io
THE SUXDAY OREGOXIAX, PORTLAND, JULY 14, 1918. "
EXPERT EXPLAINS
USE OF MANIFOLD
Modern Forms and Their Im
portance for Economic Op
eration Discussed.
BIG IMPROVEMENT MADE
Gasoline Is Much. More Efficient
When Warmed, Xet Too Much
Heat Has Effect of Reducing
Engine Efficiency.
Not least among- the factors that con
tribute to the relative efficiency of the
modern motor car as compared with
its predecessor of a few years ago Is
the present-day design of manifolds.
The efficiency of the manifold baa
much to do with carburetion efficiency
and this in turn largely determines the
power, economy, etc., of the engine. No
other part of the internal combustion
engine has undergone quite such revo
lutionary changes within the past few
years as the manifolds, especially the
inlet.
Two considerations have forced man
ifold design on the attention of the en
gineers. One has been the insistent
demand of the motoring- public, ever
since there has been such a thing, for
economy of operation as regards fuel,
and, secondly, the declining quality of
the gasoline that we have been get
ting. In the days when we got highly vo
latile fuel that exploded without en
couragement of any kind, we could af
ford to use long, exposed manifolds, be
cause the snappy gas of that time had
little tendency to condense on its way
to the cylinders. The long manifolds
of yesterday had certain merits, prin
cipally their lack of sharp curves
which would interrupt the flow of gas.
But their length and exposed position
would make them impossible with
present-day grades of fuel.
Proceaa of Combusion.
Perhaps the average car owner does
not know, or, rather, does not stop to
think just what process the fuel goes
through before it reaches the combus
tion chamber. The fuel flows from the
gasoline tank through a pipe into the
carburetor, either directly or via a
vacuum tank. The fuel enters the
float bowl of the carburetor, where it is
passed through a very small opening.
The partial vacuum that, is created in
the cylinder by the movement of the
piston lifts the fuel into the combus
tion chamber.
Now, if the fuel is very light and
highly explosive, it flows into the com
busion chamber without trouble. But
when it is heavyv it does not flow
readily; its rate of flow decreases as its
weight increases. Everyone knows
that cold tends to thicken oil of any
kind, gasoline as well as others. A
fairly good grade of fuel may leave the
carburetor pretty well volatilized, but,
striking a cold surface, as the mettal of
an exposed manifold, it will condense
on the wall and relatively little of it
"will reach the combusion chamber.
This is the problem our engineers have
endeavored to solve.
One of the first methods of improv
ing the manifold was that of putting a
Jacket around the intake section at
some position near the cylinders and
passing either heated gases or hot
water around the manifold. Another
method was tried a little later of bolt
ing the carburetor directly to the cyl
inder block, so that the heated gas
passsage in the casting would supply
heat enough to vaporize the fuel. This
latter method is used to a great extent
now. - ,
One school of designers tried the ex
periment of heating the fuel before it
reached the carburetor. Still another
group favored the idea of heating the
gasoline right in the carburetor. Both
thesa methods had certain disadvan
tages, from the fact that If fuel Is
heated before it gets to the carburetor
or even in that instrument, it still has
an excellent chance of condensing
again on its way from the carburetor
to the combusion chamber, unless addi
tional means of keeping it warmed is
provided. If this latter is done, why
Tiot perform the whole operation after
the gasoline has left the carburetor?
Mew Practice Advocated.
In a number of recent designs the
Inlet and exhaust manifolds have been
placed in close juxtaposition, with the
intention of having the heated gases in
the latter impart enough warmth to the
former to keep the fuel thoroughly va
porized. In similar designs the inlet
manifold is made to pass through the
xhaust outlet at a single point. While
these designs seem to give satisfaction,
probably the most efficient method of
handling the problem is found in the
idea of incorporating the inlet mani
fold within the cylinder block, where
it is practically surrounded by a hot
volume and is close to parts that ordi
narily run hot.
Another idea that contributes to ef
ficient carburetion is found in the
fitting of the air pipe leading to the
exhaust pipe with a movable shutter,
whereby after the engine is hot the
shutter may be opened to admit cold
air, so as to obtain exactly the right
conditions for maximum fuel efficiency.
