VAST AREAS OF PLACER AMD
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Copyright. 1917, by Frank G. Carpenter.) I
"X T
OME, Alaska. The gold resources
I XI of Alaska are beyond computa
1 tlon. Thft territorv hai nroduced
ao much of that precious metal that If
It were divided equally among: the peo
ple of the United States there would
be $13 for every family living- under
the American flag. The product al
ready amounts to more than $260,000,000
a-nd that notwithstanding nine-tenths
f the country has never been pros
pected. The greater part of Alaska is
covered with moss and other vegetation
that hide the rocks and earth, and the
most of the gold so far won has been
extracted from Ice, sand and rock that
were frozen solid for thousands of
years before the miners thawed the ice
and recovered the gold.
It is easy to prospect a country where
the metals lie loose in the earth and
where every great rain washes some of
the float to the surface. It is different
where the metal is held tight in the
hands of Jack Frost, until his fingers
are burned by the fires of the miners.
Almost all of the $185,000,000 worth, of
gold that has been taken from the ba
sin of the Klondike was thawed out
by fire and steam. The same is true
' of the $80,000,000 from Fairbanks and
aviso of the gold now being mined In
the Iditarod, and at Ruby and Nome.
what Alaska needs is more prospect
ors and modern machinery and cheap
fuel to get the gold out of the earth.
The prospectors will come with the
completioin of the railroad, and with it
we will have cheap coal for the camps.
As to machinery, it is being dragged in
by horse power and man power, and
the railroads will put it into hundreds
of places where It cannot go now.
The gold mining of today is far dif
ferent from that of the past. It has
changed from a gambling to a manu
facturing "proposition : from a specula
tion to an industry. By good manufac
turing I mean the mining of gold at
such a low cost that it is an indus
trial proposition. The bulk of the gold
of our forefathers came from the pick,
shovel and rocker of the Individual
miner. The bulk of the gold of today
Is gotten out by companies which have
capitals of millions of dollars, and
whose profits come from ores so poor
xnai our loretatners could not have
mined them at a profit. This is so of
live-,, a
Todem Povllry (uliure
if m
r
According to the writings, of
Aristotle and Fliny the ancient
Egyptians hatched eggs In ves
sels which they buried in the
ground and covered with manure.
For the last 2000 years the Egyp
tians have successfully incubated
eggs in immense baked-clay
hatcheries which are heated by
burning plies of straw and dried
manure.
The hatchery has a capacity of
S6.000 eggs. S000 of which are
added every three days. The
eggs rest on two inches of cut
straw, are turned three times
daily, and almost all the fertile
eggs hatch. In 1908 It was re
ported that out of 85.000,000 eggs
placed in the hatcheries, 7 2.250.
000 chickens were returned to
the Egyptian husbandmen.
BT FRANK C. HARE,
Wnltry Husbandman, Clemson College,
South Carolina.
THE success of the Egyptian hatcher
erles and equally gratifying re-
suits in China demonstrate that
It is possible to hatch as great a per
oentage of chicks by artificial methods
as when the work is performed by hens,
And since no thermometers are used In
lther country where hatcheTles are
employed, the heat of the room being
a-scertalned by placing an egg to the
closed eyelid of an expert attendant,
and crude heating methods are em
ployed, it is evident that the successful
hatching of eggs cannot be such a dell
oate process as we have imagined.
In America. nd Europe there are no
baked-clay hatcheries, but the eggs are
Incubated in lots of 50 to many thou
sands in special incubators heated by
kerosene, gas or coal. While there are
excellent small Incubators on the mar
ket designed for the poultryman with
a small flock, a most desirable size for
even the beginner is the machine that
holds about 250 eggs. When more than
1500 eggs are to be incubated at one
time, a mamoth incubator heated by a
kerosene or coal-burning stove is gen
erally preferred to a number of lamp
heated Incubators.
Location of locnbator.
An incubator should be placed in a
well-ventilated room. A bright, airy
cellar, or a north room having fairly
uniform day and night temperatures,
are most suitable, while a close room
filled with impure air will kill the em
bryos In the most vigorous hatching
eggs. Keep the windows constantly
open on at least one side of the incu
bator room, and. if there is a draft on
the machines, eover these windows with
thin cloth. i
Set up and level the Incubator. Fill
the lamp with high-grade kerosene.
