TIIE SUNDAY ' OKEGOXIAX, PORTLAND, FEBRUARY " 3, 1918. 1 PRESS OF GERMANY GLORIFIES U-BOAT Anniversary of Unrestricted Submarine Warfare Is Celebrated. GREAT RESULTS CLAIMED imtrrdaa HandrNblad rnbllsbra jHTtcl JHsrrsaarnls Msowlng Slrps That Led to Adopt too of Italtf Jcsa folic bjr Raiser. lOTiVOS. Trh. ?. Tl German ns Vaper claim that In ttie first year of the unrestricted submarine warfare .04.4 looa of allied nl neutral shipping were nek and that only 4.- .U tone have been built to offset tat. A showtnc how unreliable I th Information which the German author! t ai out. the Associated iTeaa a il homed to stale that the claim pu r-rd xae:erale the actual ton lost be mora than a per rent. The total net lose of the world' v-eancotnc tonnage since tha ou'.brea ' the war. in-I'xlmc tria loaa by ma " rik wen na bjr enemy action. M allowing for enemy tonnage rap' tired, tmounlj to lss than J.eee.eoO tn; or. roue My. pr cant of th 1 mum available at the outbreak of tUe war. ruthless war la tha only chanco t d feat Oreat Britain and obtain a firm peare." Although tha expert differed aa tha prospect of war with tha United Slates, nooa of them advised again tha L'-boet war on that account. On tha third queatlon all tha expert a a reed that tha internal altuatlon de mended a draatlc remedy. II Zurkschwert (aid: "The moat draatle meaaurea ara ad visable owing to tha feeling of th nation. Tha nation will aland by th government, bat not If It ylelda thraata from America. 8urh weakneaa would land to aertoua consequences.' Daaarda a ad t'araa rerwra. It la sstlte poaelbla that Oerman will be unable to hold oat." aaid Herr Schmidt. "Mors draatle atepa should be taken kef ore . disorder and unreel artaea In tha agricultural district arh day'a delay means trouble. Herr fcngelhard cava bla opinion follows: "A few weeks delay may render oven unrestricted warfara abortive of good restilis." Herr von Flnrk said: A -treat maaa of our peopla ara at tha and of their resources. POTATO IS SUBSTITUTE riR(Ht- RATIO IS POIND I'LOI R TO TH O OF Pl l)S. or AMSTERDAM. Feb, I. Tha aertHoffl rial. -Nordayuix-he Allaemelna tltun and other rWlin newspapers publl: a runes on ins anniversary of unre Sirlcled submarine warfara. They trior! 1' he l-boat aa a "weapon wblrh has achieved strategic and moral results, particularly again! Ureal Hrltalii. In lis world poelttun." omelal Hereels rakllebed. Tha llandelsblad yesterday pub- lirhed a series of documents obtained aecretly from Herman archives show Ins; tha atepa which led to tha adoption ky Germany of her unrestricted sub- marina campaign a year iia Tha fol luwing Is a summary of tha documents "At tha cloea of 11 tha Oerraan Admiralty prepared a memorandum to how that unrestricted U-boat warfara would compel Orcat Britain to sua for ae within six months. Tha wording of this memorandum Indicates that tha Admiralty already had decided to adopt thia Intensified warfare, but desired eonvlnee tha Fmperor. tha Imperta 'hancellor and tha Foreign Office of tha certainty of the food results on economic and general around, rather lhaa merely on military a rounds. Early Callatsea Uedaced. "Accordingly tha memorandum based Its arguments on stattstlca of food j-rtcea. freight and Insurance rates In f.reat Britain. It pointed out tha ef recta which even tha restricted sub marina war had shown on prices of the aseential commodities, on tha bal ance af trade and on the morale of tha Kngtlsft people, and deduced from this hat wth unrestricted submarine war fara England could hold out only a bort period against hea factors." Tha memorandum first waa sub mitted to Ir. voo Fethmann-liollwva. ma imperial f hancellor. and then t- I-r. Karl Jleirferlch. vice-chancellor Tha latter rejected It on tha ground lhat it waa impossible to aet a limit on Fnclands Maying power In tha abiance of authentic estimates of her stocks an Band, and also because) be feared tha action which would result from neutrals, especially the United Mates. Tha authors of the memorandum then s-nt a reply. .In which they pointed out the gravity of tha International situa tion In .