Last year there was a violent irrup
tion of manifolds commonly called "hot
spots." The name was accurately de
scriptive, for it simply means a spot
in the inlet manifold maintained at a
high temperature, so that the gas In
passing over it is warmed and made
highly volatile. It Is a peculiar fact
that vaporized fuel does not take the
same course as liquid fuel. Gas or va
porized fuel, because of its higher kin
etic values, tends to travel in a straight
line until it strikes some obstruction.
Knartlon of "Hot Spot."
If this obstacle is part of the inlet
system, the liquid particles remaining
in the fuel will be vaporized without
affecting the mixture by unduly ex
panding it. Which brings us to con
sideration of another phase of the mat
ter. But before we leave the "hot
spot" let us point out that common Idea
that this feature helps in starting the
cold motor is totally erroneous. The hot
spot does not get hot until the engine
has run long enough to become heated,
so that the hot spot does not come Into
play until the engine has been running
for some time.
It is a curious idiosyncrasy of gaso
line fuel that while it is more efficient
if it is warmed, the heat applied to it
must not be too high. If the heat ap
plied is too great it reduces the volu
metric efficiency of the engine, for the
simple reason that heated air takes no
less space than the cold. If the fuel is
properly vaporized and is then mixed
with cool air. a fuel mixture of maxi
mum efficiency will be secured. This
is why a shutter permitting the admis
sion of cold air after the engine is run
ning helps carburetion.
With our present grades of fuel there
is not much danger that too high a de
gree of heat will be reached. Especially
is this so in cold weather.
TRUCK IS EASILY MADE
K. C. HABEL DISCUSSES PROBLEM
OF INTEREST.
Graham Bros. Truck: Attachment. Han
dled by Manley Anto Company
Pita Any Uaed Car. (
The demand for used cars Is increas
ing all the time, and the reason that
many dealers give is that these used
cars are being converted into trucks.
The cost of new trucks is high. Many
small business houses cannot afford a
new truck, but they can afford a used
car and an attachment that makes a
truck at small expense.
"We are selling many Graham Bros,
truck attachments to men who formerly
depended on horses to do all their
hauling," says E. C. Habel. of the Man
ley Auto Comparay, distributors of Gra
ham Bros." truck attachments here.
"The Graham Bros, truck attachment
is scientifically constructed and can
be attached to any automobile, making
an efficient truck that will do all and
more than many of the specially built
trucks that are now on the market.
"There are many of these trucks now
in use in this city, and they- are with
out exception doing remarkable work
at low haulage cost. The Graham at
tachment is made of the best materials
obtainable and constructed by expert
mechanics who know their business and
have been trained in the Ralston plant.
"There is no makeshift about this
truck attachment. The attachments
are built to cut the price- of hauling.
Many Portland concerns are putting
fleets of Graham attachments in serv
ice. The purchasing agent of one of
the local concerns declares that the re
sults obtained from these trucks have
been of the very best and that the up
keep cost is very low. There is an
ever-increasing demand for these at
tachments throughout the state."
Way to Remove Studs.
The car owner is frequently con
fronted with the job of removing a
stud bolt that is so inaccessibly located
that it is impossible to get at it with
an ordinary wrench. In these circum
stances, file a slight trench on each of
two sides of the stud's head. Just deep
enough for an ordinary open-end
wrench to grasp the head snugly. Then
turn this wrench, which projects above,
with a monkey wrench and the stud
will come out without difficulty.
Carbnretor Adjustments.
In making carburetor adjustments,
an operation the owner usually per
forms when the engine is cold, the new
adjustment should be given a chance
to prove itself before another change
Is made. That Is, after making a
change the engine should be run for a
couple of miles, even if it misfires at
the beginning while it is cold. It may
be that after it has warmed up to nor
mal running temperature the new ad
justment will prove a thorough try-out.
LIGHT CAB FAVORED
Large Import Tax Placed on
Heavy Auto Models.
MOTOR LAWS ARE REVISED
Government Takes Action Encour
aging Use of Automobiles That
Are Easy on Tires and
Use Little Fuel.
For some time back many Indications
have pointed to the rapidly Increasing
popularity of the light-weight car over
heavier models, particularly in view of
present war conditions, but not until
recent action by the Canadian govern
ment has the official stamp of approval
ever been accorded light cars as a
class.
- In revising the motor laws to meet
the new tax requirements, Canada came
to the conclusion that whatever in
crease was necessary should fall for
the most part on those cars that made
the maximum demands upon the nat
ural resources, such as gasoline, rub
ber, roads and labor. Following this
principle, officials found that auch de
mands were in direct proportion to
what a certain car weighed, or ex
pressed in other words, directly pro
portional to the horse power of the
engine.