Then operate tho Incubator without
J?ocjk-n cr oui Gold.
the Transvaal, which has produced
more than $2,000,000,000 worth of gold
since the first discoveries were made
about a generation ago, and It Is true
also of the greater part of the gold
mined in the United States today.
Coming north from Seattle I saw my
first great gold properties on Douglas
Island, Just opposite Juneau. These
were the Treadwell mines, which have
been manufacturing gold, as it were,
for more than thirty-five years. They
have taken out something like 30.000,
000 tons of ore, and from it have ex
tracted more than $60,000,000. The
gold so far taken out has averaged
only $2.42 a ton, and that low average
has paid an enormous profit for thirty
five years.
Just across the Gastineau channel, a
stream of salt water a thousand feet
wide, are several mountains of gold
which some of the great capitalists are
Just beginning to work. They have al
ready spent millions of dollars In pros
pecting and developing, and they will
make fortunes out of ore whose aver
age gold contents are almost $1 less in
value than those of the Treadwell. The
Alaska Gastineau properties from which
the owners expect to be mining gold
for a century to come are handling ore
worth on the average only $1.60 ton",
and the same is true of the Alaska
Juneau, the Kbner and other large
mines nearby.
Indeed, there Is a strip of territory
In Southeastern Alaska 200 miles long
which carries quantities of low-grade
gold, and to this strip the Treadwell
and these other mines belong. While
at Juneau I had a talk as to the extent
of this gold belt with Mr. B. Lt Thane,
the manager of the Alaska Gastineau.
Mr. Thane says that Juneau Is about in
the middle of the belt, and that It runs
north and south, much of It being so
close to the water that the ore can
be handled by gravity. Mr. Thane was
then mining gold which averaged only
$1.50 ton, and of that 90 cents was
clear profit. He expects to raise this
to $1 per ton, and to so increase the
output that the mills will grind out
more than 10,000 tons every day, Sun
days and week days, year in and year
out. The Alaska Juneau Is prepar
ing to work on an equally large scale.
and Its machinery Is as fine or finer
than that of the Gastineau. ir the fig
ures given me are correct, this would
mean an output of 20,000 tons a day
from these two mines alone, and that
at a profit of a dollar per ton would
eggs in It until a temperature of 102
degrees can be maintained In the egg
chamber from one night until the next.
The thermometer should hang from the
ceiling of the egg chamber, with the
bulb so placed that it registers the tem
perature of the air surrounding the up
per portion of the eggs. D.o not allow
the thermometer to touch an egg. as
the temperature will fluctuate each
time the bulb is moved from a. living
to a dead embryo the latter being
colder.
Studying Natural Incubation.
We will insert an incubator ther
mometer under a sitting hen. that
hatches successfully to learn at what
temperatures her eggs incubate. By
averaging the results of a number of
trials, we discover that all eggs In the
nest are not kept equally warm. The
temperature of the bare breast of the
sitter, against which the center eggs
PEKIJf
PEKINS are natives of China, where
duck breeding Is extensively fol
lowed. And) this breed is the most gen
erally bred. They were Imported into
America in tho early '70s, and their
wonderful vigor, prolificacy and hardi
hood, made them favorites almost Im
mediately. This is the breed' found on
most of the large commercial duck
farms in this country, many of which
market upwards of 60,000 ducks a year.
Pekins lay well, better, perhaps, than
other varieties, with the exception of
the- Indian Runner. Their eggs are
large And white, and. like those of
other ducks, are laid at night. On com.
meroial farms the eggs sure batched ia
TIIE SUNDAY OEEGONIAX, PORTLAJfD, FEBRUARY 18, 1917.
QUARTZ WHICH
equal $20,000
throughout
year.
In my talk with Mr. Thane he spoke
of the efforts made to reduce the cost
of every possible item. ald he: "We
will gladly pay $50,000 to any inventor
who can show us how to save one cent
a ton in getting out gold, one cent
per ton would mean a saving of $100
a day on one i.u.uuu-ton proauci. it
would mean over $35,000 a year; and a
saving of 10 cents a ton would mean
the saving of $1000 a day. So you see
we can afford to pay for the best of
machinery."
In speaking of the power used. Mr.
Thane said that the hydraulic electric
plant erected for the mine had cost
more than a million dollars to build,
but that It gave them 6000 horsepower
and reduced their power cost to 20
cents per ton lees than that of the
Treadwell mines. In other words, that
reduction on a 10,000-ton dally output
meant a saving of $2000 per day.
