising. Started.
And also the Salem company had
undertaken a continental advertising
plan by inserting full page illustrated
advertisements in the Saturday Eve
ning Poet, at an expense of more than
88000 an insertion. From the very
first these advertisements produced
customers by the thousands, and with
the supplementary printed matter,
and the services of about 0 traveling
salesmen, every market of any mo
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ment in the United States was care
fully looked after. -
Remember, this company is not yet
three years old, that is, the Phez or
present company. Yet in that short
space of time this" company is one of
the best known, or rather the widest
known of any on the Pacific coast.
I have before me a. small outline
map of the United States, not includ
ing Alaska. It is in size 8x10 Inches.
On each state Is marked the number
of wholesale dealers in the Phez prod
ucts, making a total of more than
3000. And only 130 of them are in
the states of Oregon, California,
Washington. Idaho, Utah and Mon
tana. There are nearly that many in
Texas and more than that many in
North and South Carolina. Fully seven-eighths
of them are east of the
Rocky mountaina And remember
that 30 traveling salesmen are con
stantly In touch with the customer!
In the district assigned to each man.
Paes Expansion Amilig.
When I look at the business built
up In such a short time, and contem
plate the future, I am amazed. I do
not think there ever was before a
western business that made anything
like the progress the Phez company
has made; I do not think there is in
the United States a manufacturing
company with as fins an outlook as
has the Phez company.
I am writing th-13 with a great deal
of pride. I have not been able to tell
the story of the rise of the loganberry
business because it would take two
or three pages of The Oregonian to
make anything like a complete story.
I have only touched it disconnectedly
In spots. It is a story more like a
novel than a really and truly business
success; it has, like Jack's bean stalk.
almost grown up over night. It is
now sometning nice a S2.000.000 ror
poration: it assuredly will be a $5,
000,000 corporation very soon, for I
do not expect to see the company
xiemmea in oy oceans and seas; it as
suredly will reach out and get the
world's trade as rapidly as the world
goes ary. lor there is no known bev
erage equal to loganberry Juice.
Land Owner Gets Bis; Profit.
Now a word as to the effect this
an is to nave on Oregon and Wash
ington, particularly on the Wlllnm.
ette valley. In the first place the
loganberry Industry at the present
u-year contract price of - 6 cents
pound, is a very profitable one for
the land owner. The owner cannot
get rich on a small tract; but an
average yield will give a net profit
around $160 an acre. However, the
people planting such vineyards should
not be made to believe all they have
to do is to set out the Dlanta. mil nr.
the fences, posts and wiring. To the
best of my knowledge there is no
good product known to be produced
from the soil that does not have
many enemies;-and the loganberry is
far from being immune. Thus far all
pests and diseases have been easily
eradicated, but eternal vigilance is
the price of success in the loganberry
business the same as any other busi
ness based upon soil production
One of the great advantages of the
loganberry business is that the most
successful growers are, and ever will
be. those people with large families.
Take a family of six children be
tween eight and 15 years old. anrt
their parents. Put them on a 10-acre
loganberry patch. An ordinary yield
would be about 40 tons; but let us
say 85 tons. (Five tons per acre is
not an uncommon yield; scarcely ever
is the yield as low as two tons.)
Production la Economical.
At three and a half tons, at the
present contract price of 5 cents a
pound, the gross income would be
83500. The labor in keeping the
plants In good order throughout the
year would be about $35 per acre, or
8350. This, by the way, should all be
done by the owner on a 10-acre tract.
Now comes the cost of picking. At
3 cents a pound, the prevailing rate,
this would amount to 81400. and a
family of Tour children and their
parents ought to save nearly the
entire amount.
It costs about 855 to set out an
aere of strawberries. That includes
plants, labor and all expenses. The
wise landowner will not set out his
full area in any one berry. The 10
acre patch should have say two acres
of other berries that ripen at a dif
ferent time, to give a longer harvest
for the family. Strawberries pay
well, say around 8300 an acre, to
which. the family could add 8120 by
doing their own picking.
The cost of setting out an acre to
loganberries is given by the Phez
company as follows: Preparing
ground. $5; plants. $20.40; planting,
85; cultivation, 810; cultivation sec
ond year, 818; 170 fir posts, 817; 600
pounds of wire. 825; training vines on
trellis, $3; total, $95.40. That brings
the vines up to the first year's crop,
which should be about half a ton,
worth $50, less picking.
I spent several days in Salem in
getting data for this article. I went
through the various factories there.
I lilt.
American Flag; Greets VI
- itor to Albania-
workers Are Gone, bnt Colors Still
Fly in Appreciation.
EL BASS AN, Albania, Oct. 20. One of
the cheering sights that greet the
American visitor to Albania Is the
American flag. In all the larger towns
the Stars and Stripes may be seen side
by side with the colors of Albania.