In devising a new formula for deter
mining horse power, factors were In
troduced that favor those cars whose
weight does not require a large engine
to move it. As an example of the way
the new rating works out, the typical
four-cylinder car must bear only a 12
per cent .increase n tax, the light six
only a little over 20 per cent, wMle
the big six may stand fully 33 per cent
or larger fee.
J. C. Braly. Franklin dealer in this
territory, pointed out that the horse
power rating in this case remained un
changed, and as a consequence the
motor tax the Franklin owner in Can
ada is required to pay is no larger
than before.
HERE'S TIP FOR ACTO RICKS
Passenger Car, Not "Pleasure Car,"
Is Tp-to-Date Xame.
Recently Motor Age reproduced a
small sticker, which ran like this: Are
you one of the "hicks" who still eays
pleasure car ? Wake up. Say "pas
senger car." Don't be a Rip Van Win
nle. Just now. when we are undergo
ing a 30 per cent curtailment of pas
senger car production, and the makers
are meeting to agree on what the cur
tailment shall be after the first period
agreed on ends, which will be July, this
is more opportune than ever. The pas
senger cars of this country are trav
eling 40,000.000 miles a day- -the equiva
lent or 1600 times around the earth.
They give a estimated annual passen
ger-mile service of 60.000.000,000, which
is 25.000,000,000 more than the rail
roads give.' What would the country do
without them?
IS
OLDSHOBILE Z-POWER FEATURE
GIVES EFFICIENCY.
Motor Sow Gets All There la From
Gasoline ana la at Ita Beat
In Hill Work.
"Everyone who has had any consid
erable amount of driving experience is
familiar with the disagreeable results
of carbon deposits in the combustion
chambers of the engine," says Arnold
Cohen, of the Oldsmoblle Company of
Oregon, local Oldsmobile dealers. "But
very few men have any idea why the
average motor should repeatedly de
velop carbon trouble after It has been
proved that the engine is not pumping
OIL
"The fact of the matter is that the
fault lies Jn an altogether different di
rection. When a motor burns or "ex
plodes' a charge of gas under Ideal
conditions every particle, is consumed.
But far oftener than not the mixture
is too rich in gasoline and the result is
imperfect combustion; a minute part'
of the charge remains unburned and
settles in the form of carbon on the
walls of the combustion chambers, the
valves and spark plugs. After a short
time loss of power, uneven motor op
eration and constantly fouling spark
plugs follow.
"In the new Oldsmoblle eight-cylinder
cars this trouble Is largely elimi
nated, automatically, by what has come
to be known as the dual-power feature.
Ian engineering achievement that com
bines two distinct power ranges in the
one motor.
"At ordinary, driving speeds (any
where from one to 25 miles an hour)
the engine operates on an extremely
lean mixture the maximum of air and
the minimum of gasoline. Even when
the motor enters the second power
phase the gas used is lower in gaso
line percentage than is usual. Conse
quently there is very little chance for
any of the gas to remain unburned IB
the form of carbon. Naturally the mo
tor continues to develop all the powet
of which it is capable. This Is most
noticeable in hill climbing or whdn es
pecially heavy roada require strenuous
effort.
"It is nothing new for us to have an
owner report that he has driven 2000
or 3000 miles without touching a valve
or spark plug. And as for having them
report a mileage from two to four
miles a gallon in excess of what we
claim, that is a common occurrence."
CANADIAN ROADS FINE
J. A. BAM FORD A13 PARTY TOV'Il
VANCOUVER ISLAND,
People of Brltiak Columbia Hoapltable
and Make Tfclnaa Very Pleaa
ant for Tourists.
James A. Bamford. city sales manager
for the Goodyear Rubber Company,
and Mrs. Bamford. with C. A. Francis,
of the Francis Motor Car Company,
and Mrs. Francis returned recently
from a 10-day trip to British Columbia
and Vancouver Island In Mr. Francis'
Chalmers car.
They left Portland via the Pacific
Highway and drove to Olympla, where
they took the Olympic Highway to
Port Angeles. This highway is in
splendid condition the whole way. They
were able to average 25 miles an hour
on it with ease. Adding to the con
venience of motorists are mile boards
every mile.
At Port Angeles they took boat for
Victoria. They had heard a lot about
red tape and inconvenience to the mo
torist who travels into Canada, and
found all these stories utterly untrue.
