0 freshments. The committee in charge) 'BABY WEEK". IS TO BRING OUT DISPLAYS OF INFANTS' APPAREL IN WINDOWS OF SHOPS or tne arrair are Airs. . . Jriogan. lirs. W. A. Eivers, Mrs. T. Glenn, Mrs. T. Misetich, Miss Agnes Ostruck and Miss Mary MacKinnon. A Washington birthday entertain ment will be given by the Ladies' Aid Society of the First Evangelical Church, corner East Sixth and Market streets, Wednesday evening, "February 21. A musical programme will be rendered by the women of the society. Light UNCLE SAM HAS LATEST WAR AEROPLANE THAT NOT ONLY FLIES? BUT TURNS AND DIVES Details of Mechanism of Remarkable Instrument Kept Secret Large Numbers of Other Hew Weapons Also on Hand. First Seven Days in May "Will Be Devoted to Welfare of Youngsters Under Auspices of Oregon Congress of Mothers Suggestions for Feeding Are Given for Toung Mothers. refreshments will be nerved, and an THE SUNDAY OREGONIAX, PORTLAND, FEBRUARY 18, 1917. " f 'iTl v (l ' V j4c?& J?ocrc?2, Madras, Ore. Xf Vvwr--MrI .r-l 1 4S?? T'Mo. OOK. "'t11 1 -w''wt' 111 BY EDITH KNIGHT HOLMES. BECAUSE everyone is going to take note of "baby week," the first seven days in May, the merchants are planning to make special window displays and to have special sales and the mothers are deciding that they must study the latest in child welfare rules. The General Federation of Women's Clubs set the dates. The Or-sgori Con gress of Mothers never lets the inter est in baDiej wane In, this state. Through their Parents' Educational Bureau in the Courthouse, where thou sands of babies have been examined by the best physicians and scored, the organization gives nelp and advice to scores of mothers weekly. The bureau assists in conducting tests in other cities of the state. Literature Is distributed and helpful hints are given to the parents, free of charge. Here are some suggestions given by the bureau concerning food: For ages 12 to 24 months Fruit Juices milk, milk gruel, custard, rice, zwieback, firaham crackers. For ases 24 to 36 months Scraped apple, mashed potato, vegetable puree, poached egg. minced steak, spinach, peanut butter sandwiches, fruit gelatine. Food not to be given before 36 months Cherries, bananas, corn, grapes, wienies, cucumbers, popcorn, biscuit, fried potatoes, pork, beans, cheese, raisins, peanuts, nuts, candy, pie, rich cake, fried meats, hot bread, doughnuts, ham, chipped beef. During the second year, the child should have four meals a day; hours: 6 A. M., 10 A. M., a P. M.. 6 P. M. Nothing but water should be allowed between hfcs meals. At 12 months, the baby should be weaned from the bottle and taught to drink milk from a cup. He may then have cereals twice a day, which should be thoroughly cooked and for the first two or three months they should be strained. He should have four cups of milk daily. W hen 15 months old, he may have at first a teaspoonful, later one tablespoonful of rare scraped beef, mutton or chicken. When 18 months old he may have one-half of a mealy baked potato daily. "When 2 years old. he may have most of the fresh green vegetables when thoroughly cooked and finely mashed. Tea, coffee, cider, wine, beer, sodawater and catidy should never be given to a young child. The juice of fresh fruits may be given after 12 months. Cooked fruit, such as baked apple or applesauce, should be given once a day after a child is IS months old; it should at first be strained. Stale, raw fruits are especially dangerous in me city and in the Summer. And here are things that are frowned upon as bad for all babies: Pacifiers, thumb sucking, soothing syrups, patent medicines, whisky or gin for supposed colic, dirty playthings, dirty nipples, dirty bottles, dirty floors, waterproof diapers ex cept for temporary use. moving picture shows, violent rocking, bouncing and rollick ing play at any time, play of every sort after feeding, kissing the baby on his mouth either by the family or by strangers, testing the temperature of the baby's milk by tak ing the nipple in the mouth, sucking on empty bottles, sleeping on the mother's breast while nursing, sleeping j in bed with the mother, spitting on handkerchief to re move dirt from baby's face. ' sneezing and coughing In the babys face, allowing a per son with a cough or cold to hold the baby, and allowing any person with tuberculosis to take care of the baby. In case there are young women "who haven't had any advice from a reliable source, here is a list containing the necessary articles to prepare for the baby: Three-quarter yard thin, lightweight flan nel: two lightweight woolen blankets, three cotton and wool