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TOE SUNDAY OREGONIAN, rORTLAXD, JUNE 6. 1920
FARMER" SMITH WELL POSTED AND ALWAYS
WILLING TO DEAL WITH RURAL PROBLEMS
Past Life Gives Railway Agriculturist First-hand Knowledge of Troubles Incident to Cultivation of Land.
Lectures Followed by General Discussion and Giving of Sound Advice to Inquirers.
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BY ADDISON BENNETT,
any reader, of The Oregon ian
should ask you if you knew C L..
initli. or Cvrus . Smith, or Hon.
O. Smitli. or Professor C 1
Hmith, or "I.itt le" Smith, or tyrus
T-.iltle Smith, you would likely be
unable to pick out the particular
Smith referred to from the pro
lific Smith family. Yea. verily,
the Smith family is larqc, the
l.ircrst family on cat th so far as the
Ar.flo Saxon race is concerned. In
the Portland telephone directory there
are ahout 350 member of the preat
family named; in the I'ortland direc
tory the Smiths and iheir first cous
ins, the Smyths, and their cousins
further removed the Smithers, the
Smithfields and others with a prefix
or suffix added to the .Smith, take up
a dozen pages or so.
Were you to bo to the top of the
Meier & Frank building and throw a
brick down into the passing throng
on busy Fifth street, the chances are
that if you hit anyone he or she
would be a member of this great
family, which is growing greater
every day. The John Doc family
u.sed to be in the running with the
Smiths, but no' longer so. And yet
in all of the Smith ranks there is, so
far as I know, only one 'Farmer"
Smith, the name of the object of this
article. And the name was not pre
sented to him by a happy father, a
loving mother, a proud nurse or at the
baptismal font by a kindly pastor,
nor was it wished on him by a press
agent with a large vocabulary, nor an
interviewing reporter who did not
know whether Cyrus was spelled that
way or with an i like this Cirus.
Our Smith was made "Farmer"
Smith by a natural sequence of cir
cumstances and fortuitous evolutions,
because he had the happy faculty of
telling the tillers of the soil how to
make two potatoes grow where but
one grew before, and three ears of
corn to grow upon one stalk. These
happy farmers listened to the talks of
Farmer" Smith, took his advice,
pained the goal promisoHl, and then
in one accord they proclaimed him a
rial farmer and the name stuck,
stuck so tight that eventually upon a
tombstone, perhaps a monument
erected by those he. has assisted to
wards success, will appear an epitaph
to "Farmer" Smith.
l'nrmer, Horn in Ohio.
"Farmer" Smith, whose proper
name is Cyrus Little Smith, was born
on a small farm near Dover, Wayne
county, Uhio, on the 2"2d day of Jan
uary, 1S45. While his father was a
farmer in the sense that he lived up
on a small tract of land, his real oc
cupation was that of a "Yankee ped
dler," one of those migratory, pere
grinating individuals who formerly
traveled through the country with a
horse and wagon carrying such light
merchandise hs would appeal to the
farmer folks, either for cash or on a
'swap." Hard and lacking in emolu
ments was the life of most of that
host that used to infest the rural dis
tricts like the seven-year locusts on
the eventful seventh year. Hard it
was for the elder Smith and his wife
and three children. Rent day must
have been a hard for them, for when
little Cyrus was seven years old he
had "resided" at seven different "resi
dences" in three states.
"Sly mother," said "Farmer" Smith
to me in talking about' those early
days, was a noble woman, a loving
mother, and she had taught me my
letters and how to spell many words
of one and even two syllables by the
time I was seven years old, living in
Cass county, Mich." As he was telling
mo this there were tears in his eyes,
upon his cheeks, and although that
mother has been dead these many
years her memory is still fresh in the
heart of the boy she loved and labored
for.
Those seven years had not been
years of plenty In the various Smith
homes, but years of trials and troubles
and sometimes almost want. It was
only by hard work, self-denial and
lovo of the frugal mother that the
little family was kept together.
Having utterly failed to make good
as a peddler the elder Smith decided
to become a farmer. So he purchased
an SO-acre tract of Tieavy timbered
land in Cass county. Mich., and moved
onto it in the spring of 1853. The
purchase was entirely on time. There
was no money in the Smith exchequer
and no house to live In on the new
tract. But by barter and trade of
work a space in the heavy timber was
cleared out as a site for the cabin. It
took two men and two ox teams two
days to clear a place a little over
rod square where the house was
built.
We will leave the elder Smith and
bis wife and children in their new
hotne, where he struggled manfully
to establish a farm, and the patient
mother did all in her power to assist.
Little Cyrus was taught his letters
and then to read, but there was no
school in reach, no school books to be
had save for money, and it took every
cent that came in for the bare neces
sities that had to be purchased.
For three years the family was kept
together and then, in the fall of 1S56.
Cyrus went to work for a farmer
seven miles distant. He was to work
a year for his board and clothes and
four months' schooling In the winter.
He lived there two years and then
"graduated" with his eight months of
schooling. Never after did he see the
Inside of a school or collage building
until he entered as a teacher and the
principal speaker or lecturer.
Then he secured a "position" as a
charcoal burner at the munificent
wage of three dollars a month and
board. Then he had the misfortune
to be bitten on the foot by a rattle
snake and came near dying. After
partial recovery he tramped away for
Point Commerce, Indiana, 250 miles to
the south, where it was thought work
could be had in a woolen mill. He
had So cents when he started on this
cVrS Vers- Sofcj'&j-jOrS&G.
trip. Getting to Port Commerce he
could get no work in the woolen mill,
but did secure a job in a market gar
den and nursery near by, owned by
W. If. Osborn. His "salary" was $50
a year, then for the second year $60.
and for the third year $75. And
those three years were the years that
made "Farmer" Smith, for though he
was but a lad from 'l to 3 5 years old,
he formed a love for the soil, a fond
ness for seed time and harvest, a
craving to always do a little better in
the way of planting and cultivating
than he had ever done before.
Youth Knliftts For Mar.
Now we come to the spring of 1SG1.
War had been declared. Lincoln had
issued a call for men. The great fire
of loyalty filled the soul of young
Smith, and though but a little more
than 16 years old he went to enlist
tTiat he might fight for his country.
He went to two different recruiting
stations but was refused owing to
his age and his size, for he was
"little" for his age.