This is the outgrowth of the work of
the American Red Cross, which estab
lished hospitals and orphanages In
the principal towns. Most of the
American relief workers have now
withdrawn, but the native Albanians
have kept the American colors fly
ing as evidence of ther appreciation
and gratitude to their benefactors. -Italy's
action in withdrawing from
Albania has given fresh impetus and
strength to the Albanian yearning for
complete independence and freedom
from foreign protectorates or man
dates. But the country is scarcely
strong enough to stand alone. She
needs the aid of England or America
to enable her to become a virile, self
supporting, self-governing state.
The country is extremely primitive.
There is not a single mile of pas
senger railroad, not a telegraph wire,
not a mile of good highways, not a
newspaper or a postoffice. It re
quired eight days for the Associated
Press correspondent to travel from
Scutari to Koritza, a diBtance of
about 125 miles. The journey had to
be made on horseback, which is the
only form of conveyance outside of
the immemorial ox cart.
Though Albania is divided between
Mohammedan. and Christian and fur
ther divided by the existence of dif
ferent sects of both these religions,
the national consciousness is predom
inant everywhere except in very few
communities in the south, where
Greek influence has reached in
through the medium of the orthodox
church. Every Albanian is an Alba
nian first and inherits a tradition
which has, through many generations,
prohibited religious persecutions of
any sort.
The Albanian Is a good business
man, a good soldier. He is extremely
Independent. His great fault grows
out of the fact that the only means
of punishing murder and certain oth
er heinous crimes is by personal
vengeance.
False Teeth Cause Aged
Turk's Illness.
Zora Bfehmed, 140, Rained Molars
Lift ins BOO Pounds.
CONSTANTINOPLE, Nov. 13. Tur
key's 146-year-old man, Zora
Me-hmed. reputed to be the oldest man
in the world, has been 111 for some
time with indigestion. This was the
first time Zora had ever been iU
He complaine-nythat it was because of
a set of false teeth.
Zora has always been a hatnal, that
is. a carrier of heavy weights, rang
ing from 200 to 1000 pounds. When
he was 45 years of age, during the
Napoleonic wars, he tried to lift, on
a bet, 500 pounds with Ms teeth and
ruined them. He went until about
1850 without any teeth, and then he
obtained a set which wore out about
20 years ago. He got another set.
He declared these teeth rave him
indigestion, which finally landed) h'ra
in the hospital.
"When I get a now set of teeth.
I shall be all right again for another
half a century," he said.
Until his present illness. Zora was
efaployed, as a hamal, at the Turkish
naval base. He . was born at Bitlis,
in Turkish Armenia, in the year 1774,
just before the American revolution,
but does not remember that event.
Zora has a son, aged 90, and a young
daughter aged 60. His heart and
eyes are still good and he looks like
a man of 70. He offered his passport
as proof of his age, as well as the
birth records in the mosque at Bitlis.
INSURANCE TO BE TOPIC
William C. Bristol "Will Address
Exchange at Noon Luncheon.
"What Is the Matter With Insur
ance Business In Portland?" will be
the subject of an address to be de
livered by William C Bristol at a
meeting of the insurance exchange
to be held at the Benson hotel to
morrow. In addition, a number of
insurance measures to be Introduced
at the coming session of the legisla
ture will be read.
Howard White, who has Just re
turned from the annual convention of
insurance agents, will make a report.
A reel of moving pictures showing
the fire prevention parade will be
shown. John B. Coffey will be chair
man of the day.
JAILS TO BE COMFORTABLE
Saloon Men and Gamblers Raise
Fund to Say Blankets.
JUAREZ. Mexico, Nov. 13. All
prisoners in the Juares city Jail soon
will have real beds to sleep on and
warm United States army blankets
for covers. No longer will the com
forts be reserved for the special room
where "better class drunks" have
been lodged.
American saloon men and "keno"
hall proprietors gave $800 to a fund
solicited by Mayor Antonio Corona
for the purpose of providing furnish
ings for the Jail cells, which had
been-more than unattractive to chance
guests.
The money will be used to buy
American army blankets and beds.
Home Brew Must Be Innocuous.
SAN FBANCISCO. "Under the bu
reau's construction of the law, any
and all persons who produce fruit
juice or cider for home use. which
said Juices or cider are intoxicating
in fact, will be promptly prosecuted
under the law and in addition all
double taxes and penalties provided
in the revenue laws will be imposed,"
said a telegram from William M. Will
iams, United States commissioner of
internal revenue in Washington, to
the San Francisco Chronicle in re
sponse to a query regarding the state
ment that home manufacture of dry
wines to the extent of- 200 gallons
would be permitted by the department
of internal revenue.
BY WILLIAM Et LAWRENCE.
Department of Botany and Plant Path
ology, Oregon Agricultural College.
THE BROAD-LEAVED maple Is a
conspicuous and familiar tree in
the moister sections of the state.
