TIIE SUNDAY OltEG OXIAN. POItTLVAXD, DECEMBER 3, 1916.
ItLMiJlLCy ssil ilillLV Jl lUiilVi Jill I i wV- V"V-. L . V L 1 "I
Alarmed aUrv&sion of HomestzddeicJ
TfyzyAsK Uncle 5am for Protection
(Copyright. l!Mfi. ty 'Frank O. Carpenter.)
A'
N'DRKAKSKI, Alaska, Dec. 3. The
Indians of interior Alaska are
excited over the building1 of the
Government railroad. They see the
whites taking up homesteads, and fear
they will swallow the country. They
know, the fate of the Indians of the
Vnited States proper, and they want
the Government to set aside land where
their fishing and hunting will not be
disturbed. Not long ago the seven
chiefs of the tribes of the Tanana and
Yukon valleys met at Fairbanks. They
came to consult with their friends
among the whites and see if the Gov
ernment could not be induced to give
them a reservation. In talking with
them Judge Wiekersham, the Alaska
delegate to Congress, advised them to
have their people take out a lot of
homesteads in one block. He said it
would be difficult for them to do this
after the whites had come in and said
thpy should act promptly. One of the
chiefs replied that he though all of
Alaska belonged to the red men and
he wanted to know what the conditions
actually were.
These Indians would rather have a
large reservation than a number of In
dividual homesteads. They want to
live together and keep out the whites.
Moreover, they need large tracts for
trapping and the fur business will be
wiped out by the division, of the land.
The Government has been setting
aside reservations for the Indians in
various parts of Alaska. The Aleutian
Islands are practically one reservation.
Annette Island, where Metlakatla is
located, is another and the Hydaburg
reservation, consisting of 12 square
miles on the western coast of Prince of
wales Island, Is a third. The tract
of 800 acres on the Chilkat River, not
far from Skagway, has been given to
the Klukwan Indians, and there are
forest reservations where the Indian
can trap and hunt at will.
The Indian chiefs who met at Fair
banks to counsel with the whites were
remarkable men. They were tall and
fine looking. They wore clothes which
were much the same as the whites
fave that they had on their ceremonial
Jackets bordered with fur and beaded
moccasins covered their feet. Kach
wore a great necklace of beads, which
was probably a badge of his chieftain
ship and the hair of all was cut short.
I have a photograph of the chiefs
Their faces are Mongolian in cast and
several of the men looked much like
Japanese. All show great strength of
character, and I doubt if a stronger
and better looking body of rulers could
be found anywhere. They are of Atha
bascan stock and they form a part of
that great family of Indians which is
scattered throughout Northern Canada,
extending on into Central Alaska. They
are about the same as the Navajos and
com other Indians of our southwestern
states.
-The Indians of Alaska are rapidly
decreasing in number. They are much
fewer than when we took possession of
the territory and in 1910, according to
the census, they numbered less than
12,000. At that time there were about
25,000 natives and of these 60 per cent
were Eskimos. That 25,000 was scat
tered over a territory one-sixth as
large as the whole United States and
three times the size of either Germany
or France. The Eskimos inhabit the
region along "the coast of the Arctic
Ocean and Bering Sea,, taking in the
deltas of the Yukon, the Kuskokwim
and other rivers and extending down
Into the Alaskan peninsula. The
Indians are .found here and there on
the mainland and especially in the
great plateau of the Yukon. There are
some in the Aleutian Islands and about
Frince William sound and there are a
great many along tBe coast and on the
islands of southeastern Alaska.
The Alaska Indians are of a half
dozen different stocks. The Athabas
cans number Just about 4000. They are
divided into 12 tribes and may be seen
all along the Yukon and Tanana rivers.
The Aleuts are closely allied to the
Eskimos. They number perhaps 1500.
They live in the long island chain
which extends from Southwestern
Alaska almost to Asia. They are fishers
and hunters. They have some artistic
ability and the finely woven, baskets
which come from Alaska are made by
tneir women. The Thlingit is an Indian
. family that is found scattered through
Southeastern Alaska. It numbers 4000
or 5000 divided among a dozen or more
tribes, including the Auk, the Chilkat,
the Kake, the Sitka, Stikine, Tongas.
Yakutat and others. The Klukwans
No student of economics will
deny that the bird that grows
twice as fast as all others is
making for first, place as a busi
ness proposition. Money thus in
vested can be tflrned over twice
as fast. Then, too, the everyday
layer outdistances the alternating
layer. The everyday layer is the
duck.
BY C. S. VALENTINE.
An Authority on the Indian Runner.