undershirts, three flannel skirts, three outing flannel gowns, four cot ton slips, one and one-half dozen diapers, 18 inches; one and one-half dozen diapers, 22 Inches; one box boric acid, one box talcum powder, one piece Castile soap, one-quarter pound sterile gauze, one-quarter pound ster ile absorbent cotton, two dozen safety pins, large and small, one set of scales. Necessary things for the mother will be ThTee nightgowns, one and one-half yards square oilcloth or rubber sheeting, two pounds absorbent cotton, two pounds steril ized gauze or equivalent in old clean linen. Here Is some practical advice to nurs ing mothers: Keep yourself well. As long as you are well your baby will probably be well. Don't get discouraged if you have but little milk at first. Feed the baby a little from the bottle after nursing when neces sary; but do not give up nursing. Be patient and try again. Kat plain, nutritious food. Avoid salads, pickles and spicy foods. Drink plenty of water and milk. Avoid tea. coffee and alcoholle beverages. Nurse the baby regularly. Feed him by the clock and not longer than 20 minutes at one time. Until he is 4 months old, 'nurse every three hours up to 10 P. M. and only once during the night; seven nursings in 24 hours. -After he is 4 months old. omit all night nursings; give but six nursings in 24 hours. "When six months old. nurse every four hours (usually giving both breasts each time); only five nursings in 24 hours. When the baby cries between feedings, give him cooled, boiled water without any thing in it. Do not wean or give any other feeding without consulting a doctor. Ada Boush, of Madras, Or., daughter 77 It, 1 of Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Roush, is a perfect baby recently examined. Lorean Jenkins, daughter ' Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Jenkins, of 140 East Fifty eighth street, scored 99. Alfred B. C. Relmers is a bright baby of Toledo, who came to Portland to be scored and carried home a card bear ing the mark "99 per cent." Carl William Ryan ("Billy") was born in Pendleton. He now lives in Portland. Thomas Russell Inskeep is a husky lad. No wonder his father is a pollce- (Continued From Page 6.) sen's Hall. This affair will be char, terized by Washington favors, decora tions and special features. Patrons and committees follow: Mr. and MravE. J. Brooks, Mr. and Mrs. William Culley, Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Christenson. En tertaining, Pearl LaForge, Cherry Cuoey, Gertrude Lucke. Maxins Mc Donald, Blanche Roberts, Arthur Hall, Eva Vinton, Dorothy Pierce, Earl Cash, Maurice Snook, Teresa O'Conner, Gale, Fox, Merle Young. Invitational, Karl Fudge, Sam Raker, Ruth Lind. Lena Balzimer, Loretta McCarrick, Edward Springer, Jack Kofeldt, Mary Murr, E. L. Vinton, Walter Johnson Louise Lewix, Bessie Ritchie. Joe Gumbert, Theodore Holmes, Carl Palm. The first party to be given by the Portland lodge. B'nai B'rlth. and their auxiliary, Jacob Block,- Tuesday even ing. February 20, promises to be a huge success. For those who do not care to dance card tables and prizes are provided. 1 Two nieasant features of the even ing will be a Spanish dance, in cos tume, by Miss Laura Shay and Adolf J. Unna. and a prize waltz. For the latter Charles F. Berg. Miss Shay and Mr. Unna will act as judges. The decorations will be artistic and Springlike and wholly in keeping with the George Washington holiday spirit. Little favors characteristic of the sea son will be distributed during- the grand march. The Jefferson High School Alumni Association will hold an important business meeting Wednesday evening at the home of Pauline Porteous, 447 East Twenty-second street. This will be the last meeting at which the members will be allowed to enroll as charter members. This organization has been unusually active under the leadership of its presi dent, E. F. Toung. The dance held by the association a few weeks ago was a decided success. All members of the alumni are especially urged to be pres ent at the meeting Wednesday evening. Take Broadway car to East Twenty second and Tillamook streets. The pre-Lenten- card party and so cial to be given next Tuesday evening by St. Mary's Cathedral Court, No. 1046, Women's Catholic Order of Foresters, in the Foresters' Hall, Fifteenth and Davis streets. Is looked forward to with much pleasure. All other courts and their friends are invited. The com -man, and not only that, "Dad" drives the Mayor's auto. Thomas is a 99 per center. Charles Asher Ferris, son of Mr. and Mrs. C. Ij. Ferris, scored 99. Jack Coughlan. of Milwaukie. is