There could hardly have been less red
tape. Fifteen minutes after reaching
the dock at Victoria they were passed
through, and then to their surprise
were met by a city official who seemed
to know all about them and the car,
and gave them a card to the Victoria
Automobile Club, maps, descriptions
and information about many Interest
ing trips to take through the Island.
Mr. Bamford had had a lot of trouble
before starting on this trip trying to
find out when the boats left from Fort
Angeles for Victoria. So. for the ben
efit of other motorists desiring to make
the same trip, he gives the Informa
tion that there is only one boat a day,
and that it leaves at 7 o'clock in the
morning. The fare is $8.60 for the car
and $1.25 per passenger.
From Victoria the party motored to
Nanalmo and thence to the Great Cen
tral Lakes, several miles north of Al
bernl. in Vancouver Island, and 150
miles north of Victoria. They found
the roads on Vancouver Island almost
perfect for touring so fine. In fact,
that a motorist can lay out a definite
schedule, as closely calculated as that
of a railway train, for his travels.
These roads are not hard-eurfaced,
but are of macadam kept in perfect
condition.
From Great Central Lakes they re
turned to Victoria and crossed the
straits again to Vancouver, B. C, on
the mainland. The fare is $6.50 for a
car and 80 cents for each passenger.
Vancouver is another beautiful city,
wtth many charming drives and points
of interest and hospitable people. They
enjoyed their visit immensely.
They returned to Seattle from Van
couver via Blaine and Belltngham.
Wash., and from Seattle and Ticorat
went to Rainier National Park for a
brief visit.
COLE RAXGE IS DEMONSTRATED
Total of 15.2 Miles Made on One
Measured Gallon of Gasoline.
To show how well the Cole Aero
Eight models are meeting tha demands
of the most particular and exacting
buyers, a Cole dealer Is credited with
this story of a demonstration:
According to this dealer a prospec
tive buyer was looking for a stock
sport model of moderate price, of strik
ing appearance, capable of great speed,
with correspondingly conservative use
of fueL The Cole dealer was sure that
a demonstration was all that was nec
essary to convince any buyer, no matter
how skeptical, of the remarkable pos
sibilities of this newtst Cole model.
The prospective customer finally con
sented to a ride in the Aero-Bight
sportster as a test. He waa highly
pleased with its appearance and the
only doubt expressed was as to its
power and gasoline economy. To make
this test fair in every respect the deal
er placed in the car a measured gallon
of gasoline after draining the tank, and
started out on a demonstration run.
On this test the car was repeatedly
throttled down, to remarkably low
ranges and the throttle suddenly ad
vanced with . a resulting even quick
pickup that astonished this exacting
buyer. The car attained a speed of 68
miles per hour during the trial and In
DUST? WHAT OF IT, IF YOU HAVE A DUST-PROOF OUTFIT LIKE THIS?
OTWTt ".iWili , : i . -
ffr'n mwfl
SIR. ,D MRS. C. M. HALL, GARBED YS THIS COSTUME, DRIVE THEIR CHANDLER DISPATCH CAR OVER THE ISTIEST lOADS d"thK DUST
' NEVER TOUCHES THEM.
In the photograph are C. M. Hall, of the Hall Produce Company, in Portland, and Mrs. Hall. In their new Chandler Dispatch car. Their costumes, which are
tos practical as they are striking, are of their own design. Each costume consists of a white pongee silk duster, with racing hood attached. The outfit is
light, comfortable and dust-proof, i If the going is very dusty. Mr. and Mrs. Hall lower the goggles over their eyes and not a dust mote reaches them. The car.
also, is protected from dust by a tonneau cover of the same material as the dusters. Mr. and Mrs. Hall motored to Tacoma for the races a couple of weeks ago
and wherever they went motorists were asking for the patterns for similar costumes. .They had not the slightest trouble on the whole round trip, and they
reached Tacoma and, on .the return flip. Portland aa fresh, and duaUesa as when .they started, thanks to their dust-proof garbs. .
Tim M W Km FfllMf
Qfdvanccd &nyin,GGrincf
Vy-f ,ar.an-7 . ) rm. - T.-aT- rJ-7
A Four-Passenger Roadster With
All Marmon Comforts
THE New Scries Marmon four-passenger roadster is
an unusual roadster in many ways. For one thing
it is exceptionally roomy and comfortable. For another
it is low hung, easily handled and turns in a short radius.
