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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (Nov. 16, 1919)
6 THE SUNDAY OREGOXIAX, PORTLAND. NOVK31BEK 16, 1919. AVIATOR WHO SOARS 34,000 FEET IN AIR FINDS INTENSE COLD ON WORLD'S ROOF Roland Rohlfs Has Thrilling Experience in Setting Altitude Record for Airplanes On Flight Undertaken in the Interest of Science. "Never Again," He Says After Trip. fuses', jepj&s;Jsr4Z,2Z4?&St&srJ& -VI I - : zrrt I . i - ; ' iiiwiteKts, : . Ti-yiiy.!MV-l"'iiiWJn ''iiwiijjiiiiMi'B;imwiiiiy.jgiMB)8w ' - ' " 8 M " " . ' ' " W EL.U I hit the ceiling- thla time all right!" exclaimed Roland Rohlfs triumphant ly . when he returned to Roosevelt field. Lone Island, recently after the most thrilling and remarkable aerial voyage on record, nothing' short of a trip to the roof of the world 34,610 feet up above terra firma. Jutes Verne, the great French ro mancer, years ago wrote a story about a trip to the moon, but it is very doubtful if he, although much more farsighted than most men, ever. in his wildest flights of fancy, really believed that a living: man would ever make a successful journey six and a half miles moonwards and return to earth again in good health. Modern inventions, unthought of in Verne's day, made not only Rohlfs wonderful voyage possible, but also enabled him to return with an accu rate scientific record of the flight to substantiate his verbal claims. The daring aviaior who climbed up to take a look at tne roof of the world found it a fearsome place, where air. such as earth-bound mor tals need to breathe comfortably, is most sparse and highly rarefied and where the Arctic climate which Peary encountered on his voyage to the pole was at times almost tropical in com parison to the terribly frigid tem perature just above us the year round. I Every kind of exploration into the ! unknown requires nerve, daring and, the finest of courage, and Rohlfs' ad- ; venture was no exception to the gen eral rule. Every second he spent at the roof of the world his life was in jeopardy and it is more than likely that most, less hardy men, would have met instant death in the adven ture, liven Rohlfs, when he returned, exclaimed "never again." His expe ri&nce" was much too terrifying to be lightly repeated. lie discovered that to live in this rarefied atmosphere man is forced to eke out the scant supply of air with oxygen gas administered from a tank throuph a mask. If the supply of gas failed for an instant unconscious ness and death would follow at once. At the altitude Rohlfs attained breathing, even aided by the admix ture of oxygen gas with the air, was difficult and labored. Shooting pains wracked the flier's head. Old scars on his body pulled and twitched. His teeth ached violently. The cold so benumbed his hands that they were in danger of freezing if the outer felt mitts were removed even for a sec ond for the recording of data. The slightest muscular exertion was fol lowed by extreme physical exhaus tion. All of which would indicate that the roof of the world is not like ly to become a popular resort for lliers. Those experienced in the develop ment of aerial navigation are all of the opinion, however, that in the in terest of science Rohlfs' undertaking was by no means foolhardy, but well worth while. vln fact it was only after he had become fuliy convinced of tli us fact that the daring aviator undertook the task. He 'has no patience with stunts or with trick flying. He believes it is necessary to know how to execute all the loops and twists to get one self out of some predicament. But he would use them only in an emergency. In explanation of his great adven ture, he said. "I am interested in al that relates to the scientific end of flying, and eager to collect scientific data.- It fascinates me just the way research work engrosses the chemret and it is impossible to lift aviation from the field o experiment to an exact- science until the necessary scientific data have been attained to do so." Rohlfs brought down with him r ? -. w " ' 'W- v - 1 signed and built for tbe United States navy last year. - . Although his altitude figures were t announced from the barograph read in? almost immediately after his ar ; rival on the field they will not be officially recogmlzed until the instru ments used in the flight have been calibrated by the bureau of standards at Washing-ton, D. C. It is, however, expected that there will not be enough variation to affect the feat from belnfr a world's record. Hefore his record-breaking flight Rohlfs held the world's official rec ord of 30.300 feet, but Adjutant Casale. a French pilot, was credited with an unofficial record of 33,137 feet and it was this mark that Rohlfs determined to better. The fact that the Curtiss JC-12 400 horsepower motor with which