the son of Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Coughlan. He is a perfect baby, scoring 100 per cent. mittee in charge of the affair is: Mrs. T. S. Hogan, Mrs. W. A. Elvers, Mrs T. Glenn, Mrs. T. Mlsetich, Miss Agnes Ostruck and Miss Mary MacKinnon. Auxiliary No. 2 of the Daughters of the Covenant will give. a card party on Tuesday afternoon at 2 o'clock in the B'nai B'rith hall. "Five hundred" and bridge will be played and prizes award ed the high scorers. Mrs. J. Savan, assisted by the officers of the auxiliary, will act as hostess. Xt the meeting held last Tuesday Dr. Stewart, of Reed College, gave a talk to the members on social hygiene, and Mrs. Herman A. Politz ean several selections. The coffee party to be given by the Women's Auxiliary of the German Red Cross Society to celebrate Washing ton's birthday will take place at the German House. The programme for the afternoon includes a group of songs by Nettie Greer Taylor. In the even ing Miss Helen Fromme will sing and Mrs. E. Else will give a recitation. Card tables will be arranged for those wishing to play cards. Nebraska State Society will meet in room H, Central Library, on Monday at 8 P. M. Selection of a new president and other business matters will be dis cussed. Mrs. George McMath will talk on plars pertaining to the National Edu cational Association. Miss Blanche Mc Nay will sing. Dr. G. Earle Henton will preside. William McKinley Relief Corps, No. 45, will meet in regular session Tti ?s day. February 20, at 2 o'clock in Odd fellows Hall. East Eightieth and Glisan streets." Following the session a sup per and programme in honor of Wash in irton and Lincoln will 'be given for the benefit of William McKinley Post. Supper begins at 6:30, programme at 8 o' -iock. Rosebud Council No. 2987, K. L. of S., will give an old-fashioned dance and card party at the East Side busi ness Men's Club rooms. 114 Grand ave nue, on Saturday evening. r St. Mary's Cathedral Court, No. 1046, Women's Catholic Order of Foresters, will hold a t'Pre-Lenten Social" Tuesday evening, February 20, in the Foresters Hall, Fifteenth and Davis streets. A pleasant evening is anticipated as there will be cards md music followed by re old-fashioned spelling bee will be one of the features of the evening. Every body welcome. Admission free. A number of the Maccabees and their friends will meet at the home of Mrs. Baker. American apartments, February 20, at 2 o'clock, when the Officers and Guard Club of Portland Review No. 7, will be hosts for a card party. Friendship. Auxiliary, Order of the Eastern Star, will be entertained Thursday afternoon by Mrs. A. J. Da vis with a silver tea at her home, 6919 Thirtieth avenue Southeast. The Ladies' Aid Society will serve a supper in the basement of the First United Evangelical church. East Six teenth and Poplar streets, Thursday evening, from 6 to 8. P. M. Evergreen Lodge, Degrees of Honor, will give a patriotic entertainment and card party at the residence of J. L. Gilchrist, 250 East Fifty-third street, on Saturday evening. Members and friends cordially invited. Take Hawthorne-avenue car. Alberta Lodge No. 233, I. O. O. F., and Vernon Rebekah Lodge No. 219 will give a joint social entertainment on Saturday evening, February 17, in their hall. East Seventeenth and Al berta streets. There will be cards and dancing. ' Next Thursday evening at 6:30 o'clock the women of the White Temple will serve their annual colonial dinner, fol lowed by an excellent programme. Spe cial music will be furnished by Harold Hurlburt. - - . WEDDIXGS. Bertfcrlsen-Sckafer. The nome of Mr. and Mrs. Bert West was the scene of a pretty wedding Tuesday evening, when Mrs. West's sister. Miss Sarah Schafer, became the bride of Bert Berthelsen. John Schafer gave his sister in marriage. Mr. and Mrs. West were the only attendants. Lohengrin's" wedding march was played by Miss Lellah Schneider. -The orlde wore white crepe xjver satin and sil ver lace.. After the ceremony a re ception was held and supper served. The rooms were decorated. After a few weeks, visit in Portland and Se attle Mr. and Mrs. Berthelsen will leave for their future home in Alaska. Spencer-Kramlen. ; Miss Lu Vesta Kramlen, a former Newberg girl, was married to John M. Spencer February 4 at Chicago. The ceremony was read by Rev. Henry Hep burn at the Buena Memorial Presby terian Church. The bride was attended by Miss Ferne Mickle, of Blooming ton. 111. Roy Kundson. of Chicago, acted as best man. Mr. Spencer has his office in Chicago, where they will make their home. Abbott-Moore. A pretty but simple wedding