Finally it was promised that if he
would get the consent of his parents
he would be enrolled in the 32d In
diana infantry. So he made the 250
mile trip up to his parents to get such
consent. His parents decided that if
he would go he had best enlist in a
home regiment, and early in August,
1861, he was enrolled at White Pigeon,
Mich., in Company K, 11th Michigan
infantry.
From August, 1S61. until May. 1865.
our "Farmer" Smith followed the
colors to the end that the Union might
be saved. He fought as a private
throughout the war, known in his
company and regiment as "Little"
Smith, because of his small stature
more likely than because that Is his
middle name. Only very briefly am I
going to write of "Little" Smith, the
soldier, of his career throughout the
set ofit shade trees to amount of
$3700. He did the work all right but
some fellow got out an injunction re
straining the treasurer from paying
the bill, and he never got a cent. So
he was now, at the age of 38. broke
to trye nth degree for about the nth
time: And now he had a family of
seven, for Gertrude was born on Sept.
18. 1881.
And worst of all, he was now so
afflicted with his old enemy, rheu
matism. that he could not get out of
bed. And yet that was his salvation,
for while he was flat on his back, in
the winter of '84-'85, John Steven,
associate editor of the St. Paul Trib
une, came to him to get an article
written about wheat. He wrote 5000
words and received $22 for it. Stevens
came back for more, and the result
was that in less than 10 years he had
made by his pencil $17,000, ajl of his
deDts were paid, and his services .as
a writer and lecturer were in greac
demand.
I have refrained, with a purpose
thus far in this article to mention
.what must now be evident to the
reader, that Mr. Smith had worked
himself up to Farmer Smith by much
studying and much reading. With
slight knowledge of reading, writing
.nd spelling gained by eight months'
schooling, he had gained a love for
study, a desire for an education. And
when one is fired with that ambition
he gets -the education. He gets no
degree with it. No college dubs him
professor. He knows no Ureek or
Latin. Knows nothing about higher
mathematics, cannot measure the dis
tance to Venus. But he has an edu
cation along the practical lines he is
traveling in which, will carry him
through.
From the time Mr. Smith was a sol
dier, a mere boy soldier, he had the
knack of telling things straight and
war. Remember he wanted to enlist1 ln good language. And then came the
long before he was old enough. It
was never a question as to how to
keep out of the army that troubled
him. On the contrary he tramped
250 miles when he was but three or
four months over 16 years of age for
the great privilege of fighting for hia
country.
I would like to tell you of his serv
ices in the army of Ohio, the army of
Cumberland, his skirmishes in Ten
nessee and Kentucky, his advances
and his retreats, the defeats and vic
tories of his company, regiment, bri
gade and corps, and his marches after
Morgan and Forrest, the' fight on
fcltone river, where they marched at
night through running ice and water
up to their necks and captured a
rebel battery. In that foray 25 per
cent of his regiment were killed. At
Murphysboro, at Gettysburg, and at
the surrender of Vicksburg. and then
at the bloody fight at Chickamauga
fought "Little" Smith. In the latter
fight his company went into action
with 108 men; the following morning
they lined up for roll call on Mis
sionary ridge and only 27 men re
sponded to their names.
In all of the fighting up to that
time "Little" Smith had come through
unscathed, but when followed the
battle of Missionary Ridge he re
ceived eight different wounds, ail of
the scars still visible. Of the 27, the
balance of the 108. his company left
nine there on Missionary ridge, and
when the victory had been won there
were but seven able to pull down the
rebel flag.
I might go on and follow him
through other battles, with Sherman
'from Atlanta to the sea." through
the battle at Xashville, which was
the last of his fighting and the last
of the war but a brief mention only
of these battles and I will pass along
to later and better (?) days.
After he was mustered out he went
home to pay a visit to his parents,
being then not quite 21 years of age,
and then he and a comrade from his
old company took a flyer with the
little money they had as horse traders,!
sold nursery stock for a Rochester,
N. T, concern, and then rented a
little piece of land and started a
nursery, then bought a half interest
in a nursery at New Oregon. Iowa.
There, on Sept. 21, 1868, he married
Miss Elvah F. Weston. Soon after
marriage they moved onto a home
stead of 80 acres near the present
town of Wells, 25 miles west of Albert
Lea, 35 miles from a railroad. There
he was taken with inflammatory
rheumatism, from which he was a
great sufferer for many years. A re
moval was made to Albert Lea, where
he purchased on credit 4V4 acres of
land for $25 an acre, got $38 worth
of lumber on a trade for labor to be
performed and soon had a home.
knack of talking to groups and
crowds. And then he became known
in his circle as a speaker who could
drive his points home by rough but
forcible logic.
And notice that always he kept
close to the soil, always he was an
observer of plant life, of the demands
of cultivation, of the needs of rota
tion and polonlzation. Nt much of
this he learned from books. He pat
at the feet of Nature kept close to
the soil. Feeling the want of book
learning he went to his garden, field
or nursery and there learned at first
hand what others learn from books.
He never was an idler. His time was
always valuable. Even when sick in
Dea ne was a learner, both as a
listener nd reader.
In.lSSfl. on the ISth of June, the
hardest blow of all came to Mr. Smitl
his wife died. Just as he had
"found himself," when his name be
came known throughout Minnesota as
a writer and speaker of high repute
on larm topics. As a man carrying
the gospel of better living, better
homes and more consideration for the
housewives into every part of the
state. Juat then his loving wife, the
sweetheart of his younger days and
the mainstay through many a hard
chip, passed to the great beyond to
her reward.
It was in 1891 that the real
"Farmer" Smith came into his own.
He was then editor of the Western
farmer at a salary of $1200 a year.
and' another $1200 from the state
assistant food and dairy commis
sioner, having charge of the dairy
end of the business. Until 1897 he
held the former job.
The owner of
the paper wanted it to espouse the
free eilver cause, which "Farmer"
Smith would not agree to. Then in
1899 John Lind, governor just elect
ed, fired him because their policies
did not flow in the same channel.
He soon had many offers. First he
took the position of associate editor
of the N. W. Farmer, of Minneapolis.
Then he received a letter from A. L.
Mohler. general manager of the O.-W.
R. & N.. who wanted him to come out
here andl see why it was that we were
shipping butter, eggs, poultry, pork,
etc., from east of the Rockies, devot
ing every energy to wheat growing.
So he came and put In nearly two
years, 1900 and 1901, in the O.-W.