the wasp was equipped enabled Rohls- to get a ceiling- of 34.610 feet without the aid of a super charger is consid ered by aeronautical men as being a wonderful demonstration of the I ability of the motor. Rohlfs altitude flight was officially observed by three representatives from the Aero Club of America Au gustus Post, secretary; Sidney B. Velt, honorary secretary or the foreign service committee of the Aero club, and Professor C. L. Poore of, the de partment of celestial mechanics at Columbia university: also by Colonel John D. Carmony, Major Henry. J. F. Miller and Major E. B. Lyons, rep resenting tbe U. S. Army. The aviator began his flight about noon on an ideal September day. his wheels leaving the ground in exactly six seconds. Pointing his machine al most vertically, he was soon lost to view. An hour and three-quarter later he was spied on his descent, about 9000 feet In the air, coming down under power. Cutting wide circles, he pointed his machine nearer and nearer the ground and finally turned sharply into the wind, drop ping his landing wheels on the field and taxing back to his hanear. The barographs were officially ob served and taken to the field head quarters where they were witnessed and attested ' to by the official ob servers and by Rohls himself. The curve shows that the aviator climbed 4000 feet in SH minutes, 6000 feet in six minutes, 10,000 feet In eight min- utets. The curve then reveals that Rohlfs climb became lees steep. At 31.000 feet the line indicates a slight break. It was at this point that Rohlfs ran into the "air pocket." He reached his celling in 78 minutes. He then began his descent and the line shows that he reached the ground in 35 minutes. Physically Rohlfs has the bulk of a halfback. He tops off near the six- foot mark and he has a breadth to match. His face Is long, narrow and strong. In his personality he is vig orous, aggressive and decisive. He is but 26 years old. His mother is Mrs. Anna Kathertne Green, the novelist, who Is well known as a writer of ex citing mystery tales. The filer Is married and probably no one appre ciates his achievements more than Mrs. Rohlfs. His costume for his Journey to scale the skies was unique and Interesting and would attract the attention of a curious crowd anywhere. Starting with the ordinary male underclothing of the X. T. Z. variety he pulled on three pairs of woolen socks, followed by a pair of thick paper socks. Over these were drawn pliable sheepskin lined hunting boots. On top of an ordinary olive drab woolen shirt and cotton khaki riding breeches came a woolen pair of trous ers cut more like overalls that came up well around the chest. Then fol lowed a succession of light sweaters, woolen shirts and heavy sweaters to protect the chest. Lastly Rohlfs drew on a "teddy bear" flying suit which encompassed the whole body. Around his head and over his face the pilot wore a soft chamois helmet, wool lined, with a front like a mask. This helmet fitted well down around the neck and Bholders and had aper tures for only the eyes, nose and mouth. The next layer was a news paper lining. Over all was fitted a fur-lined helmet. Heavy goggles which snapped on to the helmet pro tected the eyes, while over his mouth and nose was clamped the oxygen mask. On previous altitude Journeys the hardest problem he found was to keep his hands warm and yet retain suf ficient dexterity of movement to handle the controls. He solved this by using a duplex form of glove with fingers inside, but covered by a mitt. On top of this he put thumbless gauntlett mittens, made by himself of felt a hal"f-inch thick, one of which is equipped with a back strap eo that he could pull it off by slip ping the other mitten through it. new world's record for high flying is to his way of thinking only an in cident to his climb, although of course he is naturally proud of the fact that he has risen higher above the earth than any other human being. The sensations experienced at the peak of his record-breaking flight are best told by the aviator. "Even with the oxygen gas, which I turned on at an elevation of about 18,000 feet, I found it very difficult to breathe," he said. "The oxygen failed to give any exhilaration such as it, does on earth, as it was counterbalanced by the depressing effect of the rarefied atmosphere. 1 felt only half way normal. My' head pounded like a triphammer and 1 was afraid I would get a cramp in it. "1 was as weak as a baby. It's a fact, I could hardly raise my hand, the exertion involved tired me so. The cold benumbed my hands so that when 1 pulled off the outer felt mitt just for a second to record some data I had to immediately replace it for fear that it would be frozen. My teeth began to ache violently and the scars on my body, where I was once burned when my plane caught on fire, started to pull and twitch. "As I neared the limit of my flight I began to grow weaker and weaker. I felt tlie cold. 43 degrees below zero. too. It the-- supply of oxygen had been cut off for even . a second it would have been the end. 