Coming across the mountains Into
the Klondike I Investigated other meth
ods of gold manufacture. The first
mining in the Klondike was of the
speculative kind of our forefathers.
Men dug holes In the ground and
dragged out fortunes in gold dust and
nuggete. The only difference was that
In the Klondike the frozen ground had
to be thawed down 20, 30 or 40 feet- to
where the gold lay. That sort of min
ing could not be done unless the gold
averaged many dollars a ton. The Klon
dike mining with machinery, as car
ried on now. Is In gold values that will
average from 20 to 60 cents a ton. and
from such values tens of millions of
dollars' worth of gold have been ex
tracted. The Tukon Gold Company has
the richer properties, but Joseph W.
Boyle'e expenses of mining are by far
the less, and he makes a profit out
of gold that averages from 28 to 30
cents a ton. The Treadwell quarts
mines spend $1.35 to get the gold out
of the ore.- The Alaska Gastineau
spends 80 cents a. ton, but Joseph W.
Boyle, whose proposition Is a placer
one, thawa the gravel and gets out the
gold for about a cents a ton.
We are now getting more than $10,
000,000 a year from the gold placers of
Alaska, and we have already taken
about $190,000,000 of that kind of gold
nut of the territory. The geologists
have estimated that there is something
rest is 104.6 degrees. The air at the
upper portion of the middle row of
eggs In the nest is 103.4 degrees while
that circulating around the outside
row of eggs Just Inside the sitter's
wing has a temperature of 99.4 de
grees. In taking these temperatures
the thermometer was placed at the
breast of the hen, or held near the up
per portion of the eggs, with the in
tention of making these readings un
der the hen correspond with the read
ings of the same thermometer in the
egg chamber. The hens used in the
experiment hatched practically every
fertile egg, and. for that reason, can
be considered authentic.
We have learned, therefore, that the
highest temperature to which eggs
should be subjected in an incubator la
about 104 degrees any higher tem
perature is unnatural. The lowest tern
perature to which eggs should be held
DUCKS
large incubators, after which tho chick
lings are placed in a brooder and moved
from pen to pen as they develop. They
are heavily fed for 10 weeks, when they
are killed and dressed as "green
ducks." The best specimens are re
served for breeding purposes. The
feathers are dried and sorted for use
In pillows, beds, and so on.
The Pekln is large, males weighing
from 7 to pounds and females from
6 to 7 pounds. It is canary white In
color, with an orange-yellow bill, legs
and feet. It walks with a semi-upright
carriage, which distinguishes it from
the Aylesbury, the great English duck,
which ia whiter In color and carrUs its
body more horizontally.
WILL PRODUCE
like $300,000,000 worth of placer gold In
the Seward peninsula and there may be
other great deposits of a similar nature
in the unexplored parts of Alaska. As
to the lode mines, where the gold Ilea
in veins in the rock, we have so far
taken out $75,000,000 or $80,000,000
worth of gold, and 23 lode mines are
now being operated. Their output in
creased more than $2,000,000 last year
and -the reports of our geological sur
vey Indicate that there will be a great
Increase In the gold lode output In the
future. All of this Is dependent upon
machinery, and it belongs to the low
grade mining era of the present.
Many people think that the only min
ing done in Alaska Is during the Sum
mer This la a mistake. The mines of
Southeastern Alaska work all the year
round, and those about Juneau and on
Douglas Island are kept busy day and
nignt throughout the. year. Many of
the placer mines of Fairbanks get out
the earth during the Winter, and last
year $500,0000 worth of gold was won
during that season. They are even
mining gold on the Koyukuk. not far
from the Arctlo circle. In the heart
of midwinter. A large part of the out
put of that region comes from mines
far under the surface. In the Innoko
district, which Is producing about
$200,000 worth of gold, there are 22
mines which are operated In Winter,
and In the Klondike the mining sea
son has been so extended that the
dredges work seven or eight months of
the year. The deeper mines about
Nome are kept busy in the heart of
midwinter. There were 86 working
last season and more will be in opera
tion during the Winter to come. Win
ter mining will be greatly Increased
as soon as the railroad is completed.
It Is dependent upon cheap fuel for
thawing the Ice-frozen strata. The
gold-bearing earth Is taken out and
left on the dumps to be washed when
the warm weather comes.
