6 TIIE SUNDAY OREGONIAN, rORTLAXD , DECE3IBER 21, 191G. VIEWS ON VARIOUS TOPICS OF PORTLAND. Dec. 23. (To th Edi tor.) The cabled news from Aus tralia announcing that the House of Representatives had passed & meas ure for the suppression of the I. W. W. Is interesting. Inasmuch as the I. V. W. In Australia is not of the same type as the organization In America. In the Antipodes nearly all the so-called Socialist parties advocate industrial unionism. The difference between the American method and that In Aus tralia is that under "the southern cross" the I. V. W. aoVoca'.es political as well as economic organization. Nor is the measure alone directed at the I. W. W, for we find that in New Zealand the War Gazette con tains the regulation that the "New Zealand government Is empowered to deport persons attempting to foment strikes by disseminating the doctrine of any revolutionary organization." That Is directed Just as much at the political parties as the I. W. V. I have no doubt that deportation will take place to get rid of certain Knglish-born "agitators," who are well known In the Antipodes. This is the result of the successful fight carried on bj certain radicals during the antl-conscrlption campaign. When the law was passed It was de cided that every article written was to have the writer's name appended. The fact was apparent that the most vio lent antagonists of the measure were those who came from England. Hence the new law framed not so much against the I. W. W. as any who is not a citizen in Australia. MOSES BARITZ. I'M VERS A L SERVICE IS URGED Nation Moat Be Prepared la Practical Age, Writer Sayau "PORTLAND. Dec. 23. (To the Edi tor.) Once again we are warned by our military experts that we are lam entably unprepared for war. We are told by those who have obtained first hand knowledge from practical experi ence and observation, that our National Guard has collapsed, 'that our recent mobilization at the Mexican frontier was a tragedy and that had our Guards men encountered "good troops down there. It would have been a scene of carnage." As General Wood expressed it, "the Guardsmen would never have known what' hit them." Moreover, we are told that the volunteer system of recruiting troops has always been a failure in our former wars and that this system is worse than useless now. The truth of the above has been repeatedly attested by the facts and circumstances of the past year. The Mexican mobilization was a failure and the attempt to recruit soldiers was even a greater farce. As proof of the latter assertion we need only recall that while the city of Washington, V. C, was witnessing, one day last Summer, the ridiculous pageantry of 80.000 men giving vent to their emo tional patriotism by marching in a "preparedness" parade, 200 recruiting officers were able to obtain but one lone recruit who was willing to dem onstrate the quality of his patriotism by actually enlisting. To remedy these deplorable condi tions, our military experts urge uni "ersal compulsory military service, and if the disasters of our past wars and our observations of the great war in Europe have brought any lessons home to us, we should by all means give serious consideration to the recom mendations of these experts. It is to be expected that this plan will be met by a most vehement opposi tion from the pacifists who ignorantly believe that we are immune from at tack and who further believe that if any foreign nation should be so dls courteous as to attack us "a million farmers will spring up between sunrise and sunset and drive the invaders into the sea." The most charitable way to put It is" to say that these lovers of peace at any price simply lack im agination. What one European army corps equipped with artillery and ma chine guns would do to that 1.000,000 farmers would make the slaughter at the battle of the homme look like a pink tea party. Doubtless we will also be told by those who believe that a special provl dence is watching over us to protect from naughty foreign nations, that if we have universal compulsory military service we will become aggressive and itch for a fight. Is the athlete who is physically fit and who knows the art of self-defense usually the man who is haled before the police magistrate for a breach of the peace? "But," our pacifist friends will tell us, "Europe has had compulsory mili tary service, and witness the result. Quite true; but Germany with all her compulsory service managed to keep out of war for 43 years, and that beats our record for peacefulness by a con siderable margin. The plain truth Is that competition or struggle i one of the great .laws of nature. Man. by the exercise of his Ingenuity, can so adapt himself to this law as to extract all the possible good therefrom and avoid most of the evils, but that he can nullify or repeal this law is absurd. Wars are but a mani festation of this law, and so long as na tions have clashing interests there are constantly present the potentialities of wars. Moreover, so long as other na tions bend their energies towards proficiency In fighting, it ought to be self-evident to even a pacifist that it 1s incumbent upon us to do likewise. Following the doctrine of ubmissive ness Is even more disastrous to nations than to individuals. "Turning the other cheek" is part of a false code, for he who turns the other cheek solicits a repetition of the first assault and bat tery. Is an accessory before the fact and is as guilty of the second offense as he who strikes the blow. Pacifism Is an Interesting subject for parlor discussion, but it will be ob served that its most, ardent advocates usually repudiate and belie in the ac tions of their daily lives the argu ments which they advance so vocif erously upon theoretical grounds. We are living in .a practical age. Other nations have big armies and na vies. We must prepare ourselves like wise if we wish to command the re spect that Is due us as one of the world s largest nations and If we de sire to maintain our National Integ rity and Independence. We have a fairly efficient Navy, but our Army, compared wfth those of Eu rope, is a joke. To make the latter as good as the former. It is manifest that universal compulsory military service is necessary. All other schemes have failed dismally. This system, if put into practice, might also aid materially In making physically fit the 50 per cent of the 1,130.00 youths of the age of 19 years who General Scott says are now phys ically unfit for military service. FREDERICK GRONNERT. 