R. & N. territory, preaching the doc
trine of better farming, of diversified
crops, and particularly beseeching
the land owners to plant corn and
raise more hogs. Then he spent three
months in the employment of the
Southern Pacific lines In the Willam
ette valley hammering away on the
same subjects.
Then, until 1906, he was employed
by the Washington state college as
farmers' institute lecturer in the
state of Washington. In 1906 he went
to work along the same lines for the
Inland Empire electric roads about
Spokane, and bought a farm on Moran
prairie, near Spokane, which he still
manages.
In 1911 the Inland Empire lines
were sold to the Hill interests, and in
the meantime the O.-W. R. & N. was
reorganized and J. D. Farrell became
president- He employed Mr. Smith
and now for more than ten years he
has carried the title of agriculturist
of that road and- I guess nothing but
Heath will sever him from the payroll.
It is not for me to say what he has
ilnne for us in the last ten years,
thone-h 1 miirht state some conditions
that obtained when he came here and
compare them with the present con
ditions. Go up into the Yakima val
ley, in Washington, and you will
find that ten years ago there were
but seven silos in the entire valley;
now there are more than 2000. In
1904 the. total amount of farm
products shipped from that valley
amounted to $7,000,000; in 1919
the amount .was $54,000,000. ln 1910
there was an area of 300 acres of
corn planted in the valley: in 1919
there were 16.000 acres. The 1910
crop was all "hog corn"; last year's
cibp would average up in quality
and yield per acre with any grov ft in
the country.
1 do not say that "Farmer Smith
is responsible for all this; but I do
ay he is the main factor. Other rail
roads have had professors and agri
culturists and sil experts and hog
breeders and dairy cow promoters
covering the same field. I know all
of that. Many and many a hundred
miles I have traveled with them and
attended their meetings, listened to
their speeches and witnessed their
demonstrations. Nearly all of them
hold college degrees. All of them are
able men and men of gentlemanly
instincts. But none of them can reach
the hearts of the farmer and his wife
and children like Farmer Smith. He
bears no college degrees, but he has
the knack of telling them what to
do, how to do it, and what not to do
in language they understand and in
tones that they believe. Because, as
said before, they believe him, believe
in him.
He meets them and greets them and
treats them as an equal, not as in
feriors or superiors. They are plain
farmer folks he is just a plain, ev
eryday farmer himself. He has been
through all of the trials and troubles
and tribulations that beset farmer
folks, and therefore he can advise
as one who has met and overcome
the very obstacles now enveloping the
questioner.
I find difficulty in expressing lust
how I feel on this subject and just
how I regard "Farmer" Smith. I have
known him from the first day he
came here under Mr. Farrell. I have
been with him at many corn shows,
have accompanied him on many dem
onstration trains. Also I have in th
same way accompanied other lectur
ers employed by the state and other
railroads, and always I have taken
note of the remarks made by the
farmer folks as they passed out at the
close of the meeting, and never did
I hear a slighting or doubting remark
about Farmer Smith, while about all
of the others 1 have heard such re
marks many, many times.
Again, unless the lecturing Is over
and the audience dismissed, you will
always find at the meetings of Farm
er Smith that the bulk of the talking
and nearly all of the quizzing is done
after the speaker has left the plat
form and taken a chair. The farmer
folks gather around him. They come
to him as the penitent comes to the
father confessor, to make known their
troubles, and maybe for an hour that
goes on. To my mind that is the
real, the crucial, the absolute test to
be used in comparing "Farmer" Smith
with others in the same profession.
And there we get the true insight
into "Farmer" Smith's powers for
good.
I consider him one of the most
useful men in Oregon, and the present
condition of the farmers, which Is
so far ahead of ten years ago, is
due in a large measure to the labors
of "Farmer" Smith.
Carter, Kutssell IS. Private Infantry. Hills
boro, died of wounds received la ac
tion August 3, 1117.
Chrlstensen. Kobrt Private Infantry,
Timber, died of pneumonia April V,
1K18.
Dixon, Levi B. Private coast artillery,
Oilley. died of parenchyma poua April
1U18.
Gates, Carroll C. Private infantry. Hilla
boro, died of wounds received in action
June 12, 1918.
Gates, Miliura M. Private Infantry, Hills
boro, died of wounds received in ac
tion November 17, 1U18.
Hendricks. Kinsley C. Private Infantry,
Beaverton. died of pneumonia Feb
ruary 7, 1918.
Holtz, Henty louis Private spruce pro
duction division, Cornelius, died of
pneumonia October -'8. 1118.
Lee, Gene I. Private infantry. HiUsboro.
died of pneumonia October 16. 1918.
Lewton. Theodore E. Private engineers.
Forest Grove, killed in action Feb
ruary 5. 1U18.
Long. Charles U. Mechanic infantry. For
est Grove, died of intestinal obstruc
tion Seotember S. 1918.
Ffahl, Herman R. Private development
battalion, Cornelius, died of pneumonia
October 17. 1918.
Prohaska. Frank tioyce Private marines.
Beavetron. killed ln action June 30.
1U18.
Ritchey. Charles R. Private first class
field artillery. Mlltsboro. died of pneu
monia January 21), 1919.
Rasmussen, Axel Major Infantry. Sher
wood, killed in action May 4. 1918.
Rothermel, Wilson M. Private engineers.
North Plains, killed in action August
15. 1918.
Smith, Frank L. Corporal infantry. For
est Grove, died of pneumonia April
12. 3918.
Smith, Kdwin Private Infantry, Timber,
killed in action October 12, 1918.
Sohler. Edward Private field artillery.
Forest Grove, died of pneumonia and
Influenza, October 20. 1918.
Swalley. Glen Private coast artillery
corps, Keedville, died of pneumonia
October 1. 1918.
Vanderzanden. John M. Private infan
try. Forest Grove, killed in action
October 10. 1918.
Walker. Charles i. Private first class
infantry, HillFboro. killed in action
October 18. 1918.
Whltford, Wesley Sherwood, cause and
place of death not given.
Whltmore, I.loya Private coast artillery
Laurel, died of injuries September 1,
1918.
Willis. Hines Private infantry. Gaston,
klled in action July 22. 1918.
M" heeler County.
Breeding. .lames R. Private infantry.
Spray, died of ceelulltis septic acute
angle right jaw December 2, 1918.
Brookshire, William A. Private coast ar
tillery. Fossil, died of pneumonia No
vember 25. 1918.
Glover. Arthur F.. Cook engineers. Antone,
killed in action November 10, 1918.