I have been much Interested in the
methods of handling the gold after it
is gotten out of the earth. The ordi
nary placer miner puts his gold dust
and nuggets in what is known as a
"poke." This Is a bag made ot buck
skin about as big around as your arm
and & foot or so long. The miner may
have several pokes, or he may store
his dust In tin cans or other receptacles ,
until he Is ready to take it to the
bank. The ordinary miner's cabin has
for a long period Is about 99 degrees.
By estimating the temperature of each
egg daily from its location in the nest,
whether at the hen's breast, middle,
or outside row, and computing these
temperatures, it was found that the
average temperature during the hatch
at which each egg is incubated under
a hen is 102.3 degrees.
Temperature Tnrnlng an d Cooling.
As a result of this and other ex
perimental work with sitting hens and
Incubators it has been shown that the
After the hatching, from the
time tho chicks leave the shelter
of the Incubator until they are
weanedi from the brooder, the
poultryman Is apt to regard life
as a rather serious proposition
unless he has reliable brooding
facilities. Next week's article
has to do with the construction
of a brooder house of known
practicability, by Robert Arm
strong, and It Is illustrated by a
working drawing.
best results will be obtained when
temperature of about 102 degrees Is
maintained throughout the entire
hatch, including tho final period when
the chicks are emerging from the
shells. It Is not necessary to keep the
eggs at a constant temperature of
102 degrees, but this should be the
object aimed at, and at least the av
erage temperature for each day or
week and the hatch.
Of oourss the sitter cannot maintain
an Invariable heat or 10ZH degrees
for every egg every hour of the hatch
ing period, but It Is believed that each
egg averages this temperature each
day. It can be conservatively stated
that a sitting ben turns ber eggs at
least 10 times a day. rolling the outside
eggs to her breast and changing the
position of each egg in the nest. This
rolling takes place tho first day the
hen sits on the eggs.
Fill the Incubator In the morning
and turn the eggs that evening, and
continue turning them morning and
evening until the first chick pips the
shell. Three turnings a day are prac
ticed In Egypt and by some American
operators. The noon turning could not
be harmful, and It might be beneficial,
but so far as we know no experiments
have been conducted to decide this
question of additional turnings.
Teat the eggs at the end of the first
and second weeks and remove the In
fertile eggs and dead germs.
The egg chamber of the Incubator
Is warmer at the center than near the
door, and, to overcome this variation,
the center eggs are frequently lower
or farther from the heating compart
ment. However, this uneven beat Is
not Injurious when the eggs are moved
around the egg chamber of tho ma
chine similarly to their movement un
der a hen. If the incubator tray has
no divisions, place the center eggs at
tho front and back of the tray and roll
the remaining eggs toward the center.
If the eggs are in rows on the tray,
keep moving the outside eggs of each
row to the eenter. When there ax
MILLIONS
no lock on the door and cans of gold
dust are often left comparatively un
guaraea. inaeea. ltre and property
here are safer than in meet of the cities
of the United States, and the miner
takes risks that he would not dare to
take In New York and Chicago. The
most of the gold dust is sold to the
banks, which assay it and reduce it
to bullion. They melt It into gold
bricks. In which shape it is taken by
steamera to Seattle, Every bank has
Its assaying establishment. Sometimes
the gold is paid for over the counter,
the banker guessing at Its value. Some
of the gold is not as pure as others.
Some may be worth not more than $1&
an ounce, while other dust will rea
lize $20 or more. The moat common
way is to take the dust and turn it
Into bullion, charging a commission
therefor. The ordinary rate is now
'Ms per cent. After the gold has been
turned Into bricks, the banks pay its
value as per the assay less their com
mission. It Is interesting to visit the melting
establishments of these Alaska banks.
I spent some time today in that of the
Merchants &. Miners' Bank here at
Nome. The gold smelting was done In
a little room adjoining the bank, and
the furnace looked much like a kitchen
stove. Around the walls were shelves
containing melting pots of one kind
or another and under them were bins
of soda and other materials such as are
mixed in with the gold In the melting.
When the lid of the stove was lifted
I observed that it was lined with fire
clay, and I was shown that it had a
bdowplpe connected with It and that
its heat was even as great as the fur
nace through which Shadrach. Meshac
and Abednego, the three Israelites,
walked and came out as free from
harm as though clad in asbestos.