641 Plttock Block. STOCK OPERATION IS EXPLAINED Methods of Baying end Selling mt Ex change Described. BEND, Or., Dec. 20. (To the Editor.) I would appreciate through the col umns of your paper an explanation of the workings of the stock market along these lines. A layman buys or sells stock on a margin, through a broker, curbstone operator or bucket shop. This is done on immense scale lately. Are there not more shares sold or bought than are In existence Issued by any com pany? If so, how is an accounting made and whose money is lost or made? If not, is a dally accounting made through any sort of a clearing house and how is It done? To the ordinary fellow this is a complicated operation and I would ap- preciate as complete an explanation as possible. H. M. G REINER. When a purchaser buys a number of chares "on a margin," it is the common practice of regular brokerage houses to purchase the stocks on the exchange if it is a listed stock, or through a specialty broker otherwise, holding the stock as security for the difference between the margin deposited and the market price. This difference in amount is regarded as a loan and fre quently the actual cash is borrowed from a bank. Interest (a charged at prevailing banking rates. In all legitimate transactions, such as those on the recognized exchanges, the number of sales and purchases and sales must balance each other. Where a speculator sells, or "goes short of the market," he is, as a mat ter of fact, entering into a contract, securedby the amount of his margin, that he will deliver the specified num ber of shares at a specified price, and when the transaction is closed out. he must go into the open market and pur chase stocks for the purpose of de livery. If they, meanwhile, have de clined, he is able to buy them cheaper and so to realize a profit. If the buyer should pay the difference in cash it would be unnecessary, for the seller to make the actual purchase for pur pose of delivery. Should the stock have advanced the seller would be compelled to pay more than his con-her tract price to fulfill his pa,rt of the contract, and he would lose money by the transaction. This might also be settled by payment of the difference in cash. In the case of. staple commodities. like cotton for example. It is a common practice of those buying for actual consumption, such as the textile manu facturers, to protect themselves against market fluctations by entering into a selling contract at the same time that they buy for their own use, thus pro tecting themselves against competition in the event that the market after ward should decline and place competi tors who had deferred their purchases In a position to undersell them. Of course, in the event mentioned, the transactions would balance each other. and loss of profit through higher priced material would be atoned for by gain on the selling contract. Records are kept of purchases and sales where made through the regular exchanges. Actual transfers of shares arc made on the books of the corpora tions by whom they are issued. The so-called "bucket shop" is' a dif ferent institution. Commonly it does not purchase the actual stock for its clients, but In effect wagers its money against theirs, but for protection it often balances the purchases against the sales, and something goes Into the market on Its own account to "hedge" on the difference, whichever way this may be. By "hedging" is meant buying If it has an excess of selling orders and selling If the reverse is the case. Then the buyers are paid with the sellers' money, or vice versa, and the institu tion takes its profit in commissions and other charges. If It does not hedge. It simply pays Its fortunate clients' out of its own funds so long as it is able. Bucket shop transac tions are gambling pure and simple and the bucket shop has no standing In reputable financial circles. Excess of sales over actual number of shares issued by a company would not necessarily imply irregular trans action. There is nothing to prevent the same share of stock changing hands several times a day in an active mar ket. So long as there are men will ing to buy and other men willing to sell at the price offered, exchange of shares might run on indefinitely. The money lost and made is the money of the buyers and sellers. Some times it Is both, if the fluctuations are narrow, exchange of ownership fre quent, with commissions and interest coming out of both sides. ARMED FORCE HELD NECESSARY Writer Advocates Military Prepared ness by I'nl ted States. SPRINGFIELD, Or.. Dec. 22. (To the Editor.) The letter of Mr. Cline in The Oregonian December 17 takes a position on the subject of war which would formerly have been called he roic, whatever it would be denominated today, whether patriotic, militaristic or anarchistic. There Is no doubt that some good has come from war, some advance along the line of progress and civilization. This by way of settle ment of vexed controversies and dis putes not otherwise perhaps capable of adjustment; but that war is a nat ural or normal mode of human exist ence or occupation Is open, we think, to serious question. Many would hold, and those of the most intellectual and cultivated minds, that said war condi tion is only due to or the consequence of a perverted condition of the race. to be in time done away with, or outgrown, of which latter let all hope But in the situation which confronts the world or human nature as it is at present. It would seem great folly In the matter of International questions not to act accordingly In meeting the dangers accruing therefrom, i. e., not to provide sufficient protection or armed force to meet them In the case of any community or country. Such would seem to be In evidence on every side at present, or practically so, with the greatest, most extensive . and de structive war In all history, and one as many think of the least provoked of all as far as can be seen with the facts or data at hand. Hence until some element can be In jected or made available to modify hu man nature In this regard, it would seem the only desideratum to carry on, extend and even perfect the science of war along with other of the "modern improvements" or inventions, while at the same time trying to obviate or remove the conditions which necessi tate It. J. R. PATTISON. PROTEST OF "A. ANSWERED Writer Biamea Rose City Parle for Sul livan Gulch Project. PORTLAND, Dec. 23. -'(To the Edl tor.) A correspondent signing him self "A. S." protests