Cfiats'MtfillomevjarcteRergl
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D-
OREGON CASUALTIES ARE GIVEN
Continued from Pase 4.)
Gitchell.
Hebo
Hotel Venture? Unprofitable.
There two children were born in
the four years they lived there. Grace,
and Ernest. He then secured a job
as canvasser for the Wilson sewing
machine at $55 a month, was soon
promoted to demonstrator, was in
poor health but plugged away Ontu
by Jan. 1, 1876. he had saved $1100,
and he made a venture in the hotel
business by leasing the Vermont
House, at Faribault, Minn. It took
him just 11 months to lose the last
cent of the $1100.
He then bargained for five acres
of land near Faribault, went in debt
also for some lumber and soon had a
new home established for his family I
of five, Dixie having been born Jan.
5, 1874.
He then began a new business 1
trading in milch cows, trading for
them in the country and selling them
in Minneapolis. Did fairly well. Be
gan' planting a nursery. In follow
ing spring went into railroad office
in Milwaukee to collect for a cow and
got to talking about trees. This con
versation blossomed into a sale of
1200 trees at one dollar each. He
bought them at 50 cents and returned
home with $600. . But he owed every
cent of it and more.
In April. .1878, Lou I., the fourth
child was born. Mr. Smith kept dab
bling in nursery stock and cow trad
ing, and finally in 1883 he made a
contract with the city of St Paul to
Tillamook Connt.T.
Leonard C. Private infantry,
killed in action October 5. 1918.
Gray. Perry O. Private infantry. Blaine,
died of pneumonia January 16. 1918.
McKlmens, Donald B. Corporal infantry.
Mohler. killed in action October 15,
191N.
Millis, Howard B. Private tank corps, Til
lamook, died of pneumonia September
28. 191S
Loerpabel. Guy Private first class, Moh
ler. killed In action May 29, 1918.
Van Nortwick. Roy H. Private signal
corps. Garibaldi, died of pneumonia
January IB. 1919.
Williams. Lloyd I. Private coast artillery,
died of pneumonia November 5, 1918.
Sherman Coonty.
Baker. Henry S. Private infantry. Grass
Valley, killed in action October 4, 1918.
Dixon, Harold L. Corporal signal corps,
Moro, died of myocarditis December
31. 1918.
Henley, Alex Sergeant infantry. Grass
Valley, killed in action November 3,
1918.
Reid. Jim Private signal corps, Moro,
died of drowning February 23, 1918.
Sutherland. Donald James Corporal ma
rines. Klondykc. died of wounds June
18, 1918.
White. Raymond ;Private depot brigade.
Moro, died of pneumonia October 6,
1918.
Umatilla County.
Best. Neil W. Private. Inrantrv. Milton
killed in action. September 27. 1918.
Brown. Charles A. Corporal. infantrr.
Athena, died of pneumonia. October
Brunton, Richard F. Private, coast artil
lery corps, rreewater. died of pneu
monia, isovemoer .
Sasteel, John Lou Private, marines. TJkiah
killed in action. October 3. 1918.
Foster. Harry Private, depot brigade Pen.
dleton. died of wounds received ln ac
tion, September 15. 1918.
Goodman. Frank Dewaine Private, train
ing corps. Pendleton, died of myelitis,
November 27. 1918.
Hoffnagle, Don V. Private. Infantry, Echo
killed in action. October 12. 191S.
Huff. Ervin A. Private, aero squadron.
Pendleton, died of pneumonia, January
28. 1918.
Ingalls. Robert F. Private. Infantry.
Pendleton, died of wounds received
" in action. October 10. 1918.
Leavens. Dan Private, infantry, Pendle
ton, died of wounds received in action.
October 6. 1918.
Monese. Menuel -Private, depot brigade,
Pendleton, died of pneumonia, Janu
ary 30. 1918.
Parks. Frank C. Private, infantry. Pendle
ton, died of wounds received in aotion.
October 22. 1918.
Sloan. Lyle T. Private, first-class aero
squadron. Pendleton, died of pneu
monia. September 30. 1918.
Starnard. Archie C. Private. cavalry.
Pendleton, killed in action, August
11. 1918.
Still. Robert C. Private, tank corps. Mil
ton, died of pneumonia, October 3,
181S.
Templeton. Raymond X. Second, lieuten
ant, air service signal corps. Pendle
ton, died of accident. June 2S. 1918
Ulrick. Frank Sheldon First-class private.
marine, i-enaieton. killed in action,
November 10. 1918.
Webster. James M. Private field artillerv.
Pendleton, killed in action, August 11.
1918.
Wallowa County.
Beeson. Harry C. Private, infantrr. En
terprise, killed ln action. September
28. 1918.
Berner. Robert B. Private, field artillery.
Flora, killed In action, July 15. 1918.
Bruce. Henry H. Private, infantry. En
terprise, killed in action. September
28. IMS.
Buc. Peter Private, infantry. Enterprise,
killed In action. October 12. 1918.
Eckley. Grover C. Private. Infantry, En
terprise, killed ln action, September 28,
1918.
Hamilton. Ralph E. Private, quartermas
te corps. W'llowa. died of pneumonia.
. October 15. 1918.
Lundquist. August W. Private. Infantry,
Enterprise, killed in action. October 10.
mis.
Mawhin. Mathew L. Private, first-class,
medical department. Joseph, died of
pneumonia. October 29. 1918.
Medesker. Peter L. Private, infantry. En
terprise, killed In action. October 8,
1918.
Rogers. Earl R. Private, field artillery.
Enterprise, died of pneumonia. Septem-
Der -M. 1918.
Southwiek. Arthur P. Corporal, infantry.
Wallowa, died of pneumonia,, October
13. litis.
Stephens. Joseph V. Enterprise, cause,
date and place of death not given
Thompson, Bee Private, coast artillery
corps. Wallowa, died of tuberculosis,
April 24. 1919.
Waco County.
Cooke. William E. Master gunner, coast
artillery. Shaniko. died of Influenza
and pneumonia. October 7. 1918.
Fisher. Benjamin E. Private first-class,
aero squadron signal corps. The Dalles
died of pneumonia. February 9. 1919.
Frazier. Donald R. Private first claiss
aero squadron. Waptnltia. died result
aeroplane accident, April 19. 1918.
Haugen. Elvin J. Private first-class ma
chine gun battalion. Dufur. killed in
action. September 'ZA, luitt.