The assayer was a young man from
Sidney. Ohio. He came out here as a
graduate of the Ohio State University,
and since then has melted aometnlng
like $33,000,000 worth of gold dust and
moulded it Into bullion. He Is now
melting about $2,000,000 per annum.
He had a big Job on band at the time
of my visit, and with his permission I
watched the process. He first took tko
clay pots, each holding about a half
a gallon, and poured into them Borne
soda and other chemicals. He then
took two pokes, each holding a quart
of gold dust and nuggets, and poured
them into the pots. He handled the
gold dust as 1f it was so much corn-
two trays, shift them from side to
side of the egg chamber and turn them
end for end alternately, thereby equal
izing as much as possible the incu
bating temperature of each egg.
Leave the eggs out to cool and air
at each turning until they are almost
cold. Fifteen to 20 minutes is not too
long to cool the eggs In warm weather.
Commence cooling and airing the eggs
in this manner at the first turning and
continue it at each turning until the
first egg Is pipped. Keep the door of
the egg chamber closed while the eggs
are airing.
Moisture and Ventilation.
In a dry room, thoroughly sprinkle
the eggs on the 10th, 14th and 18th
days of Incubation with warm water
(105 degrees), removing the tray and
scattering the water over eggs and
tray with a whisk broom. Open the
ventilators throughout the hatch. Do
not place & tray of water under the
eggs, as It is an Ideal medium for the
development of mold, the spores of
which fungus cause one form of white
diarrhea in baby chicks.
The egg chamber must be filled with
moist air when the chicks are pipping
the shell on the 19th and20th days
of Incubation, otherwise the shell
membranes (skins inside the shell) be
come dry and tough and many chicks
are imprisoned. Pure air is also nec
essary at this critical time. The sit
ting hen exposes the pipped eggs con
stantly to the cool outside air in her
desire to assist with her beak the
chicks emerging from the shell. The
limited ventilation ot the egg chamber
is inadequate for a number of live
chicks.
Instruction for the Last Days.
When the chirp of the first chick is
heard, about the 19th day. if the glass
of the door of the egg chamber is not
dripping with moisture, withdraw the
tray partly and sprinkle the eggs with
warm water as previously described.
Close tho door until the early chicks
are hatched. ' Then withdraw the trays
a second time, place the dry chicks that
have not fallen below into the chick
compartment under thetray, roll the
eggs around and examine them for mis
haps, and sprinkle eggs and newly
hatched chicks with warm water. Wet
the front of the traps and the inside of
the egg chamber also. The whole op
eration should not require more than
two minutes.
This withdrawal of trays and sprin
kling of the eggs should be repeated as
often as necessary to maintain pure.
moist air In the egg chamber. When
the door is closed the glass rapidly
"sweats, showing excessive moisture,
and the interior temperature rises to
tho desired degree (102). Every chick
has pure air to breathe, and by follow
lng this praotice the percentage of em
bryos which die in the shell will be ma
terially reduced and the chicks that
hatch early will not be weakened and
subject to white diarrhea and other
diseases.
Wife Would See Town.
IOWA CITT. Ia., Feb. 7. Anna Za-
kostelecky has filed suit for divorce
from John, asserting her husband has
not taken her to town for more than
two and one-half years.
4 X
Worlefny With Cornjoz-ess&d
meal, and indeed It looked not unlike
cornmeal fresn ground. He next took
the pots up with pincers and laid them
on the blazing bed of the furnace. He
then covered the whole and sent la a
draft which raised the temperature to
something like 2500 degrees Fahren
heit. It takes only 1800 degrees to melt
gold, and the heat soon transformed
the dust and flux into a liquid mass
which boiled and bubbled. When he
opened the furnace the contents of the
pots were of a golden red color, and
the pots themselves were red-hot. He
lifted them out with tho pincers and
poured the liquid from each into a steel
mold the shape of a brick. As the gold
struck the cold metal It cooled, and a
little later the impurities in it rose to
the top in the form of slag, which
crumbled off. leaving a brick of pure
gold. This brick was worth thousands
of dollars. The assayer dumped it Into
a wooden tub. like a washtub. filled
with water. This cooled the brick and
a few moments later the assayer took
It out and scrubbed It off with a nail
brush such ao you can buy any day
In the 10-cent store. He then wiped It
with a 15-cent towel and showed It to
"me as bright and shining as a sew
wedding ring.