-rrr.ny and assured Ir. Ilelf lertcn that a desperate remedy was nec- aeaery. They reinforced their argument a t tha seriousness or tha internal state of affairs by calling In nlna as pens, representing German finance, commerce, mining and agriculture. These experts were Waldemar Muller. -president of tha Dresden Bank: tr. ralmonsohn. director of tha Isocount lieeelleechaft : Caul Reusch. ITusstan Councillor of Comraerca; Dr. 5prtngo-r-im. an Iron and railway magnate: Max Schlnkel. president of tha Ham burg Norddeutache Hank: Herr Zuck schwerdu Councillor of Commerce, of "Magdeburg: Wllh.-lm von Flnck. prea I'lmt of the Munich Hank: R. r- hmldt, fprew-entlng the lirrtun Agricultural I ouncll. and Hrr hngrihard. president Of tha Baden Chamber of Commerce. EUaarta Called lata issarlL Aa experts, these men were Invited to reply to three questions: First What would ba tha affect on 1'ngland of an unreatrlcted subma rine, war? second What would be tha effect on c:-rmany s relations a 1th tha United Ir-tatea and other neutrals? Third To what extent did tha In ternal sttuatlon -of Germany demand tha ilea of this drastic weapon? A:i tha experts agreed on tha first point, .that. England would have to sue 1 r peace in six months at most. Herr jlutlcr said England's supply of food stuffs was smaller than In peaca time and therefore a ruthless I. -boat war would probably accomplish the purpose In three months. fr. filomonjuhn asserted that Eng land's position was very vulnerable, ewine'w her dependence on foreign rapttal and the absence of a spirit of clf-sacrtflca among tha English peo ple. He therefore thought six months was an excessive estimate. It. Pprtngorum said. "Everything rfrpends on the cutting off of supplies from Great Britain quickly and thor oughly. Rewech Favors Frlgbtfalaeaa. . On th second question Hrrr Reusch said: The neutrals deaptsc our re stricted submarine warfare. Evtry ahip In British waters, enemy or neutral, should be torpedoed without warning. The world rer-pecte only those who In a great crisis know how to make the n:ot unscrupulous use of their power, ('rmany'i position In the world market after the war will he all the stronger for her having convinced tha world of ber power." Herr Schmidt said: I have no fears about America. On tha second question. Herr Muller and: "Unrestricted submarine warfare will catiM the wholesale fllifht of neu trals from the war sone. Their news papers will abuse Oermany. but th.y will soon tire. Tha chief danger Is the United -"tales, but that danger will be csa in proportion as Germany operates el-clatvely and rtathlessty. "Bitter feeling In the rnitrd States after the war Is not worth considering, because If Germany succeeds she can l.ctate terms to assure favored treat mant for herself. If. on the other hand, Germany throws away this opportunity. Iha passive approval of tha United fc'atte will be of small practical value." seleeaea ha's Vsrwa itolhlras. Tr. Saloraonsoha said on the second f otnt: "I recognise the possibility of a war with the t ailed flalee but I am loath to threw away so desirable a weapon en this account- .As a banker I realise hw Taker Officially Bengals cd by Feed Adsalalatratlea aad Prtre M III Met Be Allowed te Rise. SAN FRANCISCO, Feb. (Special.) Potatoes have been placed on the list of official substitutes for wbcat flour. From tomorrow retail grocers will be authorised by tha Food Administration to sell wheat flour with potatoes lieu of any other wheal substitute In the ratio of two pounds of potatoes to one pound of wheat flour. This an nouncement Is a concession of great benefit to the potato growers of the Coast. Incidentally. It deals a shrewd knock at tha farmers and other holders of barley. Barley waa the principal wheat substitute suggested In connection with the "victory loaf." and as a result the price of that staple shot up almost as soon as Its use as a substitute was an nounced by the Food Administration. Under the new rule purchasers of wheat flour are not compelled to take potatoes aa a substitute; but with every pound of white wheat flour he pur chases, the consumer must purchase either two pounds of potatoes or a pound of some other substitute or sub stltutrs. "The present prices of potaloea will not be allowed to soar as a result of this new order." said Food Commis sioner Merrttt. Mr. Merrltt tarried In his office long after official closing hours In order to get the necessary In dorsements from Washington to alter and extend the provisions of the orlgl- Hoover order before he left for Portland tonight. STREETCAR HEN STRIKE MOTOR tit: AD COD! CTOlie, T. LOUIS ORDKRCD OUT. AT lae-reaae ef Msaes