took place February 3 at the home of the bride on Flanders street, when Miss Ellen Moore became the bride of John Abbott, of Knappa, Or. The ceremony was performed by Rev. -Father Cronin. After a short wedding trip they will be at home to. their friends in Knappa, Or. AXXOUXCEMESTS. The engagement of Miss Ethel A. Matthews and Hubert Everett Roberts was announced Saturday at a charming luncheon for which Mrs. Albert Mueller, of St. Helens, was hostess. The bride elect is a daughter of Mrs. A. Matthews, of St. Helens, and has been teaching school in Portland for some time. Mr. Roberts is a son of Wallace N. Roberts, of this pity. He is a mining engineer. He is a grandson of Mrs. Susan M. Roberts, a prominent matron of Port land. Both families are noted among the pioneers of Oregon, and are well known throughout the state. The wed ding probably will take place early in the Spring. . Among the interesting engagements of the week is that of Miss Doris Cackette, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. C. F. Cackette, of Portland, to Oliver W. Berchtold, of Detroit. Mich. Miss Cack ette is a talented contralto singer and has studied under some of the most prominent musicians on the Pacific Coast. Her fiance is the son of Mr. and Mrs. F. Berchtold. of Corvallis His father is the head of the English language aid literature departments at O. A, C. After the wedding, which has been set for May 2. they will leave for Detroit, where Mr. Berchtold is in business. SOCIETY PERSONALS. Mrs. A. Tllzer left Wednesday night for a visit of ten days in San Francisco. Mrs. Dempster W. Ifft and small son. of Walla Walla, are house guests of Mrs. W. S. Spinning. John Russell Clark and daughter. Miss Bernice, left overland last week for an extended visit to California. Mr. and Mrs. Austin Pr Fleger, Jr., of Westmoreland, are receiving con gratulations over the arrival of a daughter, born Monday. She has been named Susan Ivathryn. Mr. and Mrs. M. W. Waite, of Beole Court apartments, have returned from an extended visit in Southern Cali fornia, where they stopped off at all the beach resorts and visited all the larger cities. Mr. and Mrs. Justin W. McEachren and daughters. 'Miss Ono McEachren and Mrs. William A. Mullen and son. Billy, left Thursday night for Chicago, where they will make their future home. They are going by way of Cali fornia and expect to pass some time in Southern California .before reaching Chicago. " . Mrs. A. V. Partello, of New Tork, who has been passing the Winter in Port land with her son. A. A. Partello. had planned to leave this week for China to Join another son. Ensign M. C. Par tello. of the United States Navy. Mrs. Partello. however, has been obliged to postpone her trip until the seas are safer for travel. She is a capable and energetic worker of Trinity Guild, and has many friends in this city who fre quently entertain her with charming functions. SPECIAXj announcements. Miss Allen is in New Tork City and will return the last of the month, when she will show, as usual, the smartest millinery models. Adv. Handsome double Paisley shawl for sale at sacrifice. V 10?, Oregonian. Adv. Journalism Students Guests. UNIVERSITY OF OREGON. Eugene, Feb. 17. (Special.) All upper class and sophomore women majoring in journalism, were entertained by Theta Sigma Phi, the women's National jour nalistic fraternity, Thursday evening. The purpose of the -aMitertainment was to stimulate interest in newspaper work among the co-eds and to Induce them to take a more active part in college journalism. Professor E. W. Allen, dean of the school of journalism, and Miss Grace Edgington, of Eugene, and a graduate of the university, poke to the active members of the fraternity, and the invited guests. v ; jfr&nsferrfrz? & SO Jtunf SomZr from a? Ordnance h&?on S ;;" ' ' J 1 "I'll: $ l " ' I' ' T II- i - Kw,i ,r.r: v ' ' t -c -1 . H fete Jl A 22-.Pbu.ri eZ 'Orojo Bomb" BT RENE BACHE. WHAT may fairly be called the most remarkable, of recent war contrivances is-an American in vention (as yet undescrlbed in print), which has been developed and adopted by the United States ar Department for therdefense of coast fortifications. It is, in effect, an aeroplane of small size that swims, flies and dives. The device in question is called an "aerial torpedo." It is fired from a gun somewhat resembling an ordinary tor pedo tube, and carries a heavy load of high, explosive. Landing upon the water, it skims hydroplane fashion over the surface, then rises high into the air. flies for a considerable dis tance, and suddenly plunges directly downward at the