After melting, the gold brick Is
weighed and the difference between the
weight of the dust and the weight of
the brick represents the Impurities.
The average loss In the case of clean,
bright dust Is about 2 per cent. The
next process is assaying the brick.
Chips are cut from the corners with
chisels, or borings taken from tho tup
and bottom in different parts of tho
brick. These are melted and refined
and their content of pure gold Is
known. Their weight Is then compared
with that of the brick. The result
shows the fineness of the metal in the
brick and its value.
During my stay hero I have een
much of Jafet LJndeberg, who, with
John Brynteson and Erik Li nd bloom,
made the discovery that resulted in the
great gold fields of Nome. Neither of
the three men had had much experience
in gold mining. Brynteson had come
from the iron mines of Michigan to
Alaska to search for coaL Linu bloom
had emigrated from Sweden to San
Francisco, where he had worked as a
tailor. He came to Alaska upon hear
ing of the gold discoveries at Kotzebue
Sound. Llndeberg had come from Nor
way to aid Uncle Sam's expedition
which took reindeer from that country
to the starving miners at Dawson. He
heard of the Klondike and he took the
reindeer contract to get to the gold
mines. When he landed with the deer
he heard that-gold had been discovered
on the Seward peninsula, and then came
north to St. Michael, He was pros
pecting near there, along the Fish Klv
er, when he fell in with Brynteson and
Lindbloom, and the three decided to go
westward andtest the country about
the Snake River, at the mouth of which
WASHINGTON SNUBBED WHEN HE
ADDRESSED SENATE IN PERSON
Precedent Set by Father of His Country Permitted to Fall Into Disuse for
127 Years Until Revived by Wilson First Experience Not Encouraging.
OREGONIAN NEWS BUREAU.
Washington. Feb. 17. President
Wilson's recent appearance be
fore the United States Senate to discuss
International peace broke a practice of
more than 127 years' standing. Only
once before in Amerloan history has an
American President In person addressed
the Senate. George Washington ap
peared before the Senate on August 22.
1789. to discuss an Indian treaty, and
he became so outraged at what he re
garded as the scant courtesy shown
him by the Senate that he never carea
to repeat the experience. Since that
time. Presidents, save Mr. Wyon, have
transmitted their messages to Congress
In writing.
Wssk Insrt on's Letter Brief.
There is in the files of the 8eoretary
of the Senate the letter which George
Washinirton sent to the Senate under
date of August 21, 1789, notifying them
of his intention to address them tne oay
following. The letter was dated In New
York, which was then the seat of gov
ernment, and read as follows:
"Gentlemen of the Senate: The Presi
dent of the United States will meet the
Senate In the Senate Chamber at halt
past eleven o'clock tomorrow to ad
vise with them on the terms of a treaty
to be negotiated with the Southern In
dians. O. WASHINGTON."
The President appeared at the ap
pointed time, with bis Secretary of
War, General Henry Knox, and some
interesting light on the first appear
ance of a President before the Senate
is found in the diary of William Mac
lay, then a Senator from Pennsylvania
He speaks of the difficulty of hearing
the President "because of the noise and
rumble of carriages in the street." in
dicating that New York. 128 years ago,
was a bustling, noisy metropolis.
Advice Bluntly Asked.
Speaking of the President's entrance
Senator Maclay says:
"He rose and told up bluntly that
he had called on us for our advice and
consent to some proposition respecting
a treaty to be negotiated with the
Southern Indians. Said he had brought
General Knox with him. who was well
acquainted with the business.
When President Washington had out
lined his views Senator Gunn. of
Georgia, moved that action bo post
poned until Monday. Senator Morris
moved that the papers be referred to
a committee of five to report "as soon
as might be" on them.
"Several members grumbled some ob
lections." writes Maclay. "I rose and
supported the mode of doing business
by committee. . I spoke through the
whole in a low tone of voice. Peevish
neti itself could not take offense at
anything I said. - As I sat down the
President of tho United States started
3
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fffyh
' I A .
sii'r.
Nome la situated. Thoy had tested a
faalf dozen creeks that flow into tho
river, finding more or less gold, when
they made their discovery on Anvil
Creek. That was the 20th of Septem
ber. 1898. The weather was already
cold, but by using hot water they were
able to wash the gravel, and they took
out $1800 worth of gold within a few
days. They then took up claims about
their discovery, and it was these claims
and others that formed the foundation
Jor the Pioneer Gold Mining Company. -which
will probably mine more than
$1,000,000 this year. From the claim
No. 9 Anvil they took out $8000. and
from a claim nearby came more than.