sad Dtsewatleuaaee f Dssrrlsslaatlesj la Faver ef TVeeaew F.sasleyes Ueraaaded. ST. LOCI.e. Feb. J. A strike of street car motormen and conductors of St. Louis was ordered at 10:4i tonight. affective aa the cars turned In at the conclusion of the night's runs. temands for a newly organised union of street railway employes were pre- nted mis afternoon to the United Hallways of St- Louis, the local trac- lon company, and tonight the union men held a meeting to decide on a coursa of action In case the demands hould be refused. The union demands an Increase I he wages of motormen and conductors rom the present average of 2 cent n hour to e and 4a centa and that th company discontinue the alleged prac Ice of giving women conductors pref re nee over men their senior In service n the assignment of favored runs. An djustment of hours also la asked. Two hundred members of the newly chartered local of the Amalgamated Association of Street and Electric Kail way Employes attended a secret meet tonight to decide on a course rtlon In view of the failure of the nlted Ralawaya to accede to their do mands preacnted to the company to la-hl. It was announced that all men who continue work after 3 o'clock Sunday fternoon will be considered as strike breakers. Officials of the company say only few of the men joined the union. U. S. MAY PEACE, SAYS POPE America's Entrance Into War Declared Likely to Promote Desirable End. V SACRIFICE OF HIGH VALUE Loyalty to an Ideal Elevating; World May Find Valued Rcconipcn'C for AH Horrors Accompany ing Present Conflict. i'llllimiimillllllllllllllllllllllMIMIIIIIIIH W "T Tbeass Deep-Carve Kryptok eeace Are Belter (Trade-mark Registered) fir It ins SERVICE FLAG PRESENTED Campflrc Girls at Junction City Give Banner to School. JUNCTION CITT. Or., Feb. !. Sp elal.) The Willamette Cumrflre Oirls presented a service flag to the Wash- burne High School t rldsy. The flag was unfurled, displaying stars, each one representing a blgh school boy who has entered Into the service. The-programme consisted of "Amer ica." the .presentation of the flag and unfurling by Maurlne Carroll. Camp fire guardian: the response by Princi pal A. K. Mickey: "High School Appre ciation." by Helen Young; vocal duet. by Lois and Helen young; patriotic ad dress by Rev. T. Cook; quartet of high school boys: "Joan of Arc and How She slaved France." by Ellen Van Volkln burg, and salute and pledge to the flag. CARSON RENEWS PLEDGE ous general. He motored through streets that were decorated In bis honor and received a formal welcome from the mayor in behalf of Ulster's Unionist Council and an Informal one from several thousand assembled per sons. Sir Edward today conferred with the Unionist Council. It Is understood that In order to Identify himself more closely with Ulster he will resign his seat In the !loue of Commons as the representative for Dublin University and run aa a candidate for a working class constituency In Belfast. .at1eaallata Retala Beat. The Nationalists have succeeded. after a sharp contest. In retaining the parliamentary seat for South Armagh. which was made vacant by the death of Charlea O'Nell. who waa killed while fighting at the front. P. Donnelly. Nationalist, was elected, receiving :il votes, against 117 polled by Dr. Thomas McCaxtcn, a Sinn Felner. Dr. McCarten, who baa been called the "first Ambassador of the Irish re public." waa arrested In Halifax laat October In connection with bis alleged activities In a plot for a new Irish re bellion, but later waa released and taken to New York to answer a charge disastrous America's entry Into .of having fraudulently obtained an Ua.woX.weiold be. but I laaut that a I American passport. Br EDWARD MARSHALL. (Copyright, IBIS, by Edward Marshall Syn dicate, loo ROME. Feb. . (Special.) Tha aril. ele which follows Is not a formal inter view. Against that form of expression fope Benedict XV has achieved un alterable prejudice. It Is. however, the record of a friendly conversation of which his holiness granted me the priv ilege In his study at the Vatican. Since have written It It has been read and graciously approved aa the result of my anxiety In no way to misinterpret bis holiness to the readers of this newspaper. J "There Is one thing for which the I whole world may pray with an un-1 ceasing earnestness." his holiness said slowly. -That Is for the speedy res toration of