Oregon has three of the very easily
distinguished species of maple. Most
of us are so familiar with certain
trees that we recognize them among
others just as we distinguish familiar
faces. It is known that of the many
different kinds of plants closely re
lated forms possess certain common
characteristics. Such an assemblage
is known as a plant family. There
are now known about 100 trees and
shrubs like the maple, which show
very close resemblance in flower and
fruit. These plants are, therefore,
said to belong to the maple family.
It Is a striking tact that all of our
maples possess similar fruits. The
fruits are usually double, having two
prominent wings which may diverge
at various angles, according to the
species. The flowrs are small, oc
curring in clusters. They are, how
over, rather conspicuous for trees,
most trees having inconspicuous flow
ers. The leaves may serve to dis
tinguish all maples, except the box
elder or ash-leaved maples. They are
usually broad and deeply lobed and
if anyone becomes thoroughly famil
ar with the leaves of any maple, he
can generally tell all maples (except
the box elder) from other trees in the
summer time. During the winter the
opposite arrangement of the branches
and smooth bark are the leading com
mon characteristics.
Tree Easily Recognised.
The broad-leaved maple, acer ma
crophyllum pursh, takes its name
from the very large leaves. The
leaves are among the largest of ma
ple leaves, ranging from 7 to 14
inches wide. The tree Is sometimes
known as the "Oregon maple," but
this name is a little misleading, since
it is found all the way from Alaska
to southern California west of the
Cascade mountains. The broad
leaved maple may be easily distin
guished from the vine maple by the
size and- shape of the leaves, size of
the fruit and the angle of diversion
of the wings, as well as the difference
In the size and form of the tree. The
vine maple wings are in a .nearly
straight line, while the broad-leaved
maple wings diverge at a rather acute
angle.
The broad-leaved maple is particu
larly fond of moist situations along
streams and at the bases of foothills.
It prefers the northern slopes where
the air is more humid. It is usually
found below 3000 feet in elevation in
Oregon and Washington, while in the
milder climate of the southern range
it will grow up to an elevation of
6000 feet.
The Douglas fir. Sitka spruce, grand
fir, western hemlock, Oregon ash and
the dogwood usually are found asso
ciated with it.
Tree Varies in Slse.
The size of the tree varies from one
and one-half to two and one-half feet
in diameter and from 60 to 100 feet
in height, according to Its association
with other trees. For example, a tree
found growing in the open might have
the maximum diameter and the mini
mum height, while if surrounded by
small firs or other small trees, it
should show quite the reverse in di
mensions. The effect of surroundings
may further be seen by the difference
in the ages of trees grown In the
open and in the forest. In the former
situation the ages will range from
150 to 200 years, white In the latter
situation trees may be overshadowed
and die in from 60 to 85 years.
On account of the very moist situa
tion in which this tree grows it is
likely to be covered with mosses,
liverworts, lichens and ferns. These
;
'mil-f$i ' '
epiphytes offer an excellent condition
for rots to get a start, so that the
trunk is frequently much decayed. If
the reader will take a camera and go
in search of a tree free from mosses
and other plants he will very Boon
realize that such trunks are rare.
Even the older trees of our city parks
are covered with mosses.
This maple has two methods of re
production. It will send out vigorous
I sprouts from the stump, which may
j develop into trees. New trees are
perhaps more commonly established
J by the germination of the seed. The
naoit oi caning ine wingeoseea
cases seeds is erroneous. Close study
will reveal the fact that the seed
cases easily separate during a brisk
wind and on account of the winged
expansion are often carried for some
distance.-
Wings Easily Carry Seed.
The wings act very effectively, not
only to catch the wind, but to re
tard the rate of fall, and thereby per
mit the wind to carry the fruit far
ther than otherwise would be pos
sible. Seed is produced more freely
in the open than in the forest. It is
also known that the seeds germinate
more freely and may be carried
farther in the open than in the forest.
The broad-leaved maple attains its
highest development in Oregon and
Washington; and, as would be ex
pected. Its importance as a commer
cial tree is tound in this region.
About two-and one-half million board
feet are annually used in Oregon,
nine-tenths of which goes into fur
niture. Including school furniture
The wood is fine grained, firm and
tough. It takes an excellent polish.
Other uses of the wood are the manu
facture of baskets, handles, fixtures,
saddles, pulleys, etc It is also used
for firewood and the manufacture of
maple syrup.
The broad-leaved maple is perhaps
the most common shade and orna
mental tree In the northwest, al
though there is some objection on
account of its habit of developing
large burls and large roots It is
recommended and used to some ex
tent as a shade tree in other parts of
the United States and Europe. As for
the northwest the broad-leaved maple
is too large to be an ideal shade tree.
It is better in a wood-lot than as a
city tree, because it produces too
dense a chads. The fruits litter the
ground badly, and the roots bulge up
cement sidewalks But these habits
of growth do not affect it unfavor
ably as a tree for the beautificatlon
of Orecron highways.
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