enemy warship that Is the target. Details of the mechanism of this re markable instrument of attack are carefully kept secret, and. for the pres ent at least, will not be made public. All that can be said in addition is that the flying torpedo is driven through the air by a propeller like that of an aeroplane; and that the , range of be projectile ii made extremely accurate by adjusting It, before it starts, for a certain definite distance of llight. la the European "War. A'erlal torpedoes of types less highly developed are now being urfed In the European war. The term is technically restricted to high-explosive projectiles that, after being fired, are driven through the air by self-contained means of propulsion. Such means, in the case of the new American inven tion, as well as for foreign contriv ances of the kind, consist of a mechan ism that employs compressed air to run the propeller. There is also a modern gyroscope to keep the projectile point ed in the right direction. In short, the mechanism corresponds exactly to that of a submarine torpedo. Ever since the war began the Amer ican Government has been active in working out problems relating to bombs these instruments of destruc tion having figured in the European conflict so conspicuously as to make it manifest that in future they will play an important part in the fighting busi ness. The aerial torpedo, of course, is merely an automobile bomb of large size. All bombs contain charges of high explosive. Smallest of them are the missiles (commonly called spherical in shape, for accurate throwing! used so effectively in the present .war in hand-to-hand fighting, in the trenches and in the ferocious strife that marks the struggles, from house to house, for the possession of villages. But the American War Department has devoted most of its attention to the develop ment of whit are known as "drop bombs," which are made to be dropped from aeroplanes and dirigible balloons. The drop-bombs are of seven differ ent kinds. First, there is the "light" bomb, weighing (with its high-explo sive charge) up to 15 pounds. Seconder Is the "medium" bomb, from 15 to SO pounds. Third is the "high-capacity" bomb, above 30 pounds, A warplane will commonly carry tn 16-pound bombs such gravity missiles being let (all by. an electric contrivance which States for Defence S3grafn&i Z3om &-Z?ror p in & Aeroplanes. enables the aviator to liberate them, one at a. time, by touching a button. Tandem Bombs. The foreign warplanes usually, carry their bombs strung along horizontally beneath the wings of the flying ma chine. In American fighting aeros of the newest pattern, however, they are suspended, one above another, inside the "fusilage," the plaoe in which the aviator sits. As he liberates them, one after another, they fall through an opening beneath him. The "high-capacity" bomb, carrying a big charge of high explosive. Is de signed for purposes of wholesale demo lition. Dropped upon a fort, upon buildings or in trenches, it is expected to smash things all to pieces and to serve the purpose of a mine, though coming from aloft.. Bombs of this sort weighing 1100 pounds are now carried by giant Russian aeroplanes machines of such size that a dozen men may go up in them. - . The fourth of the seven kinds of bombs is the "fragmentation" type, which, on bursting, flies into a multi tude or pieces. It is meant for use against troops. Fifth is the "pyrotech nic" bomb, which, liberating a para chute that -carries a magnesium light of great brilliancy, enables the night- flying aviator to find a safe landing- place tor his machine. , Sixth . the "sub-'.arine" bomb, -which Is meant for attacking submarine boats. Perhaps the' most novel and pic turesque reature of the present war has been the occasional duels between undersea craft and flying machines. Against the latter the submarine can not always gain safety by diving: for it cannot go very deep, on account of the water pressure, and- the aviator overhead can see it moving like a shadow through the water, and drop a bomb upon it the bomb being so con trived (with a delay-action fuse) us not to explode until it has reached a depth of 40 feet. Seventh is the "return-action" bomb, a most remarkable instrument of de struction. It is. in fact, a projectile within a projectile. The bomb, of large size and cylindrical, with a conical nose, when let fall from aloft, buries Itself deep in the ground perhaps for nearly its entire length. Its impact causes a detonating cap to fire a charge of gunpowder in .its nose end, and thereby a high-explosive shell is thrown