Isom. Forrest I. Private, infantry, Mosier,
killed ln action. July 21. 1918.
Jones. Terry C. Private. Infantry, Wamlc,
died of pneumonia. October 3. 1918.
Lombard, Clytle Lorine .Private, depot
Drigaae. i ne uaiies. oiea or pneu
monia. octooer n. mis. ,
Paquet. Ernest O. Private, medical de-!
partment, Waplnltia. died of pneu
monia. June 21. 1917.
Parker. Herbert E. Private first-class, in
fantry. The Dalies, died of heart dis
ease. July 27. 1918.
Washin-rton County.
Okin. Omer O. Private first class field ar
tillery. Beaverton, died of pneumonia,
December 7, 1918.
Carpenter. Oates Prtvate machine gun
battalion. Forest Grove, kiled la action
November s, mio.
Cnion County.
Andrew. Bert E. Private hospital unit.
La Grande, died of bronchitis. Decem
ber 28. 1917.
Berg. Loranza Private infantry. I.a
Grande, killed in action October 12.
1918.
Brill. Josiah I.. Private infantry. I.a
Grande, died of pneumonia October 8.
1918.
Cross. Charles W. Private Infantry.
Union, died of pneumonia October 10,
1918.
Cross. Raymond J. Private infantry. F.l
gin. died of peritonitis October 25.
1918.
Eckerslev. Frank M. Private Infantrv.
Cove, klled in action October 10. 1918.
Hall. Erhman Private infantry. Union.
died of wounds received jn action
October 20. 1918.
Henderson. Andrew J. Private first class
engineers. Elgin, died of pyemia, No
vember 17. 1917.
Kelley. Charlie R. Private coast artillery
corps. Cove, died of nephritis July
6. 1918.
Kollstra. .William TT. Private tank ar
tillery, Elgin, died of influenza' and
pneumonia October 2, 1918.
Larsen. Henry K. Private quartermaster
corps. Imbler. died of pneumonia
March 19. 1918.
Moenkhouse. Ernest J. Private Infantry.
u Grande, dice ln action octooer
5. 1918.
Montgomery. Sidney Private infantry. I.a
"Grande, died of wounds received in ac
tion October 8. 1918.
Pfel. Louis Private spruce squadron.
Perry, died of pneumonia January 15,
1919.
Tuttle. Terry Corporal engineers, drowned
February 5, 1918.
Yamhill County.
Bennette. Louis A. Private coast artll
lfrv corps. McMlnnville. died of pneu
monin October 23, 1918.
Bower. William M. sergeant infantry.
Amitv. killed In action July 3. 1918.
Brown. William S. Private first class field
artillery, McMlnnville, killed in action
July 27. 191K.
Burnham. William B. Private aero serv
ice squadron. Xewburg, died of empy
ema March 14. 1919.
Churchmsn. Oscar Day Private Infantry,
Sheridan, died of wounds received in
action October 18. 1918.
Clayton. Fredrick E. Private cavalrr. Mc
Mlnnville. died of pneumonia Decem
ber 4. 1918. '
Fourtner. Ralph R. Private Infantry.
Grand Ronde, died of diphtheria June
3, 1917.
Green. Clarence E. Private spruce squad-
. ron. Newmirg. died or acute mania
I January 10. 1919.
Greene. Oswald IV 1'rlvate ipranirr. sner
Irian, died of acute mania August 1.
1917.
Hagen. Alfred 'Mechanic Infantry. Joseph,
died or pneumonia r eoruary T. lui.
Henrv. Robert L. Private engineers. Mr
Minnville, killed in action October 20,
1918.
Jensen. Charles W. Private first class
engineers. Carlton killed in action
September 12. 1918.
Laughlin. Herman Corporal Infantry.
Yamhill, died of wounds received in
action July 1. 1018.
Loop. Robert C. Private Infantry. Amity,
killed in action November 4. 191S.
Manning. George W. Private first class
infantry. McMlnnville. died of tuber
culosis January 28. 1918.
Mardis. Guv B. Corporal Infantry. Mc
Mlnnville. killed ln action July 23,
191 S.
Matthes. Walter P. Private infantry. Sher
idan, died of wounds received In ac
tion July 1, 1918.
Olson. Edwin H. Private Infantry. Sheri
dan, died of empyema May 23. 1918.
Orr, John F. Second lieutenant infantry.
Tain hi 11. killed in action October 15,
1918.
Ottinger. Andrew D. Private first class
infantry, Sheridan, killed In action
July 31. 1918.
Reese. Lester C. Private first class in
fantry. McMlnnville. killed in action
October 12. 1918.
Rice. Harry L.- Private field artillery.
Willlminta, died of pneumonia Janu
ary 31. 1919.
Savaire. Harry Private Infantry. Trov.
died of pneumonia December 29. 1917.
Sheppard. Rollie M. Private mechanical
repair shop. Tamhill, died of pneu
monia April 22. 1918.
Skinner. Harold C. Private infantry. Mr-
Mrhnvllle. killed In action July 3. 1918.
Terry. Robert Private engineers. Carlton.
died of pneumonia September 3fi 1918.
Udell. Bert H. Private coast artillery
corps. Xewburg. died of pneumonia
January 1. 1918.
Vanderbeck. Herman C. Private coast ar
tillery. Newburg. died of pneumonia
December 23. 1918.
Toungs. Richard P. Sergeant first class
quartermaster corps. Newberg. died
of pneumonia "and influenza January
27, 1919.
EAR FRIENDS Last week I
rged you to plant for a late fall
and winter garden, and I hope
you all intend to do this as these
vegetables are much more important
than those that mature early ln
spring. They furnish food for so
much longer time and when it is so
much more expensive on account of
the scarcity of fresh vegetables.
There is not much written about
this in our papers and magazines be
cause it is only a few especially fav
ored sections of the north that are
able to have fresh vegetables out in
the open ground in late fall, winter
and early spring as it is common to
have in the south.
Of course all vegetables do not
grow here in late fall and winter and
those that do each have their special
time for planting just as early vege
tables do.
As we have our spring planting
all in now, it may be of advantage
to take the time today for a general
survey of our field of operations and
for definite plans as to what we have
to piant ror our winter garden: when
the early crops should be harvested,
leaving the soil ready for this late
planting, and the proper time to plant
each vegetable.