Justice and brotherly love upon earth. Ever has injustice been the fruitful source of human misery. Out of the leasons of this war. this most Incredible of all catastrophes which ever have beaten down humanity, sure ly It Is not too much to hope that there may spring a new sense of a determin ation to do such Justice as can come only through mutual understanding, nation to nation; such Justice as. In the past, right-thinking men have trlven to do one to another. Sacrifice fer Ideal Tveeeasary. "There Is this about this war: It has brought to millions of men's minds the glory and necessity of sacrifice for an Ideal. That la a good thing If the ideal be unselfish, as usually Is the ca."e with these Individuals who do the act ual fighting In a war. Sacrifice is Those of your countrymen, as those of other nations who participate in the reat combat with thia as their ani mating impulse thereby will gain. The preservation of this thought among your men who go to battle may make he war produce upon their souls that fleet of spiritual elevation which will transform them Into better men, and sacrifice among those who do not know the perils of direct combat but patriot ically strive and watch and wait at ome may have for them the aame high alue. Thus, possibly, the world may nd, as It were. Its recompense for all the horrors which have beset It and beset It now, for all the suffering and oss the war has brought. World Peace Falare Aim. 'One thing It certainly has proved. seems to me. through all the sacri fice and all the dreadful effort which has demanded. To any reasonable mind, I think. It would seem that If ow humanity can put forth such uperhuman effort to make war. In aya to come It must be capable of uch endeavor as Inevitably will main tain world peace. It may be that the ufferlngs of this war will lead man- nd to ask Itself the question: M hy hould we strive and bleed and die In compassing destruction? Would It not better sacrifice If we laid down our lives In tha service of our fellow en Instead of In their ruin? It has been by following this line thought," His Holiness continued, wly, "that 1 have come to see the great necessity for Imploring con stantly that all humanity will Join me In the mighty effort to make certain that out of the reaction from the vast disaster which has stunned the world may aprlng that newly earnest sense of fraternal sympathy which alone can bring all people and all peoples to complete falrmlndedness. thus Insuring tranquil daya to come. rtealred Kad Will lie Hastened. "Do you feel." I asked, "that the en trance of the United States Into the war will serve the purpose of hasten Ing or assuring that result?" His Holiness sat for a moment with his gaxe fixed upon papers on his un pretentious, carefully ordered desk, yet I waa sure he did not see them. Then he raised his eyes and peered, again unsecingly at the gray and weeping bit of sky shown through the window, which, to me. revealed the dripping piaxza of St. Peter and, beyond, the haxy outline of the Alban hills. "Certainly I feel." he presently re plied, speaking very slowly, "that America's participation In the great contest Is likely to facilitate approach of such a peace as that which often I have mentioned as desirable a peace which will bring with It confidence of full security to all the peoples of the world. Tribute Paid America. "Tours is a great country," his holi ness continued, presently?- now very definitely smiling as he looked at me. It la a land In which Intelligence has developed splendidly, and I believe its people are unselfish, generous, and to them, aa the beginning of another of these solemn, darkly tragic years ap proaches. I am most earnest In good wishes. That the New Year for the United States may bring It the restora tion of that happiness of which, with nearly all the other . nations of the world. It has been deprived by the vast conflict certainly is my very earnest wish, the more so aa In the expression of this wish for the restoration of tran quillity to the United States I automat ically Include expression of the wish for its return to all the disturbed pop ulations of the earth." His Holiness Is very interested in America, her people and the prychology of her aims in the great war. After his expression of his New Year wish he made some comment on the high Intelligence of the American newspaper. In