Many little touches that are not
expected on the touring car have
been given the roadster. The top
is lower. . The windshield is also
lower and slanting. N A trifle more
rakishness has been given to the
steering column. These slight de
partures have made this roadster a
most striking car.
The rear seat measures 44 inches
wide over three and one-half feet.
There is two inches more knee room
than formerly. Three people of
medium size can occupy the rear seat.
The same comfort and roominess
of the front seats that have attracted
so many to Marmon Touring Cars
have been retained in this Four
Passenger car.
The Four-Passenger Roadster has
the same advantages offered by all
other Marmon models.
Those who want a car of this type
should not fail to see this new road
ster. You will be delighted with its
appearance and comfort.
136-Inch WhttlbastillOO Pounds Lighter
NORTHWEST AUTO GO.
F. W. Vogler, Pres.
Broadway at Couch
C. M. Menzies, Mgr.
Alder at Chapman
spite of the many changes in speed it
showed a total mileage of IB. 2 miles on
the measured gallon of gasoline.
So wall pleased was this customer
with the demonstration that he wanted
to take the car and drive away with It
upon reaching the garage.
FILLER BIG SAVING TO TIRES
Bat Motorists Must Take the Pains
to Apply It Right.
A motorist told us recently that he
had lost faith in cut fillers because
they dtd not stick. Going further with
him. we found that he had simply
smeared a little cement in the cut.
pushed in a chunk of tread filler and
gone on his way, says an article in
Milestones.
You must first trim the edges of the
cut smooth with a sharp knife, roughen
the rubber with emery paper and clean
out thoroughly with gasoline. Apply a
heavy coat of patching cement, and.
while it is drying, take what you Judge
is a little more than enough cure cut
to fill the hole and knead it unttl soft.
When the cement Is dry. press the
cure cut firmly into the hole and trim
off with a moistened knife until the
repair is level wtth the tread. If pos
sible, let the repair stand a few hours
before using.
When a cut in the tread gets the
weight of the car on it In contact with
the road, it expands and grit and peb
bles are forced into the cut. With each
between tread and fabric Often this
TIRE
Bargains
Special en Congress Tires
30x3 Non-skid $11.85
30x3 M Non-skid .... $ 1 5.75
32x3 Vi Non-skid $17.05
81x4 Non-skid $23.55
32x4 Non-Skid. $24.25
84x4 Non-skid $25.80
85x4 H Non-skid $.15.95
36x4 Non-skid $36.75
37x5 Non-skid $43.75
Special on VTTALIC TIRES
Guaranteed 3500 Miles
80x3 Plain Tread ... $ 1 3.50
30x3 Non-skid Tread $13.75
30x3 4 Non-skid Trd $17.75
31x4 Non-skid Tread $26.50
83x4 Non-skid Tread $28.50
We carry a variety of other
makes. State size of tire
wanted and style of rim and
we will quote you on the dif
ferent makes we have in
your size.
We save you more than one
third on Tires and Tubes..
Mail Orders Promptly Filled.
Portland
Tire Co.
331 Burnside St, Portland
causes complete tread separation and
the' loss of an expensive casing. Open
cuts also let wir through to rot the
fabric. So. taking the trouble to fole
low directions and cure tread cuts
properly, win py big dividends.
iiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiu.'
1 to S Tons
Tlie Long Haul
and
The Right Truck
It might be a coincidence that practically every
long truck run of more than 50 miles one way, in
Oregon and the Northwest, is served by a Federal
truck.
It might be but for one thing the average
truck buyer is a shrewd student of traffic and
traffic costs.
He knows the wear and tear, the overloads and
all the other handicaps of weather and climate that
these trucks have to stand.
Also, they have watched other Federals and
after owning several makes have placed more
Federals, in this, the hardest of all service.
To Federalize is to economize.
1 TheWilliamLHughson Company
i Broadway and Davis
Portland, Or.
Oldest Motor Car organization on the Pacific
5 with branches at EE
EE San Diego San Francisco Los Angeles EE
EE Seattle Fresno Oakland EE
Siiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii,
Fordson-a Real Tractor
With Fordson Service
I Vick Bros
(agaaQQgBBBBBSSSBBBBSaBBKaftBBKZ
If you farm 40 acres or more you will be in
terested in a Fordson Tractor. See your local
dealer or write
Salem, Or.