As our season is generally very
late this year, vegtables that are ordi"-
nariiy planted about July 1, in place
of the early vegetables which have
matured by then, will have to wait
until these first vegetables do mature
and are gathered. But because of
this lateness of the season we must
have our plans all made and our
plants all ready and not lose a day
in setting the plants (or sowing the
seed) as soon as the bed is emntv.
First we will see when our spring
crops should be harvested in normal
seasons.
VEGETABLES WHICH SHOULD BE
READY TO HARVEST BI JULY:
1. Early beets.
2. Early Brussels sprouts.
3. Early cabbage.
4. Early carrots.
5. Early and late lettuce
fi. Early and late onion seta.
7. Ea-rly and late peas.
8. Early potatoes.
9. Early and late radishes.
10. Early spinach.
11. Early turnips.
VEGETABLES WHICH MATURE IN
SUMMER OR EARLY FALL:
1. Rush or string beans.
From July 15 to late fa'l
2. Early cauliflower.
In September.
X Early sweet corn.
In August or eariy September.
4. Early kohlrabi.
August 1-August IS.
5. Early (bush) squash.
Late July or eariy August.
VEGETABLES WHICH REQUIRE THE
GROUND THE WHOLE SEASON:
1. Beans---late bush or dry.
2. Beans pole.
3. Cucumbers.
4. Watermelons. .
5. Musk melons.
6. Okra or Gumbo.
7. Parsley.
R. Parsnips.
9. Peppers.
10. Late or main crop potatoes.
It. Salsify.
12. Swifts chard.
1:1. Tomatoes.
14. Winter onions.
Here are the late vegetables which
should be planted in place of the
above for our fall, winter and spring
gardens.
15.
15.
DUNCAN McKAY CANDIDATE
Portland Man Would Head State
Department of C. A. K.
Duncan L. McKay, who was a pris
oner in Libby and Belle Isle, Rich
mond and Andersonvllle, Ga., for 15
months in civil war days, is a can
didate for state department com
mander of the Grand Army of the
Republic. The election will take
place at the encampment in Astoria,
which opens June 8.
Mr. McKay is the candidate of
George Wright post. G. A. R. -e
has been a resident of Portland since
1900, and before coming to this city
was post commander at Chippewa
Falls, Wis. During the civil war Mr.
McKay served with the 99th New
York volunteers.
Mr. McKay has a son. Clyde, who
is treasurer of Deschutes county and
connected with the Bend Press. An
other son, Joseph, is a druggist at
Rainier, and a third son, Don, is with
the O.-W. R. & N. company.
Congregation to Have Picnic.
A picnic will be held by Ahavai
Sholom congregation W ednesday
The Oaks park, the event being an
annual airalr. Manager John F. Cor
dray yesterday extended an Invita
tion to the committee In charge to
make full use of the amusement place.
The committee is planning for a
large attendance and is arranging
several leatures.
Piano Recital Announced.
Francis Richter, the well-known
Oregon piano soloist and organist,
will appear in piano recital in the as-
Benvbly hall of the Portland hotel at
8:15 o'clock tomorrow night. This
recital is in behalf of the pipe organ
fund of the Divine Science church.
where Mr. Richter is organist.
LATE VEGETABLES TO BE PLANTED
BEFORE JULY 1:
1. Winter beets.
From June 1-20.
2. Winter carrots.
From May 15 to June
3. 'Fall cauliflower.
From June' 10 to 25.
4. Celery medium early.
From June 1 to Juiy
5 Fall sweet corn.
From May 15 to June 15.
6. Late potatoes.
From April 1 to June 15.
Plants set out. i
All others seeded in ground.
LATE VEGETABLES TO BE PLANTED
IN JULY:
1 Winter Brussels sprouts.
From July 1-20.
2. "Spring Broccoli.
From July 1-12.
3. Winter Cabbage.
From July 10-25.
4. Chinese cabbage.
Seed in July or August.
5. Winter kale.
July l-2.
6. Fall kohlrabi.
July -J.",-.uguat 13.
7 Fall sweet corn.
In July and August.
Plants set out.
All others seeded In ground.
LATE VEGETABLES TO BE PLANTED
IN AUGUST OR SEPTEMBER:
Fall bush beana August.
Fall peas August,
l.ate parsley August.
Fall radishes August.
Japanese radishes August.
Corn salafi Aug.. Sept. and October.
Endive In September.
Fall lettuce Aug. 15 to Sept. 15.
Winter spinach In September.
Winter turnlps From Aug. 1O-30.
As has been said, our season is ex
ceptionally late and you will not be
able to harvest your early crops in
time to seed your late ones as sched
uled, but put them in as you do get
room, and with careful irrigation and
cultivation they will soon catch up
and make good vegetables next win
ter.
Those vegetables which are to be
set out as plants should all have
been sown in a carefully prepared
seed bed before this, yet, as they can
not be set out so soon this year, there
will be time yet to. sow the seed for
some of these plants, if you do so
at once.
Give these little plants every at
tention so that they may be extra
good plants when you set them out to
make up for their late starL
Or it might be a yet better way to
Durchase small plants at the seed
store, now, and set them out, letting
them grow in plenty of room so they
will become large stocky plants by the
time the bed is empty and ready for
them. The second transplanting is
trood for them if carefully done as
previously described in detail.
Companion Crops May Be Planted.
When two different crops occupy
the same plot of ground at the same
time they are called "companion
crops." The object in sowing in this
wav is that a slow-maturing long
growing crop may have, growing be
tween its rows wniie ine plants are
small, a quick-growing crop which
will mature and be harvested before
the slow crop needs the space which
thev occupy.
As conditions are now. it would be
a good plan, whenever possible to do
so. to seed the fall and winter crops
now in the space neiween ine rows
of vegetables which will soon mature
and be harvested.
If you do this you will have to be
very careful in harvesting the first
crop that you do not step on or pull
out the plants of the late crop, btft
with oare It can be successfully ac
complished. These companion crops
must be chosen with care. Not all
vegetables grow well together this
way, and the same soil and location
is not suitable to all. Here are some
suggestions as to the best combina
tions:
Lettuce or radish between rows of
cabbage.
Lettuce between tomato plants.
Radish between rows of string
beans.
Parsnips or carrots may be sown
thinly with rows of onions.
Pole beans or turnips may be sown
between early sweet corn.
Squash, pumpkin or melons may be
sown between corn.