America, said he, smiling very wlnningly, "Journalism has become a mlahty power. Prolmblv it is a greater The Sign of Perfect Service We Invite the Fullest In- vestigation of Our Ability to Serve You Best. Many people who feel that thejr need glasses pat off seeing ; ns about getting glasses ' for E fear we will confirm their feel- E ings. E It often happens that those E who feel they need glasses need E something else and those who E feel that they do not need E glasses do need them, q E Tis better to have your eyes E examined now and know where E yon are at. . We will advise you in your Z best interests because your in- E terests are ours. Complete Lens-Grinding ' Factory on the Premises SAVE YOUR EYES I THOMPSON I I OPTICAL INSTITUTE E Portland's Oldest and Largest E ZZ laelustve Optical House ZZ Established ISOl E E :00-10-1l rORBETT BUILDI.G ZZ E Fifth and Morrison 5mimmiimtiimiiiiiiiiiiimimiimiiiiri power there than elsewhere. You must feel It a high privilege to address the people of your country every- week through their great newspapers." Again he paused and turned his face to look out of the window thoughtfully. "The American newspaper," he present ly went on. "is a pulpit from which greater congregations can be reached, perhaps, than from any other in the world. If all the preachers who ad dress your people from these pulpits while the war lasts shall preach to them the sermon that out of tbe great conflict real justice based upon full mutual understanding must be brought about, then may they achieve a service for humanity beyond the power of human computation." Sympathy and Admiration Expressed. In conclusion, as my audience came to an end, the Pope said thoughtfully: "I , feel myself Impelled, today, to express my sympathy and admiration for all those who have shown and who are showing now their willingness to suffer the supreme sacrifice for their love of country, whichever" country theirs may be; but at the same time it unquestionably is my duty to implore them to keep ever In their minds re membrance of the fact that true pa triotism must be founded on divine law, and that no man can be loyal to bis country unless he first be loyal to his conscience and his God." FRANCE BUILDS BIG RADIO Army lo Keep In Touch Willi Wash ington by Wireless. WASHINGTON, Feb. I. Direct radio communication between Washington and Army headquarters In France will be made possible tnis year with the completion of the $2,250,000 radio sta tion now being built in France by the Navy Department, which has charge of all radio communication. At the close of the war. under arrangements made, the station will be taken over by the French government. It is expected that the new station will be finished in August, and by working with the Arlington. Va.. sta tion, or the new hich-power plant at jiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiisiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii.iiiiiiiiiiiiiiitaiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiifiiiiiiiiiiiinisiiiiifii I "THE STORE THAT UNDERSELLS BECAUSE IT SELLS FOR CASH" Store Opens at 8:30 A.M. Saturdays at 9 A. M. Store Closes at 5:30 P.M. Saturdays at 6 P. M. The Most in Value The Best in Quality 1 Here's Another Great .Sale of I Handsome Metal Laces I I At 98c Yard E A Great Variety of Patterns I In 18, 27 and 36 Inch Widths I All at One Price See Our Third Etreet Window Display. Come to this sale and select from a wonderfully attractive assortment of patterns in pretty Metal Laces. Included are 18, 27 and 34-inch Flouncings in gold and silver effects on white, E cream and black Silk Nets ; also 18-inch heavy Metal Allover and wide Bands and Edges in burnt-out patterns for millinery; also fine quality Metaline Cloth in 36-inch width. E Neiv Spring Styles of Hair Bow Ribbons at 35c Yard I the latest new Spring patterns 5 Charming color combinations in Novelty Hair Bow Ribbons and colors in a worthy quality most moderately priced. E r Full Size Comforters At $3.75 . Filled with white cotton and covered with best quality silkoline. , Full Size Blankets At $5.90 Warm, durable Blankets, 66 by 80 inches. They come full 44 lbs. in weight. E E r Silk Mixed Fabrics At 75c Yd. New Spring Silk-Mixed Fabrics in light, medium and dark colored stripes, checks, plaids and plain colors. ' - Japanese Crepe At 35c Yd. Dainty Japanese Crepes in the most attrac tive