T-IE deeply-indented coast lines of
New England seem to indicate that
Nature fitted this locality for duck
raising. Yet, strangely enough, this en
tire section is reported to produce little
more than one-fifth as many ducks as
Indiana alone. The latter is little
larger than Maine, and is almost with
out water border. The New England
states produce less than half as many
ducks as Arkansas, a state entirely in
land and having 11.000 square miles
less territory than New England.
One reason for this may lie in the
fact that, waterfowl have been given
very little publicity in this section.
The New England Experiment Stations
have made no specialty of ducks that
can be recalled; though Rhode Island
did important comparative work with
geese and tried some crosses. Why
natural specialty of a coast like that
of Rhode Island should be so neglected
is a puzzle.
Apathy Toward Waterfowl Broken.
The apathy toward domesticated
waterfowl, extending over much of the
country, Included the growers, exhibi
tlons and the .stations. This has now
been broken by two events: (a) the
wen-nurtured growth of the "green
duck" industry; (b) the advent of the
Indian Runner duck. Green ducks
(meaning immature) have been grown
for some time in large numbers, and
the progressive Long Island breeders
have opened a commission house of
their own in New York City, handling
their own products and those of other
growers.
The Indian Runner is pretty thor
i
are Thlmgits and so are the Ilunas.
These people are semi-civilized and
nearly every tribe has its own church
and school. And then there are the
Haidas, numbering 500 or 600, and the
Tsimseans, who were brought from
Canada by Father Duncan. Both of
the latter tribes five on the islands of
Southeastern Alaska.
On my way down the Yukon I saw
many of tje Athapascans. Thev have
camps near the white settlements, and
one sees their salmon wheels along the
banks of the rivers, with the fish-drying
racks nearby. The Indians use fish
wheels to catch t-ie Winter supply of
salmon for themselve and their dogs.
The wheels are so made that they are
turned by the current. They have great
nets attached to them, into w.nch the
fish swim and are carried up into the
air and dropped into a box, while the
Indians sit on the bank and smoke at
their leisure. Every few hours the fish
are taken out of the boxes. They are
cleaned by tje squaws and hung on the
racks in the sun to dry. They are then
taken home and laid away in the cache,
or high shed upon poles that stand be
side each Indian home. This is to keep
them away from the dogs and wild ani
mals. The cache is reached by a ladder
and the fish are brought down as need
ed.
I have Deen Interested In the homes
of the Athapascans. They live in sub
stantial log cabins, and many of their
houses have frame doors and glass
windows. Some of these Indians are
now planting gardens, and not a few
use cook stoves and other furniture like
that of the whites. The most of them
have become Christians, although they
retain many of their old superstitions
arm customs. The Government has es
tablished public schools in all of the
large villages, and tje younger genera
tion is learning to speak English.
The Indians admire the whites and
try to Imitate them. They are now
dressing much the sarpe, except that
they delight in bright oolors. During
my trip we have had a number of
Indian men and women with us on the
tourist steamers. The Indians watch
the whites and try to do as they do.
The other day a young squaw sat down
at the table opposite two traveling
salesmen from Seattle. As the meal
went on they noticed that the girl's
orders were the same as their own. She
was pretending to study the menu, but
they concluded that she could not read
and that this was her first experience
with the white man's victuals. There
upon, one o them ordered for dessert a
slice of custard pie and winked at his
friend to do the same. The squaw in
her turn gave a similar order. When
the pie came, one of the traveling men
seized the catsup bottle and sprinkled a
liberal allowance of hot tomato sauce
over his pie. His friend followed suit
and then shoved the catsup across the
oughly established in the United States
and Canada. Mexico sends many in
quiries, and the largest order reported
by the Cumberland Penciled Runner
Club in 1915 came from Alaska.
It is also reported from Hawaii that
the duck industry there had taken a
new lease on life, having passed out of
the hands of the Chinese. The present
demand is for Muscovies: while a large
demand has sprung up for duck eggs.
especially those from the Indian Run
ner breed.
The Certain Kgg Demand.
Wherever the attention of consumers
is called to duck eggs and to young
duck meat in the right way, a brisk
demand soon follows. The meat of the
10 to 12-weeks-old duckling is excel
lent. Some claim the young Runner
duck is the 1 best poultry meat to be
had.
When the layers are properly nan
died, duck eggs are so sweet and rich
that they equal hen's eggs. No market
informed as to the quality and value of
duett eggs will neglect them, especially
tnose oi tne inaian Runner. The eggs
of the Pekin and Aylesbury crowd the
large goose eggs for size. The Runner
egg sometimes reaches four ounces,
averaging nearly three ounces; while
the V ekin eggs average four to five
ounces.