'It is likely I would not have been able to endure what I went through if 1 had not been to a certain extent prepared for it and aware of just what my system would and would not stand. On a previous high altitude flight, undertaken last spring, when the motor was laboring from the rarity of the air, I attempted to in crease the air compression by work ing a hand air pump. A lassitude crept over me and 1 became faint. Only by turning on a full current of the oxygen gas did I regain sufficient control of my faculties to maintain my control of the machine. So i tried nothing of that kind this time "lou feel almost worse when you start to come down. The drop in aV titude is very painfuL It la almost Coffee Houses Introduced in England by Traveler. Merchant Tlrea of Serving Friends, hut Opens Inn. Which Becomes Popular Others Follow Example. more dangerous than going up, es pecially If you try to take it fast. I ran the motor on tbe way down and slid slowly. It would have been dan gerop to have tried to stay at that high altitude for more than a minute or two. Once before I climbed up to S0.000 feet elevation and skimmed around for an hour, but I was laid up in the hospital for two weeks af terward. "I made a number of scientific ob servations during my flight. One was that when I was up about 31.000 feet , I struck an air pocket and bad great difficulty In controlling my machine. It kept going Into one spin after an other, but finally, after realizing that I did not have enough speed I opened the throttle and overcame the difficulty. Another thing was that I had a peculiar nervous twitching sen sation which I did not experience on my other flights. "A short time before I made my rec ord flight I read a scientific paper. In one of thetechnical magazines, to the etrect mat rom studies of celestial conditions tbe author had made, that the peak of the extreme low temper ature of the upper air was. In his opinion, reached about 40.000 feet un and that above that height it began to grow warmer. Curiously enough I noticed that shortly after I had passed 30,000 feet, or thereabouts, the ther mometer began to slowly rise and that when I hit the celling it had gone up about four degrees. Maybe a few miles further up one would strike a moderate temperature again." When the pilot was seen the day after his climb to the roof of the world he complained of a splitting neaaaciie ana pains in nis stomach. The reaction, he explained, was typ ical of that experienced by all pilots who attempt high altitude flights. "1 didn t sleep at all last night." he said. "You never expect to get a wink the night after high flying rne tension on your nerves is too great. The stomachache usually lasts aooui ten aays. Rohlfs' Journey to cloudland w I made in a Curtiss wasp machine de- LEATHER AVAILABLE FROM FISH HIDES , MAY HELP REDUCE PRICE OF SHOES Experiments Conducted by Bureau of Fisheries in Washington Result in Establishment of Tanneries Clever Products Win Admiration When Goods Are Put on Exhibition. f ' h : i . ' . ' ' .- . r J- ...... il x-v n 1 ' it. q . V - - -it tvV - ; I 4 - f f!0jntdr-jr- Syjzjifyjrif J'Atavw? fBLt- & &s- COFFEE houses or cafes are the J places where they serve almost everything else but coffee. The origin of the name is, however, much more genuine. Coffee is said to have been first grown In Arabia, and what little real Mocha coffee we get cornea from there today, but very little ever reaches America. Some scholars have claimed that the ancient Lacedemon ian broth, so famous in Grecian story. was actually a decoction of coffee. But this beverage was absolutely un known in England before the year 1KS7 when it was Imported thither hv n Mr. r. Edwards, who traded much with Turkey in Asia. He had been to Smyrna, and on his return to London brought a good supply of coffee and a Greek of Ragusa, named Painuet Rossee. who knew how to make coffee as tne "rums maae iv. Some of the merchant s irienas wno hnnnened to see him taking the new drink for breakfast tasted it and liked it so much that they came frequently a.t breakfast-time so as to enjoy this novel drink. Mr. Edwards soon grew tired of having eo much company, ana thought it would be a good idea to give his Greek servant something to do at the same time that he satisfied the British curiosity and gratified their taste for coffee, bo he hired small house in St. Michael's alley in Cornhill. and opened tie first coffee house, with his Greek servant In charge. When this became very popula other Innkeepers followed suit and in another century