against saddling a tax of J845.000 upon the people, of which 1338,000 is a direct burden on the taxpayers and the remainder an indirect burden, all for what is known as the Sullivan Gulch rgrade. He shows conclusively that the necessity for this so-called improvement is not to be compared to the need for a slml lar Improvement at the crossing of East Morrison. Water and other streets near the river. If any serious accident. In a long series of years, has ever oc curred at the Junction of East Thirty seventh street and Sandy boulevard, the writer does not recall It, and it is doubtful If any serious accident along the whole route of the so-called Im provement has ever happened that was not the result of gross carelessness. The precautions Imposed upon the transportation lines were ample to safeguard the public. There is but one weak point in the "A. S." letter. He asks, "Why should the people of Rose City Park pay more for this Improve ment than any other community? Have they demanded this expenditure?" They certainly have. They are. in fact, wholly responsible for originating the movement and for tying up for over five years property along the line that on account of it could neither be sold nor improved. Having forced the ex pense, why should Rose City Park ob ject to paying even the whole of it? The taxpayers of Laurelhurst and of Rossmere and other additions protest ed against it during all this time, while people a mile away were building up a reputation for public spirit at the ex pense of other people by continually pressing it. And there was no protest from "A. S." or anybody else in Rose INTEREST ARE City Park. The protesting taxpayers knew that a disproportionate tax was to be saddled upon them, for it seems to be an unwritten law that no prop erty owner whose property is damaged by a public improvement is ever to be given adequate compensation. In this case the report of a special committee of real estate Experts ap pointed by the city to estimate dam ages was arbitrarily cut to the bone by the city authorities, and property owners can either accept or go to the worry and expense of seeking the courts for redress. Some submit; oth ers make extravagant demands and sue, evidently hoping to secure reason able compensation from a fight and a possible compromise. Now we are in formed that the lowest bidder for this work, whose bid is $40,000 less than any local bidder, is to be shut out because-he Is from Seattle. There seems to be a universal disposition to "cinch" the taxpayer. Let the good work go on. SANDY BOULEVARD. NATIOJfS SHOl'LD ADMIT WROAG War or Peace Is Declared to Depend en World Itself. . UNIVERSITY PARK. Or.. Dec 21. (To the Editor.) Whether, the world will have war or peace depends upon the world itself. It Is so easy for a nation to think God Is on the side of people, that he Is made the head quarters of slaughter. What does war decide? The contention of the United States with the states was concerning the sovereignty of the Nation or the state. But the states in rebellion still hold to the supremacy of the part, rather than the whole. Because of this, which war did not remove, the writer sees no probability of Methodists North and South becoming one, at the pres ent time. The dfea of the state is en throned in our present executive and Congress. The battle of ideas may yet win the contest for the Nation. Things have to be adjusted after war has closed and forgotten, if possible. Na tions ought to avoid war by interna tional arbitration, which will yet be se cured. That war may result in some good. no person denies. A pestilence has its friends. It seems to many that peace may contribute to patriotism, and that we may think so much of our countries as to keep them out of the havoc and desolation of war. Backbone is for other than a cat-of-nine-tailB. Surely it will not be urged by any thinker that a rebellion like that of the South should go before arbitrators. The war falls upon the humble and the men In trenches, as well as the war lords have a word to Bay. An un- tnM exnense must be met By rorcing the poor citizens to stand under the extortions of taxation. Be it said it Is easy to replace ine lives surrendered? Ask the mothers, who enter the valley of death itself to give a birth to society. All the use Napoleon had for mothers was to fur nish him soldiers, and when Napoleon, taken by the nap-of-the-neclc, was flung to St. Helena, the mourning Rachels were comforted. Jesus, the true Christian s gut., came tn th world when at peace, 'ine tem ple of Junus was closed at Rome. No battle sound was nwra " . around; No battle sound wa neara tne worm . The idle spear and shield were high op hung-; The hooked chariot stooi ....... hostile blood ; The trumpet spake not to the armed throng. But peaceful was tne nigm. wnero.u Prince of Light. Hl reign ot peace upon the earth begun. And kings aat still with awful eye, Aa if they surely knew their Sovereign was nigh. Pnvr ( temporal: love Is eternal; rnrm Is lunar: love Is solar and bright. Why Is It not possible for a nation or statesman to acKnowieage ntins wrnno-'' Tf Wflit an ItCL O I u 1 c In Mr. Gladstone's acknowledgment that he was in the wrong in siding with the South during our Civil war. vvotu w. Christ drops his peace into human hearts, human faces will carry no long er belligerency. "My peace give I unto you. not suoh as the world givetn. LIFE I NOT IN HORSEHAIR ir,np 7orresDondrat Sheds More Ltsht on Subject ot Controverny. VANCOUVER. Wash.. Dec. 23. (To the Editor.) Some contributions which you have presented recently are enter taining. I here refer particularly to one written at Mossy Rock, Or. This correspondent, according to his own word is but slightly less antiquated than is the writer. I also note that he, in like manner of the writer, finds that which is within the realms oi natural stace sufficiently interesting so that he feels no desir-e to devote time to consideration of outside con ditions and institutions. Such being the case, it is probable that, again as the writer, he cannot sense sucn woros as creation, transmutation and spon taneous generation. If all this be so and yet your correspondent believes, as do many, that there is some life con nection betwixt the horse and the hair snake, I can imagine that it would be difficult for him to define his feelings in regard to modus operandi involved in this transfiguration. Evolutionary metamorphosis which occur in. butterfly and frog have no bearing on such case as