out through the rear end Into the air. This shell, in bursting, expels an umbrella-like shower of missiles. Necessarily, these various types of bombs differ, in shape suitable to the purposes for which they are employed. For the ordinary kind carried by aero planes, however, the form of explosive container adopted by the War Depart ment is that of an elongated pear, the lower and larger end terminating in a point. Such a drop-bomb, of 22 pounds weight, carries 5H pounds of the picric acid compound called "dunnlte." Hitting the Mark. The pear-shaped bomb -has at its up per end a short cylinder of steel, inside of which is a small four-bladed con trivance of brass resembling a pro peller, mounted horizontally on a screw-thread. . Wnen the missile is dropped from aloft the air resistance (exerting the force of a high wind) causes the propeller to unwind itself rapidly from the screw-thread and fall off. thus releasing the mechanism, which, when the bomb strikes, causes the latter to explode. Accuracy of marksmanship in bomb dropping from aeroplanes moving at a rate of 50 miles an hour or more can be attained, only. by. much practice, of course. Uncle Sam's Army aviators are being diligently trained in this kind of work, and many experiments have been made to ascertain Just bow much allowance mast be given for height, air resistance and other factors, in order that the gravity projectile may hit the target. The bomb, when dropped, does not fall vertically. Carrying with it the momentum of the aeroplane, it falls in a slant. The degree of the slant baa to be considered, and the allowance to be made for it has an obvious relation to the heisht from which the bomb start. The problems involved hava been elaborately worked out by Army experts on a mathematical basis, giv ing tables of figures that are useful to the airmen in their reckoning.' But. of necessity, nothing but actual practice and plenty of it can develop accuracy in bomb-dropping. Hand Bombs. The small hand bombs so much, used by the contending European armies for fighting at close quarters, no matter what their shape, are. properly speak ing, grenades. The War Department is) even now engaged in working out im provements on these frightful missiles, with a view to making them easier to handle and more destructive. They are now being manufactured in large quan tities in American arsenals. The American hand grenade, as now1 developed, is unlike any used abroad. It is the invention of Colonel Edwin B. Babbitt, an ordnance officer of tba Army, and is simply a stout steel tuba 2H inches In diameter containing five ounces of high-explosive, the latter be ing set off by a percussion cap and a, "detonator" of mercury fulminate A. front compartment contains the firing pin. But this compartment, when tha missile is not required for use. is filled by a wood block, which makes tha grenade harmless. When the grenade is to be used, a tin cap that covers the front compart ment is removed by the soldier, the block Is taken out and the firing rufc is thereby made free to operate. The thrown missile strikes Its target and by the impact the pin is driven back upon the cap. The cap then ignites tha detonator and the latter sets oft tha high-explosive charge. To accomplish, this the front end of the grenade must hit its target. Accordingly, the missile carries at its rear end a long tail of cord, raveled out tassel fashion for half its length. This tail serves exact ly the same purpose as the feather oS an arrow, keeping the grenade, from wobbling or turning butt-end foremost. When desired, for long-distance throw ing, the tail may be held in the hand and the projectile swung about tha head of the thrower, to give it velocity. When not needed for immediate usa the grenade la kept in a tinned-Iron tube, made damp proof by a cap. The cap can be removed in a moment by a. twist of the fingers that pulls off tha soldered strip securing it. A light carrying pouch that holds four gren ades is provided with a strap that passes over the soldier's head. - Uncle Sam's soldiers are now sup plied, also, with ride grenades, some what similar in pattern (though tha firing mechanism is different), each of which has, in place of a tail, a long steel rod that is meant to be introduced into the bore of the gun. The rod has a movable ring, adjustment of which fixes the distance to which it pene trates the bore. By this simple means range Is determined. For the longest ranjre the rod Is thrust Into the rifle barrel for its full length; for shortest range the ring is so set that the rod enters only a few Inched. 1