Any late vegetables may be sown
between melons, cucumbers or squash,
Tou can readily work this out fo
yourself by studying the soil require
ments of various vegetables; but,
above all. remember that ln all cases j
the soil has been somewhat depleted'
by the first crop. If it was extra rich
at first it may be just right now for
your late vegetable, but it not you
should apply some fertilizer soon
after setting, or soon after the plants
come up, to start the growth and
maintain extra good cultivation.
Plan. SoeeeBBlon In Planting;.
Here are some general suggestions
as given by an authority on garden
ing as to what vegetables naturally
follow others best in the same soil:
Celery may follow early peas,
beans, radish, lettuce, onions or
spinach.
Early potatoes may be followed by
sweet corn, celery, beans, beets, car
rots or spinach.
Onion sets may be followed by to
matoes, peppers, beans or sweet corn.
Early peas, beets or potatoes may
be followed by turnips, string beans
or winter radishes.
Turnips may be sown on any land
made vacant by an earlier crop.
Lettuce may be planted practically
throughout the growing season.
Note By-careful study of the above
it seems to me we might improve
upon it: for instance, land for pota
toes is not rich land, and while per
haps it would grow corn well, it cer
tainly would not be adapted to celery
without much fertilizer added to it
Study this out for yourselves.
Here are also suggestions from the
same authority for several successive
crops, which may be had from the
same bed throughout the season:
: Lettuce, followed by summer rad
ishes, these followed by beans and
then spinach.
Leaf lettuce may he followed by
string beans, then fall turnips.
Spinach may be followed by early
sweet corn, string beans or early cab
bage, then fall radishes or lettuce.
This is all general advice, good for
many sections, but our local ability
to raise winter crops and to leave
many of our late crops in the ground
all winter is, of course, not included
in it.
Taking the above as suggestive
only, we can each plan out for our
selves here a succession that will
I keep our little garden plat busy the
year around. There need not be an
idle foot of land in our garden dur
ing a single week of the whole year
that is exactly what the term "in
tensive cultivation" may (and
should) mean to those of us who
live in this favored section.
we will now turn to snecial and
detailed directions for harvesting our
early vegetables- and planting the
late crops in their place.
Haneatisc Early Vrgrlablta.
The larger proportion of our early
vegetables will, of course, be con
sumed as gathered on the family
table. and many have only this use.
These are; Brussels sprouts, cabbage.
lettuce. onion sets, potatoes and
radishes.
Besitles these there are those
wnicn we may nave raised an excess
to can tor winter use. These are
beets, carrots, peas, spinach and
turnips.
All of these five early vegetables
will be raised again in fall and" win
ter except peas. It will soon be
time to can peas, and every home
gardener should put up plenty for
winter use.
There is one "trick" about canning
peas which makes all the difference
imaginable in the product when the
can is opened, and that is to pick
ana can peas when extra young. Do
not let them get fully ready for
taoie use, out picK tnem for canning
just oerore this Just as they first
attain a suitable size. This method
will give you as fine "French peas
as you can buy anywhere.
While beets, carrots and turnips will
ne raised again in fall and winter, it
will be different forms of them which
really make different vegetables.
There is almost as much difference
between baby beets and the lone-.
large solid, matured beets of the win
er Raraen as mere is Detween green
hell beans and the usual dry winter
beans.
jii tnree or these vegetables are
delicious canned now, for as indicated
their supreme excellence lies in their
being canned at the "baby" stage of
tneir growth.
The canneries require their young
eets to be only one-half to two inches
in diameter for canning and they pay
much more for those that are 1 inth
or under, than for larger ones.
Turnips and carrots should also be
canned at this extremely immature
stage. They are then used particu
larly for garnishing meats and salads
as too much of a luxury for genera
family use.
While spinach may be canned, i
you have an excess and want to save
t, I see no other advantage in doing
so if you raise a winter crop. All the
spinach you sowed in early spring
should be cut now before hot weathe
conies on as it will then become tough
and stringy, but this spinach is not fi
for table use here in summer, it i
planted again in early fall for winte
and early spring use.
Now having planned for harvesting
all these early vegetables we will con
sider how best to plant the crops tha
go in their place.
In previous "chats" we have de
scribed in detail the planting o
celery, sweet corn and main crop
potatoes. This leaves us fall caul
flower, winter beets and winter car
rots to speak of today.
Planting Fanl Cauliflower.
As a general thing cauliflower doe
exceptionally well in our climate. If
the summer is very hot and dry we
must irrigate it often, particularly
just as it begins to head up and we
must be careful to plant the right
varieties for summer and fall growth.
For the summer, or main-crop plant
ing fc-now vvnite is highly recom
mended as "very resistant against dry'
weather and unfavorable conditions."
and Danish Dry Weather cauliflower
is also recommended for growing in
dry localities where other varieties
fail to produce good heads, but cauli
flower is naturally a cool weather
crop and grows much better in fall
than In summer.
For late, fall-grown cauliflower.
Veitch's Autumn Giant and Algiers,
are fine hardy late varieties.
These will not produce cauliflower
that may be left outdoors in winter.
as all cauliflower is tender and will
not stand much frot. This late cauli
flower makes very fine heads for use
In October. November and December
though, of course, it would not have
stood much chance last December. We
are planning, as always, on the usual
weather we have reason to expect.
Make your seed bed for cauliflower
the same as for cabbage only richer.
If you cannot get manure use nitrate
of soda to start them, t-et out the
plants just as you do cabbage, being
careful to water each one as you set
it as was described in a previous let
ter. Make your rows about 24 feet
apart and set the plants 1 M feet
apart in the row. as cauliflower heads
are not generally so large as cab
bage heads.
Cauliflower needs much water and
must be well irrigated as needed dur
ing the summer and until the fall
rains begin.
How to Grow Winter Beet.
Beets need a good deal of water. If
the soil is dry work up a fine seed
bed and irrigate it thoroughly before
planting your late beets. Let the
water soak well down over night and
be cur to work the leg soil over la
a dust mulch next morning before tha
sun has had a chance to bake the
crust.
Either the round or turnip-shaped
table beets are grown for summer use.
The long varieties are crown only
for -winter use and on the Pacific '
coast may be left in the ground all
winter and pulled from time to time
as needed. A rich sandy soil is most
suitable for them.
The improved Blood turnip la the
best long beet to grow for winter use.
The round varieties may also be
grown as late beets. Detroit Dark Red
being the best variety.