this. Here within the space of a few hours we see terrestrial mammalian life trans formed into aquatic reptilian r life. Truly would this be evolution descend ing with a vengeance. In this con nection my vocabulary fails to furnish a word of sufficient length to express my thought. Transmogrification and then some is the best I can offer. We are taught that no difference exists in the nature of animal hair, horses, hoofs, claws, nails, feathers, fins and scale, other than a difference of form and density. Therefore, we may ask. if hair may be transmuted into snakes, why not the parings from our finger nails be transfigured into wildcats or the feathers from a rooster's tall be transformed into goats? I, as your correspondent, have seen horse hair take on life and motion. Further than this, in the rivers of India I have seen wild rice straw take precisely the same apparent form of life and motion as does horse hair. Further still, I have seen cheese in many parts of the world take on forms of life sufficiently vivacious to enable it to climb a fire escape, yet the bovine family could not Justly be held to "strict accountability" for the unseem ly conduct of the cheese. In like manner the horse and the rice are guiltless regarding the conduct of the hair and the straw. The fact is that hair, straw and cheese are being de voured by parasites. The energy with which these parasites pursue their de votion gives motion to hair, straw and cheese to such degree that superficial observation concludes that life Is of rather than on the object. J. HAROLD. WAR'S DIVINE ORIGIN JS DENIED Writer Takes Issue With Deduction of Rev. Mr. Cline. PORTLAND. Dec. 23. (To the Edl tor.) Is it atheism and spineless man hood that fosters the blessings of peace? Is it atheism that builds the temples to the God of love and the fel lowship of man? Is it atheism that cherishes Christ's Injunction "Whatso ever ye would that men should do to you. do ye even so to the Aristotle is said to have surpassed his tutor. Plato, in the mastery of phil- osopny. uan it De possible that In our broad school of free thought and In- dividual liberty in America, the masses are showing a more exalted humani - EXPRESSED tartan purpose In life than the divine sight of Christ could prophesy? If we are to accept the Rev. Mr. Cline's deduction that war is of divine origin and cannot be replaced by a higher moral code, then the limitations of civilization are but little beyond the savage. If such is to continue to be the history of man, without end, then, indeed, our boasted civilization is a myth and the savage in his tepee is our equal. Next to greed, religious fanaticism has been the cause of the world's greatest wars. History is filled with the recital of human sacrifice at the altar of some proclaimed deity. If I thought that Christ's teachings Inspired war, as they seem to have, with Dr. Cline, then I would say. in the cause of peace-loving humanity, let us adopt atheism. I make no claim of being a student of the Bible, but I do make a strong claim to being an exponent of that en lightenment which shall lad the masses out of the ignorance and superstition of the past into higher and nobler views of life. Wherein the hand of fraternal love shall be extended to all humanity and Joined in one solid accord to Ring out a slowly dying cause. And ancient forms of party strife. Ring in the nobler modes of life, with sweeter manners, purer laws. Ring out old Khapes of fool disease. Ring out tho narrowing lust of gold. Ping out the thousand wars of old. King In the thousand years of peace. Ring in the valiant man and free. The larger heart, the kindlier hand. Ring out the darkness ot the land. Ring In the Christ that 1 to be. PAUL A, M'PHERSON. SCHOOL CHANGES ARE PROPOSED Election of Superintendent by Popular Vote Is One. PORTLAND. Dec. 23. (To the Edi tor.) As the laws pertaining to our public schools and their administra tion are receiving considerable thought and attention at the present time, and as the practice of suggesting amend ments and changes to them has become a popular pastime of the day. I would like to have the privilege of making public one or two ideas ofroy own on the subject. At the outset I desire to say that no- one will deny that the people generally of this city are thoroughly dissatisfied with the present conditions in our pub lic schools, and firm in their conviction that changes are necessary. The Board of Directors, themselves appear to rec ognize this fact by offering amend ments to the present laws. In my opin ion, however, the evils inherent in our system are not such as will be remedied by the changes they propose. The faults the public most bitterly complain of are not attributable to the present inability of the School Board to dis charge teachers without according them a hearing. The truth of this state ment Is evidenced by the fact that the loudest wall of protest is emitted from the parents' and the taxpayers whose chief source of complaint Is that there is too much politics and extravagance in the administration and management of, our public schools. The corrections to the present law that I favor, which will. In my opinion, do mucn to enmi nate these two evils, are as follows, to wit: First I believe that the schools can be better and more economically super vised if the Superintendent Is elected by the people and not appointed by the Board. The incumbent of this very im portant office should not be obliged to curry the favor of the members of the School Board In order to Insure his con tinuance in office. He should be free to follow his pedagogical and adminis trative ideas, and able to resist the in sistence of any school director when he feels that what that director desires of him conflicts with his own Judgment In regard to the matter. Und-er the contract method the Superintendent cannot oppose the views of the direc tors who employ him for fear of los ing his Job. Second I believe that the present terms for which the school directors are elected, namely, five years, is too long and that it should be reduced to two or possibly three years. This would tend to destroy the tendency upon the part of some members of the Board to convert the school system into a politi cal machine. Third I believe that the school laws should be amended so as to permit all registered voters to vote at school elec tions Instead of confining the right to vote to taxpayers. The poor man who sends his children to school should have the same right to