there were quite a number of coffee houses in London. One of the most famous of these was Don Saltero's which added greatly to its popularity by the collection curiosities which the proprietor mad for the amusement of his guests. H even went so far as to publish a cata log of his private museum, and ac cording to a copy of this precious pamphlet lately discovered there was a wonderful medley of remarkable specimens gathered here. Among the rest were the following: tiger's tusks, the pope's candle, the skeleton of a guinea pig. a fly-cap monkey, a piece of the true cross, the four evangelists' heads cut on a cher ry stone, the king of Morocco's tobac co pipe, Mary Queen of Scot's pin cushion. Queen Elizabeth's prayer book, a pair of nun's stockings. Job's ears, which grew on a tree: a frog in a tobacco-stopper, and 600 more odd relics I" t AX. ' ' 1 V t .A - - ' . ' v - ' ' 4 - ' ' "' ':ts ; ' JVC .t ."t-; .5, 111' te m V;-.;r,'.v,. . s: '..... i' i '? f 4 f A It -4 if 4 .i St 1 4 : . I'. . . : n they can bo scld at least IS per cent cheaper than those made of cat tle leather, and as the industry de velopes the reduction may bo as great as 60 per cent. When the fishing and tanning ends tne inaustry are properly organ ized, which, of course, will take a little time, it is evident from the above statements that we could get along very well on shark leather alone, but there is no Indication at present that we are going to stop there. It is predicted that a great eather industry will shortly be built up from the hide of the mania or devilfish. Hide ef Devilfieh T'arfnL It is very -plentiful and often goes in herds in the Gulf of Mexico near the shore. The hide of a devilfish comprises two sections, both useful and tough. The back is of a slaty color, the belly white; the latter sec tion, tanners say. is fine for white shoes, which have been popular among the women recently. It is dif ficult to estimate the area of the two skins of a good-sized devilfish, but it is said there should be at least 40 square feet of back skin and 30 square feet of belly skin. During the summer months our coast Is infested with small rays to this family; the stingaree. frequently of so much annoyance to tattlers. Is the prize. Tanners and shoemakers are just beginning to find out that the skins of these skates, as they are generally called, makes the very finest known leather. They are tri angular in shape, from a foot wide to yard and upwards. Thousands of them are big enough to yield, it is reported, two square yards of tough hides taken from above and below. Next to that of the elephant and the rhino, walrus hides are said to comprise the toughest leather known. These hides are now being eagerly sought and are beginning to come into the market in considerable num bers. They are much in demand for trunks, valises and boots for par ticularly tough wear. The hides of porpoises, dolnhlns and white whales are also now being tanned and used for shoemaking. as they are all said to be excellent sub stitutes for cattle leather. At present the only difficulty In utilizing the skin of the white whale Is the expense of preparation. Gov ernment and private chemists are now working on this problem and un doubtedly In the near future some means of reducing the cost of prep aration will be discovered. When this is accomplished thousands of whale- skins will be caught annually to be put on the market and to very ma terially reduce the price of boots nd ehnes. stations on the Atlantic coast and an other company- has recently acquired a site on the west coast for tannins the hides of sharks and hair seals into leather. The bureau is encouraging the use of all parts of the shark; that is, not only the saving of the hides for leather, but the extraction of the liver oil. the marketing of the flesh for food and the conversion of the bal ance Into fish scrap for fertilizer or into fish meal products, which now command unusually high prices. i NYOXE who has purchased a pair of shoes recently knows what they cost and with all the other high costs we are obliged to contend with it is small wonder there is con siderable popular concern about the high and prospectively higher price of good footwear. While of course there has undoubt edly been some profiteering in shoes, government experts seem to be of the opinion that there Is more real rea Bon for the high price of these arti cles than for some of the other things wear and eat, as there is an un doubted shortage In leather due to the tremendous war demands and the disturbed trade conditions which have followed the great conflict and which will take some time to approach normal. If we had. however, been a far- sighted people and begun years ago to utilize all our natural resources In all probability there would at the present time be