The seed germinates quicker if hot
water is poured on it and It Is left
to soak a day or more before plant
ing, riant tne same as earlv beets
and thin the same, using the young
beets, tops and all for "greens."
The land must be kept well tilled
and free from weeds for these winter
beets and they must be irrigated If
they get very dry in the heat of
summer.
If any of your early beets are left
in the ground when it comes oft hot
in summer you should pull them and
use them at once as they become
tough and woody if left longrer in
the ground.
Growfnar Winter Carrot.
Carrots need the best of surfac
tillage, but are easy to grow after
they are once established. Be aura
the soil is well cultivated for the win
ter carrots as dry or weedy soil ia
very bad for them. However, tha
main difficulty in. growing carrot
is always In getting- the young plants
started. One reason for this is that
people do not give them time to come
up. They are slower than other veg
etables, requiring from 12 to 18 dayw
under the very best of circumstances
for germination, and often longer.
The seed may be dormant for weeks
and then come up after a good rain
so do not be discouraged too soon.
At this time of year it is especially
osirable to sow a few radish seed
with the carrot seed to mark the
rows and break the soil, as radishes
come up so very soon.
The Chantenay was the variety reo
mmended for both early and late use.
Of course, the full grown carrots are.
sed in fall and winter, although the
ittle carrots thinned out may be used
for greens like young beets.
In our mild climate west of the Casc
ades they may be left in the ground
11 winter and used one or two at a
ime for seasoning, stews, etc., saving
he expense of buying a whole bunch
every time you want one to use.
The winter vegetables which are
best planted in July or August will
discussed later, but have your
plants growing now so they will be
ready to transplant.
The best varieties for winter are
Brussels sprouts. Odeuse market.
grown both early and late: broccoli,
St. Valentine, winter cabbage, 1)
Danish ball head, (2) Danish round
head. Varieties of seed will be named
as the time comes for planting it.
Preparing? Soil for Iterroppinar.
At the last of this letter we have
room for a few words about a sub-
ject which naturally comes first and
has been referred to frequently, that
is, the especial preparation of the
ground for a succession of vegetables.
As often stated, one good crop per
year will usually use up the avail
able sou fertility, so when you har
vest this crop and intend to plant an
other in the same soil you must take
some extra 'pains to prepare it.
Spade up the ground again and.
work it over so it is soft and fine.
adding well-rotted manure if pos
sible. If not, buy some good reason
ably priced commercial fertilizer from
your seedsman, who will advise you
as to what ia best for your soil and
the vegetables you Intend to grow.
The small amount you will need is
inexpensive, especially in comparison
with the expensive vegetables it win
help grow.
Be sure to keep your wood ashes
and scatter them over your sou, as
they are not only a good fertilized but
also a most effective protection
against insects. Of course, you must
not sow your ashes thick as nothing
will grow in an ash pile, but a mod
erate amount of ashes is very bene
ficial to our heavy clay soils in par
ticular.
A light application of nitrate or
soda ih always good to start the
growth of all plants, as it helps leaf
and stem growth.
Although the weather may be dry
and dusty, do not water your plant
every morning with the hose. The
moisture just serves to draw the plant
roots to the surface of the ground and
destroys your garden.
Cultivate the surface of the ground
never more than two or three
inches deep, during hot weather and
do not water any plants unless they
wilt badly. Then irrigate them thor
oughly in the late afternoon and !et
the water soak in all night, cultivat
ing the surface soil carefully again
the next morning as soon as it is dry
enough.
I will write you a letter soon about
this most Important subject of the
right way to water plants.
Your garden neighbor,
INEZ AY CHAPEL.
DAILY CITY STATISTICS
Marriage licensee.
HOWB-SAUNDERS Edward 1 Howe.
2R Waldport. Or., and Lesley France.
Saunders, 1M. 055 Commercial street.
BOLLE-DOWNING Fred Bolle, 23, of
Park Place, and Beatrice Downing. 2u 50
Eat Ankeny street.
REINKR-FREEDMAN Edward M. Rei
ner. 2T. 96 East Twenty-eighth street, and.
Esther Freedman, 23, 4.18 Fourth street.
SEFTON-SPELMAN Blnger H. Sefton.
23 104 Broadway, and Lora M. Spel
man, 22, S425 Forty-second avenue South-
"viNCENT-BUTTERFlELD Ttov Benton
Vincent. 2 Silo East Thirty-fifth Btree'.
and Mae Annie Butterfleld, 26. 865 East
Thirtv-fiftli street.
CURTIS-UNOER Thomas Glffard Cur
tis. 23. 104 East Forty-fifth stiVet. and
Agnes Irene Unger, 18. 30 North Sixteenth
street.
COHX-EUKEI.ES Edward H. Colin, 2.
St. Francis apartments, and Etbel Euke
les. 20. .VV Second street.
COCHRAN-FROMONM Clark W. Coch
ran. 4. 6!4 Umatilla avenue, and Gertrude
M. Fromonc. 3, 503 Arlon atri.-.
HAWARTH-McCAN'MON Ernest D. Hl
warth. 3.",, 4K12 Seventieth street Southeast,
and Aida MeCanmon, 2S. same address.
KUNZ-HONSTEIN Albert Kuuz, 2B. 822
Missouri avenue, and Ora Honstein. 23, 5S1
Roseiawn.
Vancouver Maurrlacre licensee.
NOTAK-PURBIX Frank M. Novak, le
gal, and Adelle F. Durbin. legal, botit of
Vancouver, wasn.
PRO EGIT HOFFMAN Luther Proegit
29. of Emporia. Kan., and Olive V. Hoff
man. 24, of Benedict. Kan.
BANCROFT-WALTER Willis Bancroft.
21. of Portland, and Gladys Walter. 21. of
(iaston. Or.
THUEKBACK BERtiER Charles F.
Thuerback. 49. and ilina Berger. 47. both
of Portland
Outside Judges Lcn-d Aid.
To clean up congested court dockets,
three circuit judges from outside dis
tricts will assist local jurists until
the arrival of the summer vacation
period. "Pinch-hitters" during the
coming week will include Judge
Harry H. Belt ot McMinnville, Judge
Frank M. Calkins- of Medford, and
Judge F. M. Phelps of Pendleton. It
is hoped to have most of the cases
cleared up 'before the Hose Festival
and Shrine festivities, though it. is not
expected that the visiting judges win
leave Portland at that time.
An extraordinary dry fog extended
over Europe and part of Asia ia 171.
t-
A - :
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- B"
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