vote concerning matters affecting the welfare of his children as the taxpayer who has no children, and therefore no interest in the schools other than such as he may have in the amount of the tax levy. If these suggested changes are adopted at the next session of the Leg islature, and I hope they will be, I am sure that much good will be accom plished and that the present discontent on the part of the parents and tax payers with the administration of our public schools will disappear. A SUBSCRIBER. SCHOOL GREATEST INFLUENCE Writer Believes Character - Bulldlnsr Done In Class Room. PORTLAND. Dec. 23. (To the Edi tor.) Recently an interesting, but al together too brief, editorial was pre sented in The Oregonian regarding character-forming influences. A number of most illustrious citi zens passed on the question, which, in brief, might be stated as follows: Name the one influence most potent in form ing character necessary to ideal citi zenship. Having given the question some thought. 1'am compelled to con clude that there is no "one" most po tent influence. but rather .that there are three most potent influences, and that these three do, and must, act in conjunction, that one could not exist without all. This trinity is heredity, nutrition and environment. Naturally, the question next presented is, which one of this trio is the more Important in forma tion of character? Should we, in attempting to solve this problem, turn our attention to heredity, we will find it differs from Its companions most from the fact that it is not flexible or elastic, but Is a fixed quantity; it is an heritage which has been measured out to the Inheritor. It, however, may be culti vated and developed through influ ence of its co-partners, nutrition and environment. Such influence, while not increasing tne original inheritance, may be habit- forming and creative of characteristics which, through transmission, will be come instinctive in a following genera tion, thus, through the beneficial influ ence of nutrition arid environment to- a given generation, the Inheritance of the generation following will be in creased. Mr. Edison briefly, but thoroughly, covered this ground when he said that a child's education should begin at least 100 years before the child was born. If we next consider nutrition we will find It less fixed or constant than heredity, in fact, subject to any manner of change. Yet. If in supply it be de ficient, or in quality inferior, such dis crepancies are sure to stultify the most ideal influences accruing from heredity and environment. Those who regard mind and matter as one, and sense mind as a phenome non of matter, argue that mental per fection may exist only in conjunction with physical perfection, and that physical perfection may be achieved only through perfect nutrition. We now come to the third essential to existence, environment. It will be argued that general char acter (habits of body and mind) are most readily formed during life's early j period. The mental and physical organ- ization is then impressionable, plastic and highly susceptible to influence. Let us here imagine an instance where heredity and nutrition are suffi cient, so that we have only to deal with environment. I feel that I am in. order when I state that the chief character-forming influences of envi ronment are the home, the school and the world. It is now necessary for us to decide which one of these educational influ ences Is most influential in forming desirable character. All knowledge which Is worthy of the name Is knowl edge of nature. Nature is, in fact, the source of all knowledge, and in order for the animal intruder to survive he must cognize nature to such degree that he may adapt himself to natural condition, for It goes without saying nature does not adapt herself to the well-beiner of the newcomer, man. Now, whether the home, the school or the world is best qualified to teach nature's lessons I am not here going to assert, but I believe the school is best prepared and qualified to perform such Important work. A3IOS. MOB CLAIMS BEST CITIZENS Mr. Murphy, of Seattle, Says Some Le gal Hangings Are Needed. SEATTLE. Wash., Dec. 20. (To the Editor.) While en route to Eastern Oregon' I passed through your city, and while reading The Oregonian on tne train came across an editorial on the lynching of a negro in one of the Southern states. In this editorial you state that "It is inconceivable that the Southern mob- is made up of the re sponsible citizens of any community. That seems a natural conclusion from the attitude of the best citizens of the community in which this particular lynching occurred. But the fact that the "best" citizens are often involved seems to indicate that the lynch spirit Is not confined to the rowdy element, nor Is It by any means a Southern institution. It may be Interesting to call your attention to an incident that illustrates this, which occurred Just about a year ago in your sister state, to the no.-th: The best citizens in a town of Northern Washington objected to the presence of two Japanese who were preparing to open a laundry and notified them that they must leave town. When the notice to the men did not have the desired effect, a body of these same best citizens, composed of the present Mayor, several business men, a doctor or two and others, mak ing, in all about IS in number, called on the owner of the building in which the Japanese were staying and de manded that he, the owner, immedi ately turn the Japanese out. Because this demand was not complied with, the same evening a "mob" broke Into the building, took out the belongings of the Japanese, burned them in the street and used the town fire apparatus to put out the fire and also to drench the building. The only thing that saved the Jap- ensn from rough treatment. If not death, was the fact that they succeeded in getting out of the building by a back entrance when the first stones were thrown through the windows. It was known to the mob. or to the best citizens, whichever way you choose to view It, that the men were hiding in the home of the owner of the building. who was a saloonkeeper and an Ital ian, but it was also pretty definitely known that any attempt to secure the men from the owner's place would very likely result in & few first-class furrer- als. And that Is what saved the Jap anese from the fate of Crawford In the Instance referred to In your editorial. "hen the Prosecuting Attorney of the county made an investigation he round, according