assortment of styles and colorings we have ever shown. j - 65 A PAIR FOR MEN'S WOOL GLOVES $1.50. A PAIR FOR MEN'S FLEECED LEATHER GLOVES $2.00 A PAIR FOR MEN'S AUTO GAUNTLET GLOVES iiiiiiiiiiiiitiuiiiiHitiiiimiiimiiiiitniiiuiiiiiiimm Annapolis, the radio system will afford quick relief " BOARDING GRAFT SUNK BRITISH ARMED STEAMER LOTJVAIJi IS TORPEDOED. Seven Officers and 317 Men lse Lives When Boat la Victim, of Ger man Submarine. LONDON, Feb. 2. The British armed boarding steamer Louvaln, Lieutenant Commander M. G. Kaston commanding, was torpedoed and sunk by a German submarine in the Eastern Mediterra nean on January 21. Seven officers and 217 men were lost. This official announcement was made tonight. ' NEW TORK, Feb. 2. The steamship Montreal, reported last night in a cable dispatch from London as having been sunk In collision, was identified today as belonging to the Canadian Pacific Railway. The vessel was of 8644 tons burden and its home port was Lonrlon. HOOVERIZE AXD ECONOMIZE. Send Us Tonr Old Rags, Carpets and Woolen Clothing. H Will Make Yen Tkoee Everlast img Western Braad Reversible. Ilaael - even Fluff Rugs They Wear Like Irea." THOSE IS AD OI R DRIVERS . WILL. CALL. Oat-ef-Towra Patroee Scad ffr Descriptive Booklet, mis at Paid Beth Ways Mall Orders Western Fluff Rug Co. M-M I alee Ave. Cor. East Davia. Ptssrs East SSie, Hesae B 1473. WE DO -ETtPIC CARPET -CLK.4IG. RAG RIGS WOE. ALL SIZES.' iMiiHimimmimniiiimmimnmnimmimiiiiimiiiimimmmimnmnm lllMIIIIIUIIIIiilliiiHlliinillUlllllliillillillliMlllllllllllllllllllllllllillllllllllllllllLf Feldenheimer Optical Department in much greater perfectn than ever before.'- Absolute .Thoroughness Our Aim and Accomplishment i - Your prescriptions are on file and cared for in a more thor ough manner under our newer and more efficient manage ment. Strictly up to date. A. & C. Feldenheimer Jewelers, Silversmiths Opticians Established since 1868.. Washington St at Park. This Sale of Our Best . Oriental Rug's Will End Soon It seems everyone has heard of this sale. Also, most people realize the condition of the Oriental Rug industry and consequently they bought many of the fine specimens , offered. . We wanted to lighten our load by many thousand dollars, which was the real reason for the sale, and still have a good many rugs in the stock on sale at 20 Per Cent Discount This opportunity is therefore extended for a few days longer, that we may decrease the stock to the point desired. Eat. 1906. The Rugs in the .win dow today are exam ples of the many good buys' still to be had. Reg. Sale. Royal Saruk 6.6x4..- J270 Bokhara . 3.10x2.4 29 Belouchistan 5.8x4.1 74 Mousul 6.3x3.7 $110 Beioiichistan . Saddle Bag l.lxl.l. 18 Shiraz Saddle Bag 2x2.3. t 20 S.21S 23 $ S $ 88 14 1 Cartozian Bros., Inc. Wholesale and Retail. II Tenth and Washington, Plttock Block I1 EnniMHiiiiiimmmmmiMiiimiimimiiiimmnmiiummmimmmiiiimmimf rilllllllllllillllllllllllllllllllilillllllillllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllilllllllllllllllllllllr: 32S Alder St, Near Broadway Portland, Oregon "For Anything Musical, See McDougall First" Ukuleles- Steel Guitars C G. Conn Band Instruments Vega Tu-ba-phone and WTiyte -Lay die Banjos . . Instruments Repaired HerGraadm Used SageTfea To Darken Her Hair. Grandmother kept her hair beauti fully darkened, glossy and attractive with a brew of Sage Tea and Sulphur. Whenever her hair took on that dull, faded or streaked appearance, this sim ple mixture was applied with wonder ful effect. Bjr asking at any drug store for "Wyeth's Sage and i Sulphur Compound" you will get a large bottle of this bid-time recipe, improved by the addition of other ingredients, all ready to use, at very little cost. This sim ple mixture can be depended upon to restore natural color and beauty to the tair. ' .; A well-known downtown druggist says everybody uses Wyeth's Sage and Sulphur Compound now because it darkens so naturally and evenly that nobobdy can tell it has been applied it's so easy to use, too. You simply dampen a comb or soft brush and draw it through your hair, taking one strand at a time. By morning the gray hair disappears; after another application or two it is restored to its natural color and looks glossy, soft and beautiful. This preparation is a delightful toilet requisite. It is not intended for th. cure, mitigation or prevention of dis ease, ' ' I f