no actual shortage of leather, as there is a superabunaance of it in a raw state in the sea waiting to be caught. In the end, perhaps, the present high price of shoes and other ieatner goods may turn out to be a good thing, as it hu caused us to turn our attention seriously to the creation of another kind of leather, that derived I shark and other fish skins. Kllk Leather Exhibited. At present, in one of the rooms of the bureau of fisheries. Washington r. C there is a wonderful exhibition of fish leather. There are to be seen tables of shoes, black and tan. col ored traveling bags, suitcases, music rolls, card cases. pocketbooKS ana novelties of various chades, plain em bossed and grained, that are a de Utrht to the eve and without offense to the nose, although every one of them is made from a fish skin. Nearby are sheets of leather, soft and beau tifully tanned, that once had coverea a shark or a porpoise or a devilfish. None but an expert would say they were not samples made from the hides of animals such as are commonly used in the trade. Many of the visitors like to feel them and wonder at their pliability and their varied shades gun metal, tan, terra cotta. red, blue gray and brown, to these -they seem nice, watered silk. The finish is so km n,rh. Yet only a few years ago a good manv tanners, shoemakers and man ufacturers of leather goods were loud in their protestations that fish skin leather, except for a few limited uses, was little short of a Joke and that Uncle Sam had unpracticable ideas in this direction. It was in the fall of 1916 that fish leather began to be considered. At that time the shortage of raw ma terial for making leather goods had become quite noticeable and there seemed no limit to the war and its demands. The bureau of fisheries then attempted to come to the rescue of the leather manufacturers by under taking to interest tanners in the use of fish skins. . Experlmeati Are Made. To enable tanners to conduct ex perlments with fish skin hides the bu reau assembled a supply of skins o various fishes and distributed them to tanners. They were an altogethe new kind of raw material and various difficulties were encountered In the BAD BLOOD Pacific Coast Folks Testify 6andl&ke, Oregon: "I want to write testimonial telling what Dr. Pieroe's mdi- cine has done for 4 VA OTvVAN ! medici tanning of these skins and the turn ing; of them into really serviceable leather. One of the principal troubles was that the hide of a shark is very thickly covered with so-called "den ticles" which are. to all intents and purposes, tiny teeth. It is a very curious provision of nature not found in other hides and tt made a difficulty In the prepara tion of the skin for use as leather. Formerly what shark skins had been cleaned, but not tanned, were used for polishing: wood ivory and the like because of this very roughness of the surface due to the little teeth, but for shoes and other purposes, to which leather is put, this roughness was a great drawback. When the tanners advised the government of this, those In charge of the fisheries bureau were not discouraged, instead they sized up the tasks confrontnff them, which were to induce tanners to develop processes suitable for converting shark skins. Into high-grade leathers, to Instruct fishermen in preparing the hides properly and to ascertain to what uses the leathers are best suited. Through the co-operation of the bu reau of standards, the services of a technically trained tanner were ob tained and some scientific tanning- ex periments were started at a large tan nery with the company's co-operation. The experiment showed that shark skins could be tanned into upper leather, for shoes by known methods of tannins and that the "denticles" could be removed from the skins very satisfactorily. To do this, the hides. after tanning1 and neutralizing1, were first coated with paraffin and oil tacked and dried. They were then smooth-piated and shaved on the grain side to remove the coarsest part of the "denticles and the grain was then gone over lightly on a rapidly revolving- carborundum wheeL After this treatment the hides were found to be beautifully smooth and ready for finishing. some of the hides were piven a gun metal finish suitable for shoes, others were tanned for lining:, leather and as cordovan. Special et la DevUed. An effective process of tanning once solved, another complaint of the tanners had to be met. It was that many of the skins were full of holes caused by the harpoons and by the fishermen. These boles, the tanners said, made the hides utterly valueles for use as leather. This being- quite true, it was evident that the fisher men must learn how to capture their prey without injuring the hides. A special net wan accord ingly devised by the bureau. 