to his own statement, that the town authorities and the best citizens were shielding the gentlemen who composed the midnight assembly. All attempts to persuade the town to reimburse the Japanese for the loss of their property have failed, and, thanks to our democratic system of local self government, no one can interfere, and the matter Is settled. However, the best citizens are very emphatic In their stand that another Oriental at tempting to locate in the town would get much shorter shrift. Is It not a fact that the mob is .the natural outerrowth of a mental attitude and has very little relation to location or the class of people composing the mob? A diseased mental concept lies at the base of all these unseemly af fairs, which means that mental, moral and religious correctives must be vig orously employed to bring about a nor mal condition. That a liberal number of legal hangings of the leaders of these lynch mobs would assist very materially win. I suppose, he gener ally admitted. U. G. MURPHY. Toes Cut OK to Enter. ATCHISON. Kan., Dec. 19. Two toes amputated that he might pass entrance examination to Went Point. Harold De Forest, of Wetmore. has been dis charged from a hospital here. He had what Is known as "hammer toes" that Is, two toes were drawn back and wouldn't straighten out. Those two toes wouldn't pass the examination, and he was promised admittance In case the toes were amputated. DAILY METEOROLOGICAL REPORT. PORTLAND. Dec, 23. Maximum temper ature, 39 degrees; minimum, 3.' degrees. River reading at 8 A. M., S.S f-et: change In last 24 hours. 0.9 foot rise. Total rainfall 13 F M. to .1 P. M.), O.lo inch; total rain fall since September 1. 191ti, li.s Inchea: normal rainfall eince September 1, 17.38 Inches; deficiency of rainfall since Septem ber 1. 1H16. 5.10 inches. Total sunshine December 23. none; possible sunshine 8 hours. S7 minutes. Barometer (retlured to sea level) at 5 P. M-. 2!.ot inches. Relative humidity at noon, 87 per cent. THE WEATIIEH. -0 Wind, i 5 3 - 52 o . 35 ' C IC O g 2. O I IS f F I 3 : : TAriO.Vl. Weather. Baker Boise Boston Calgary ........ Chicago Denver ......... lH-s Moines..... Iuluth Eureka Galveston Helena . . . Jacksonville .... Kansas City..... l.os Angeles. . . . . Marehfleld Medford Minneapolis Montreal ....... New Orleans.... New Tork North Ht-ad North Yakima... Omaha Phoenix Pocatello Portland Roseburg ....... Sacramento ..... St. Louis Salt Lake San Francisco... Seattle 3(.Ul to SB Cloudy 34l0.02;i'J;li Cloudy 84O.0"14;W Clear -40.01. .iNB Cloudy 20 0.O ,,XE .Clear 8-0.tHl.. W Clear 22 O.0O. . SE Cloudy lou.im 10 w ,vlear 40 0.7(1 1(1 SK Hain 00 .(! li,K U'loudy ao.ooj.. v Cl.-ar BS'O.Od . . NE Cloudy 3 0.M 1G U Clouily fin o.fml. .:S Cloudy 44i(l.o . Nw'ttaln 83 't.ir. . .NW'Rain lao.Oo...E Clear H 0.(l 32 W Clear -R" O.Of'. . S3 Clear .14 O.INi a w '"tear 2 O.I1I. . SB !Snow 84 o. 10 . . IS W Isnow u.01 10XE Snow 60,0. tM . 'NW ( lear snow Haln C loudy Cloudy Cloudy Cloudy an n.oi lis sij Srt 0.1:. .;S 4'l U.4JI. . S 4 rt.r.j 2'srt Rti K(H 12 st; 8 0.04 24 S S2 O.dx 12 S 40 O.14. . . SB Cloudy Cloudy Spokane ........ Tacoma ........ Tatoosh Tslaid.. Walla Walla.... Washington Winnipeg; an o.24l 4ir.2rt! 40.36 42 0.01 44 o.on, fU.O.OOl IE Pt. cloudy i louny . S ("loudy -yS Snow :sw i Clear IClear WEATHER CONDITIONS. An elongated depression extendlna- from Western Washington to Oklahoma overlies most of the country west of the Mississippi niver. -xiain i&ueii in .aiiioriiia ana rain or snow In most of the states from Ore gon and Washington southeastward to Colo rado and eastward and northward over the Rocky Mountain Statce. Tha pressure la moderately high over Central Canada and southeastward to the Middle Atlantic Coast and also over the West Gulf dtates. No high winds have been reported from s-a-ports In this district and all storm warnings nave been discontinued except the southwest warnings on Cool Ray. Except In a faw lo calltUs the weather Is cooler on the Pa cific Slope. In Canada and the extreme Northeast. It Is 10 degrees or more warmer In New- .Mexico, the Lower Mississippi Val ley. Illinois and Southeastern Texas. In general, temperaturea are below normal throughout the country, being 2( degrees or more below normal in the western portions of the Dakota, most of Montana. South ern Alberta and Saskatchewan, and 34 de grees below normal in Northern Alberta. Tha conditions arc favorable for laiu or snow In this dwtrlct Sunday and Monday with continued low temperatures and south erly to southwesterly w lnda. FORECASTS: Portland and vicinity Rain, probably part snow, Sunday and Monday; south to aouthwest winds. Oregon and Washington Sunday and Monday rain, probably part snow, west; rain- or snow east portion; not. much change In temperature. Southerly to southwesterly winds, gentle to moderate near the coaju Idaho Sunday and Monday rain or snow, not much i-haie in temperatures. Ofsn North Pacific Coast Sunday, rmln. moderate south to southwest wtneis. T. FRANCIS 1I1UKE, Assistant Forecaster. DAILY CITY STATISTICS Marriage Ucenaea. NEWMAN-RICHENSTE1N M. E. New. man. Trevia Hotetl. and Ethel Richenfiteln, 4703 Union avenue. R 1 E H A -J AS MAN N Charles A. Rteha. Sacramento Apartment, and Jennie Jaa mann. 3fll Weidler street. URIFFIN-SCHILi.IN'0 Ralph Griffin, 410 Montgomery streat, and Florence E. Schilling. 37 Twelfth street. FlXitiA-WRIGHT Carl R. Fugua. 284 Main atreet. and Clara H. Wright, 34 Thur man street. KISHBCRN-HTTMPHRETS Philip Harry Flshburn, 7103 Forty-fifth avenue Southeast. and Helen M. Humphreys, 013 Forty-second avenue Southrast. RADFORD-HESSEI Ctark A. Radford. Blark Rock, Or., and Graca E. Hessel. Greshtm. Or. MiEGEL-RENTRO Paul w. Mlegel. P514 Vnlon avenue North, and Wlnnltred B. Renfro. 669 Kearney atreat. OLSON-STAFANSON August Olson. Gresham. Or., aud Emma Statanaon, Gres liam. Or. H EATER-FELTON Riley C Heater. Newberg, Or., end Hagel Dean Felton, 675 Overton street. FNTLER-LEW1S Jacob P. A. Entler. 2KB East Twenty-fifth street, and Kathartn H. Leris, 1232 East Ollsan atreet. TRCMBO-LETSON John II. TrornM, Bt. Johns, and Flossie t,etaon. St. Johns. CHAKTON-ROACH William Hons crar- ton, McMlnnvllla. Or., and Nellie May Roach, Gresham, Or. FEbDE-J BPSON Henry Felde. 143 North Sixteenth street, and Ellne Jepson, !ia North Eighteenth atreet. FRYER-BUYS Edward Fryer. US Kll- lingsworth avenue, and Blanche Brya. 27 Willamette boulavard. PED12RSEN-J ACORSEN Carl O. Peder en. Alder Hotel, and Margaret Jacobaen. 