$1,000,000. By and by other deposits
were discovered and the region was so
developed that it has already produced
something like $70,000,000 worth of
cold.
In my talk with Mr. Llndeberg I
asked him to tell mo something as to
the changes In mining. Said he:
"We started by digging the earth
with pick and shovel, and we used the
old-fashioned rocker to wash out the
gold. Later on we made sluice-boxes
and had horses and scrapers. Then
cama the steam shovel, and now we are,
doing most of our mining with water
and the hydraulic lifts.
"There has been a great change rn
the amount of gold saved. Ground that
could not be worked at a profit In the
old way now pays very well. With our
hydraulic sluices we are able to thaw
the glacial formation down to where
the gold-bearing gravel lies. We cn
strip this off with the water and with
in a month or so the air will thaw the
gravel to such an extent that wo can
force it into the lifts and get the gold
out- After the glacial earth has been
removed we find that tho gold-bearing
material runs to a depth of 40 feet or
more. It varies in richness, but there
is so much of It that we expect to be
mining for an indefinite period to
come."
"What can the Government do to help
the Alaskan miner?" I asked.
"It might do a great deal," replied
Mr. Lindeberg, "and I think It would
pay In the increased development of tho
territory. The Government has In
vested large sums in Irrigation work
for the reclamation of the desert. Why
should It not do the same for the vast
areas of low-grade mining territory
here? It ought to subsidize transporta
tion companies, so that machinery and
supplies could be brought In at a mod
erate cost, and reduce the taxes on min
ing In every possible way. It might
send Its expert engineers and scien
tists to sample mining claims upon or
der, and to determine the feasibility of
mining enterprisee and the Investment
of capital therein. Such methods would
eliminate the speculators and put min
im? on the basis of a fixed Industry,
rather than the gamble which it has so
largely been In the past.
up In a violent fret. This defeats every
purpose of my coming here, were tho
first words he said. He then went on
that he had brought his Secretary of
War with him to give every neoessary
information; that the Secretary knew
all about the business, and yet he was
delayed and could not go on with tho
matter.
President Cools by Degrees.
"He cooled, however, by degrees. Said
he had no objection to putting off this
matter until Monday. He declared ho
did not understand the matter of com
mitments. He rose the second time and
said be had no objection to postpone
ment until Monday at 10 o'clock. By
the looks of the Senate this seemed
agreed to. We waited for bim to with
draw. He did so with a discontented
air. Had It been any other man thaa
the man I wish to regard as the first
character of the world. I would have
said with sullen dignity. I cannot now:
be mistaken. The President wishes to
tread on the necks of the Senate. Com
mitment will bring the matter to dis
cussion at least in committee where be
is not present."
When the following Monday arrived,
according to Senator Maclay. the Senate
met and the President came in and took
his seat. The President "wore a dif
ferent aspect from what be did on Sat
urday. He was placid and serene- and
manifested a spirit ot accommodation."
Tho diary then recites how the Senate
and the President made concessions,
each to the other.
Example Loss; Not Followed.
But from Monday. August 24. 1789.
when the great Washington was taught
by the Senate that he could not "tread
on the necks of the Senate." until Jan
uary 23, 1917, no President tried per
sonal negotiation with the upper branch,
of Congress. There are already Indica
tions that the present Senate, though
less Jealous of its own dignity and less
quick to defy 'the President, may yet
follow and demonstrate to President
Wilson that It will not permit him to
go further thaa did President Wash
ington in "treading on the necks" of
Senators.
Particularly Is such an uprising
likely to come If the President persists
In his latest habit of camping in the
Senate lobby, with a view to driving
the fennte to legislate as he wills.
tj;
imswrirr i -rn iiiiittT
J
POULTRY XONIC
la the daily mash or feed of breed.
lng birds means healthier birds and;
more vitality in the eAfC It means :
stronger chicks, better able to 6ght off chick
diseases. Conker's Poultry Tonic should be
S3 in wvTT poultry noose wnvre nuw e
H Batched In rl!s. $1 J5: pkses. 2ie, Wfc 1
it, -.-j- AiYewrDealet.. -- k
5