690 yards longr, 18 feet deep. four-Inch mesh. The top and bottom are lined with half-inch No. 18 thread rope, weighted with suitable leads below, buoyed by corks above. With one of these nets 2000 big sharks averaging in length from 34 to 15 feet were caught in ten days and safely landed without injury to their hides. Fishing stations were established at Moorehead City, N. C; Fort Myers, Fla., and Edmunds, Puget sound. In structions were furnished fishermen regarding the curing and packing skins for shipment, and the names of tanners desirous of obtaining raw ma terials. By the time the government had thus demonstrated that it had great faith in the serviceability of fish skin leather a number of tanning com panies had become really interested in the project. One company was organ ized solely devoted to tanning these hides into leather. This company has already established several fishing me. I was bother ed with an ulcer on my right shin for m year. I went to a doctor here but his medicine did me no good. The sore imt worse right along, so 1 tried a ( hiDewDoctorand his medicine did for a ten tbe sore " seemed to be getting worse so I tried Dr. Pierce's medirines. I took two and a half bottles of Dr. Pierce's Golden Medical Discovery and used Dr. Pierce's All-JIeal-ing Salve and the ulrer was all well beore I had the medicine all used, and I recom mend these medicines to other sufferer, ' MISS BERTHA HAYES. "For Over 40 Years" Tonic and Blood Builder Chehslis, Wash.: "I have used Dr. Pierce' sfmedicinea in my family for over 40 years and have always found them ist as represented. I think Dr. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets have no equal for constipation; and the 'Golden Medical Discovery as a tonie and blood builder cannot be beat, in fact, 1 can heartily recommend any and all of Dr. Pierce's remedies. "My daughter had chronic constipation from babyhood and doctors could not cure her. Dr. Pierce's Pleasant Pellets is the or.lv thing that ever heiped her." MRS. JENNIE K. SWOFFORD, 1320 Alfred Si. None of FUh la Wasted. In the manufacture of fish meal the material from which it is made is se lected both with a view to providing sound, reliable raw material and to insuring the appetizing flavor which is desirable in all feeding stuffs for man or beast. In the process of man ufacture the material is subjected by heating to a very high temperature. insuring complete sterilization, with the result that all micro-organisms which might be present are wholly destroyed. As an animal food this fish meal Is proving of the greatest value. Farmers were at first preju diced against it. fearing that It would give the flesh of their stock a fishy taste when eaten, but this has proved not to be the case when the feeding is properly regulated. At present there is an unusual de mand for fish oils. For example, the makers of paints and varnishes are seeking additional sources of supply of drying oils. Experiments to show the fitness of these oils are in prog ress and there is evidence that they will prove serviceable for this pur pose. Surprising as it may seem, it is a fact that there are more than GO I types of shark leather for varied uses and the shark tribe alone could ' furnish as much serviceable leather. It is now claimed, as the normal an nual cattle supply. It is the most plentiful resident of the seas and its tendency to go in large herds makes for easy netting in quantities. The Pacific ocean waters in particular swarm with sharks having the dimen sions of the largest man-eaters, but none of their ferocity. Although it is realised by few peo ple, there are several sharks which approximate the size of whales and, if hunted as whales with the same equipment, would very quickly vastly increase our leather supply. All f Shark la VtilUed. Among them ts the gigantic whale back shark, which at times attains the weight of 15 tons, and the bask ing shark of the Pacific, whose weight when full grown has been es timated at 32,000 pounds and whose skin would easily cover 1000 square feet and provide considerably over 1000 pairs of excellent shoes of the average man's size. Many fishermen affirm that sharks weighing &000 pounds are common. At the reduction plants they have begun to find out the value of the previously much-despised shark and nothing is wasted. The meat is sep arated and sent to the markets, where it now commands a ready sale. The so-called bones are ground up for cat tle food. The fins are preserved and sent to China, where they are eaten as a delicacy. The oil is extracted and sold unrefined at from ?0c to $1.10 per gallon. "When shark leather shoes come into the market in large quant it ics, as they Tery soon will. It la said that DR.P.ERCES IEDICAL FOR THE BLOOD. LIVER. LUNGS. 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