10;lrt East Thirty-second atreet North. BV BEN IK-SET EVEN Jamea Bubenlk. ." Ellis atreet, and Nettle Seteven, ml East Sixty-ninth atreet North. HALLIDAT-CAKLSOS Arthur K. Halll day. f.45V South First street, and Harriett M. Carlson, same address. WIlSON-REISCHMAN E. I. Wllaon. 720 Burlington atreet. and Louavnna Reiachman. aamo address. FISH-EL. LIS Henry Z. Fish. Lynden. Wash., and Uxzle A. Ellis, 175 Twelfth "oAY-THOMAS Leslie M. Gay. Kellogg. Idaho, and Harriet H. Thomas, Hotel Ore gon. . , Vancouver Marriage Licenses. MOB LEY-SHARP David A. Mobley, 27, of Oregon City. Or., and MUi Beverly Sharp, 25. of Vancouver. Wash. GAPSCH-TENOLD Henry Gapsch. 23, of I.aCenter. Wash., and Hm Alma Tenold, 10. of T h iVnter Wash. MORGAN-SKOOO Coy Morgan. 1. ot Brush Prairie, Wash., and Mlsa Segrld Skoog. 51 txf TtrtiRh Prairie. Wrasa. STEM-OSBORNE A- L. Stem. 48. of Oolph, Or., and Nona E. Osborne, 45. of LoiDh. Or. LAXX-SCHMIOT Raymond Lann. 22, of Portland, and Mlsa Caroline Schmidt. 10, of Port Innd. RA1CV-BU5HBAUM John Ratcy. 24. of Oreg'in City. Or., and MlM Haxel Bushbaum. 1 II nf Sherwood. Or. JENSEN-ZULKE Alfred Jensen. 26. of Medford. Or., and Alga Zulke, 28. of Forest Grove. Or. LIXDSAT-DERRET Andrew Lindsay. 82 of Manor, Wash., and Miss Manila Derrey 18. of Manor. Waah. WELCH-WAGNER Lee Amoua Welch. 21. of Camas. Wash.. and Mlsa Rubey Irana Wagner. 19. of Orchards. Wash. INNES-WILSON Jamea Innes. 25. of Portland, and Mlsa Lydla S. Wilson, 22, ot Portland. ZELMS-JOHNSON Charles A. Zelms. BO. of Portland, and Mrs. Margaret Johnson. 44, of Portland. OABLE-COLEMAX William Gable, 22. of Portland, and Miss Irene Coleman, 18, of Portland. STEWART-HORAK Robert L. Stewart, 24. ot Portland, and Mlsa Libble R. Ilorak 18. of Portland. M ALLOY-LEWIS James Malloy, 22. of Portland, and Mrs. Mabel A. Lewis, 24, of Portland. - N1LES-ROBERTS George Lewis Niles. 81. of Astoria. Or., and Miss Irene Victoria Rob erts. IS. of Astoria. Or. McCOY-BI KTON Fred McCoy, 19. of For est Grove, Or., and Miss Velma Burton, 19, of Forest Grove. Or. OLSON-HALVERSON Obeart Olson, 29, of Portland, and Mlsa Anna Halverson, 42, of Portland. HAXSEX-LAMBDIX Richard Hansen, 27, of Portland, and Miss Mary Larabdln, 20, of Portland. J ENS EN-SH ATTl'CK Arthur W. Jensen, 1. of Blckleton. Wash., and Mrs. Daisy L Shattuck. 38. of Birkieton. Wash. ROSE-JOHNSON William Rose. 29, of Vancouver, Wash., and Miss Jennie Johnson, 4, of Amboy, w ash. KNAPP-KXIGHT Charles O. Knapp, 57, of Vancouver, Wash., and Mrs. Clara J. Knight. 45, of Vancouver. Waah. Births. KEEP To Mr. and Mrs. Harrr J. Keep. -tto Aorta xwcntletn street, uecemoer lb; son. BHZI.ET To Mr. and Mrs. George Botley Scappose. Or., Oecember 16: a son. v HITK To sir. and Mra. tntn v . wmte, Castle Rock. Wash.. Dec. 1(1: a daughter. oTROHKLKEK To Dr. and Mrs. Samuel M. Strohecker, 73 West Farragut street, December l(t; a son. SWANSON To Mr. and Mrs. Carl Swan- son, lido East 1 hlrty-aecond atreet Aortn December 37: a son. UUERKIN To Mr. and Mrs. James Jr. Ouerrln. 6(34 East Tenth street, December is: a son. MICKIC To Mr. and Mra. Mike Mlcklc, 345 North Eighteenth street, December 1; flaiichter. OVfcKBKCK To Mr. and Mra. Oscar C. Overbeck, out Thompson atreet, December 8: son. THORNTON To Mr. and Mrs. George W. Thornton. 4135 Sixty-fifth street Southeast, December u a aaugnter. KNISPEI. To Mr. and Mrs. w. Knispel, 000 Qulmby street, December son. CARTER To Mr. and Mrs. Ernest B, Carter, 2t7 Hawthorne avenue, December lo: a naucnter. HI GET To Mr. and Mrs. Jacob C. Huget. 36ft ( ook avenue. Decemoer 11: a daughter DEPPK To Mr. and Mrs. Paul T. Deppe, 349 Kast Fifty-first street North, December 11: a daughter. PLAY FAIR To Mr. and Mrs. William L. Playfair, 548 East Forty-eighth street North, uecemoer 13; a son. WOOD To Mr. and Mrs. Clyde H. Wood 214 Jefferson street, Decemoer 11; a aaugh ter. . CROMWELL To Mr. and Mrs. Howard P. Cromwell, Sdt, Kllllngaworth avenue, De camber 9. a aon. MOOP.E To Mr. and Mra Jamea H Moore, 454 Eleventh atreet, December 18 dauchter. M' DANIEL To Mr. and Mrs. Elmer W McDamel, CIS Alulna avenue, December 20 a inn. GRl'BER To Mr. and Mra. Peter Omber, S3 A l.eland St.. December lO: a son. WILLIAMS To Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Williams. Newburg, Or., December 8; WENGKR To Mr. and Mra Verne I Wenger. 45 East Forty-etghth atreet North December 1U. a aaugnter. Building Permits. WEMME ESTATE Repair two-story brick ordinary garage repair stiop. 21-23 Broadway, between Coucli and Burnside atroeta; H. A Aekwlth. burlder: JfiO. PAUL H. COCHRAN Repair one-atory frame riwel ing. 1004 South Jersey street, be tween Buchanan and Burr streeta; Paul H Cochran, bullaer; ST'O. O.-W. R. ac N. COMPANY Repair frame winch tower, foot of Arthur street, between Moody and River; Columbia Kiver Sh'p building Corporation, builder: I12O0. W. M. GRI'NDIG Repair one-story frame greenhouse. 647 Nehalem street, between East Sevententh and Sixteenth atrets; J. A. Darv. buibier; g.'Oc). EDWARD KI.E1ST Repair two-story brick ordinary. 521 Twenty-sixth street, cor ner Cl'nton: builder same; $25. JAMES WALKER Erect frame garage 4121 Fifty-Second street, between Forty-sixth and Forty-seventh avenues; builder same; TOO LATK TO CLASSIFY. IN THE District Court f the United States for the district of ores on: In the matter of B. B. Nutter, bankrupt. The trute will receive c lowed bids up to and includ ing 11 o'clock A. M.. Friday. December 2i, on the following Block of jtoode. wares, merchandise and fixtures, the ame being ordered in the above estate: Parcel .Vc. 1. paints, oils, rlass. Parcel No. 2. watl paper. Parcel No. 0, molding frames and molding equipment. Parcel No. 4. fix t urea. Bids may be made on any one of thefe pa re Is, or on the four parcels ss a whole. Each bid must bo accompanied by a certified check in the amount of 10 per cent of the bid made. Kitlts will he opened and inventory may be seen at 210 Railway Exchange bld.. Portland. Ore gon, and at the store of B. H. Nutter, bankrupt, herein. All sales subject to confirmation of the referee. tiUned ' B. K. KNAP P. Trustee. FOR SALE E 5:U. r.relan tabby kittens. Phone KNIGHT TEMPLAR charm. Return S. liomenway, bU 'irat su Raward. TOO LATE TO CLASSIFY. tVOl'LD like to meet buyer for interest in active b-islne-i.. estab.lshed five years; f3i0O to V)0"K. part tune. AB ObS. Orego nian. POSITION by youna- woman with child T years, as housekeeper, or will assist. Will leave city. AB WStl. Oregonian. SWNlFli WAR VETERAN needs work. . mother to support. Express driver, gro cery clerk, any light v.-ork. Marshall 1 7 L'NDK I'.ilRAl't'ATE nnmo of several taift' practical experience wishes cases. AC &;.?. oresonmn. A MAKG-VIN H kar.lt diamond stick pin. $."i. AB DST. Oregonian. MEETING NOTICE. SEci-rtiT-r rorxnL No. 236. KNIGHTS AND LA DIES OF SECURITY R-g-ular home meeting Tue?.lay evening, Dec. 2S. l'.Md. Meeting cslled to orvier promptly at 8 o'clock. Short business session. followed by an especially arrand vlctrola programme of h'gri- clasa music Visiting members welcome. Re freshments served. litDerma nan, itutsei: St.. near Rudney. ' - OREGON COMMANDERT. OO No. 1. K. T. Plesso attend , jTV i'v tha ususl Christmas obser -feSi-;E5Js ance tomorrow iMondayi. Dc L m if camber 25. at 11 o'clock A. J M . Masonic Temple. e.-t Park and Yamhill streets. All Knlghta Templar are earnestly requested to assist. ' Sojourning Sir Kr.tghts wi'.l bo par ticularly welcome, C F. WIESANP. Recorder. PORTLAND TENT. NO. I. THE MACCA BITES will give 50 party and dAnce at th'ir hali. 4" AMer street, on Thursday evening. December 2H. There wiM be two l-hand gam,-s and good prizes for each. Coma and lrlng your friends and enjoy a pleasant time. Cards b;30. dancing at 1 Admisnon 20c. COMMITTEE. WASHINGTON COM MANDEUY, NO. 15. K. T. fcTH-ota. conclave Christmas morr.lnir at 11:45. All aojourn InK Knight Templara courte ous' v invit1 to attend. Q13EKT M A HTYXi Recorder. REV CORA K1NCANXON SMITH, he itll-known mou.um ot th Nonliwpst. s nt the Multnomah Hotel and will letturo and irive aplrlt ni'isajcea at 11 A. M. tolay Sunuay), Deo. 4. at Auditorium liau. ii ad,- GUT- Hfc-AZEK GROTTO. NO. tV, will gtva an Informal dance and card party at the Maaonu Temple on Saturday, December iiO. Coupioa 75c each will itlve iK and dance Tuesday evening. leoemb r t. Arcanum iiaii, lotn ai near Waah. 0 hanua. Frizes arrseed chickens. Union music. Admission lc. MVCCABEE 500 PARTY AND P ANCE. WED. EVE.. DEC. 27. &:3 P. M. All the card play inn you want. Good prizes. Music furniahed by Maccabee orchestra, Ad- m.aaion lie JACK6UN WALKER. K. K. GVt RKAZE GROTTO. No. 6.T No mat ing- this month. Wish you a. merry Christ ina, a. By order or iionarcn. EMBLEM Jewelry, out tons, charm, pin a. New aeaitfna. Jaeger joa 131-3 Sixth u FRISDLAXDER'S. Jewelern. for Emblema, Claw i-lna and Presentation Medals. U'-uQ and estimates f urn tan ed tree. :10 Waah. nrrro. HARE1 Tn this city. ixcember lRlO. at hr reaidt- nee. via helniont street, ttn ai rice, beloved ife of v h ester V. Hare. aKed 3t years 4 month -5 days. pt-i-eused is survived l-y lir huand and lit tle daughter. Nancy J a tie. 5 v, yeara kM, and on brother, Kom W. ElKlns. Ke niulna are at t he parlors of the 8 k ewes I iiuertaKln Cumpany. corner of Third and Clay streets. Funeral notice later. CARPENTER In this city, December 23. lil, at her residence. 7 H'3 Sixtieth ae nue Southeast. Ellen M. Carpenter, aged 79 yeara 1 mon ihi 1 days. Deceased la survived by two daitchters, Mary E. Car penter and Mra. J es.-de C. West ter. and one sou. John W. Carpenter. Remains are at the parlors of the Skeu.es Under taking Company, corner Third and Clay streets. Funeral notice later. M7KNIGHT In this city. December 22. Jamea . McKnlKht, aped 5S- years. No tlee of funvral later. Remains are at the residential parlors of Miller 6l. Traccys Washington at Ella .street. SCHWARTZ Mrs. Frieda Geiger Schwartz. Dec. .t. of 4&2 Clatsop ave.. age i years 3 months S day a. Roma Ins re at Ho. -man's funeral parlors. Announcement of funeral later. FUNERAL NOTICES. WITT EX In this city. December 22. at h la late residence. t4S Sumner street, Thomas x M. Wtt'cn, aged ii:t years, husband ot Kmm Witten, father of Mra. Edwin Rain Hi shop and ca rnett Witten. The funeral services will be held Tuesday, December 2i5. at 2:3i o'clock P. M.. at the residence establishment of J. y. Klnley & Son. Mont gomery at Klfth. Fnendn invited. In cineration at Portland Crematorium. JEKFERY At the residence. 641 Washing ton st.( Dec. ill. E. J. J efl try, aged M yeurs. Friends Invited to attend funeral services, which will be held at the a Dove residence at 10:30 A. M. tomorrow Mon day), Dec. 2."i. Interment lilvervlew Ceme tery. Remains are at Hoi man's funeral parlors until b:30 A. M. Monday. QCTNLIVAN Dec 23. James Qulnlivan. aged 44. late of 3S2 S Hawthorne ave. Fu neral services will bo held t Dunning & McEntee's chapel Tuesday, Dec. at 1 P. M. Friends Invited. Interment Mt. Calvary Cemetery. CHAMBREAC "h funeral services of the late Uei trudn E. Chambrea u wni be held Tuewlay. December 2, at 1 o'clock A. M. Bt the retddet.ee establishment of J. !. Fin ley & Son, Montgomery at l'iith. Friends Invited. CESTET.LI Dec. 22. Rev. Alexander CesteKI. aged 77 years. High requiem mas will be offered for the repose of his soul at the Cathedral Dec. 2d at V A. M. Friends in vited. Interment Mt. Calvary Cemetery. K'NERAL DIRECTORS. EDWARD HOLMAN CO. ESTABLISHED 1877 RELIABLE FUNERAL DIRECTORS Lady Assistant Third and Salmon Streeta Main 507. A 1511 PERFECT FUNERAL FOB I.F-5 MILLER & TRACEY Independent KnnersJ Directors, J-Jkdjr Ami taut. Wash, at Ella Bel 20th and 21sl Main -0'JI. A. West Side. PUNMNi fc M" EN TEE, Xunerai directors. Broad w.y and Pius street. Phone iioad way 430. A 4o5. Ltuy attendavpt. A. R- ZELL.EK CO CWJ wTLl-lAMsi AVJQ. y m t loe. C 1 o&&. sLsvd avuouuaa u Ui,y and night service. j FiNi-EY fiOiSj Progressive b unt-ral Directors. MONTGOMERY AT FIFTH. F. i. DUNNING. INC. Ekt tside Funeral i rectors 4 14 East Alder street. East 6il. H 2521V SKEVVKS LNDEHTAK.INU COMPAQ V, Sd and Clay. M'n 4li, A 'i2L. Lhu atteuuant. MR. AND MilS. W. neral service, fai bOtU ; H. HAMILTON FU ind ii i.a.11. Tao. 4dli. EK1CSON Residence L liuer taking Parlors, J 2th and Morrison at. Main tl&. A P. 1a Lx-ii. OH, t-ast Jltu and dsy au-ssta. Lady atiendaut. 7b l. ii 16 3b. BKKKZE 6z SNOOK CREMATORIUMS. MOUNT SCOTT PARK Cemetery and Crematorium Tabor 146S. D 81. FLORISTS. MARTIN FOKHEs CO. Florists. 54 WaahtnEtor Main 1'.9. a 12nU. Klovera for all occasions artistically arranged. v-l.Al.KIi UKOS.. i lorlslo. 281 iior.'Uon at. Jdain or A lao5. Fine flowers aod fiorai dgalgps. No branch stores. VAX M. SMITH. Main 715. X 2121. ln- bl'lg.. 6th and Alder ata. TONSETH KtAJItAL. CU., 2 So WaalilnKloo at., between 4th and oth. Main MOJ, A 1101. MOXT-MEIVTS. PO.ITLAND MAKBLE WORKS. 24-:r. 4th St., oppn.lta 'lty Hall. Main SS64. Phiito Neu A Sona for memorials. 2 blaezsinC C-ranite: CO." THIRD a,-T fJl.r:SO,vl Tq;gT