Add to this three other facts, viz,
(a) that ducks thrive on a goodly pro
portion of cheap feed; (b) that the
skillful grower seldom loses a duckling:
(c) that there is now a steady demand
for these products, and it will be seen
the duck industry holds a favorable
place with the heretofore popular hen.
Producing Market Ducklings.
Many growers who raise green ducks
for market look askanca at tha Runner,
or at any of the small breeds of ducks.
They want Pektns. wmen weigh ten
pounds or more to the pair when ready
for market. Peklns, Aylesburys and
Rouens, with a standard weight of nine
pounds for adult males, are probably
tne only oirdst except geese, that will
make an average of half a pound a
week of growth for the first ten weeks.
Producers of green ducks want a
bird that grows rapidly, fattens easily,
has white "pins" and of which the
male and female are nearly equal In
.size. Even these meat producers de
. ' ' X. r i-irf; ..-nft re ' 1 1 wj - s .
hsv y y ....
c? 7Tihs JVoi Totn Tom
table to the copper-skinned girl. - She
did the same, only more so. The men
then delayed their eating to watch the
agony of the Indian. The fair squaw,
however, heroically finished her pie
without winking, and, as far as any one
could see, the Joke was on them.
During my travels in Southeastern
Alaska I saw many of the Thlingits.
These Indians are found on the coast
and in the islands of the panhandle, and
their settlements extend as far north as
Prince William Sound. They are the
Indians most knofn to the tourists, and
their totem poles or tribal emblems and
coat-of-arms are still to be seen in
many of the villages, although they are
gradually disappearing with the march
of civilization. The Thlingit villages
are always built near the shore. Nine-
tenths of. their support comes from
fishing, and they like to live right on
the beach. Nearly every family has its
boats, and some own gasoline launches.
The houses are usually scattered
throughout the town, without regard to
any fixed plan. It is only lately that
any of them tive .iad gardens about
them. In the past the buildings were'
made of rude slabs and bark thrown to
gether over pole rafters. None of the
houses had a chimney or window, and
the smoke passed out through a hole in
the roof. Now, the most of them are
frame, with windows and chimneys, pa
pered and painted. They have shingled
roofs and are comfortable homes. The
Indians have become good carpenters.
They have modern tools, and some of
their towns have hardware stores and
sawmills. .
The new buildings are planned with
mand a breed that lays well, else they
cannot get enough young stock.
Despite their size. Runners lead all
other direks. even for meat. Some have
said, the smaller the Runner the bet
WHITE MUSCOVY DUCK,
The Muscovy duck is claimed by
some to be a goose. It is, nevertheless,
very ducklike and is so classed. Its
history is centuries old. It is found
wild in Brazil in the same colors as it
Is bred in domestic barnyards, and its
place of origin is generally credited to
that country.
This duck is bred in both white and
colored varieties; the former, the sub
ject of this sketch, being most popular.
Its plumage is snow white with
bright face and knob, the legs an or
ange yellow: The male carries a tuft
of feathers on the top of his head,
which under certain conditions he
raises. The male is usually very large.
often attaining 12 pounds, while the
cTzlSz:rt rsA CfiS&f'S'
regard to sanitary conditions. Some of
the towns have plank sidewalks, and in
one or two there are electric lights. In
Klukwan the Indians have piped the
water from the mountains and estab
lished a municipal water system. The
same is true to some extent in Metla
kahtla, where the water Is brought
from a lake in the mountains. -
The Metlakahtla Indians I have al
ready described. The proper name for
them is Tsimseans. The were con
verted from savages to civilization by
Father Duncan, and their village on
Annette Island has cottage homes that
would be considered comfortable in al
most any town of the States. Metla
kahtla has plank sidewalks and its
streets are laid out in regular order.
Each house has its garden. There to
a large general store, a sawmill and a
fish-canning factory. The people hav
the largest church in Alaska, and also
a town hall and library. 'Many of t-iem
speak English. The Government school
building recently erected is a large
two-story building, fitted with all ot
the modern school appliances. The na
tives dress just like the whites, and,
were it not for their complexion tand
features, you would hardly know they
were Indians. '
Outside Annette Island the work of
civilization among the Indians has been
promoted by the missionaries and
school teachers. The missionaries came
first. They had their schools, indus
trial and otherwise, and they converted
the Indians to Christianity.
After the.missionarles came the Bu
reau of Education. It has taken charge
of the natives of Alaska. It begaw with
the establishment of schools in all of
the villages, and it has added many
kinds of uplifting activities. The
ter. For instance, a grower of Runners
for high-class hotel pr restaurant trade
may be found urging that round
bodied birds smaller than standard
should be selected as breeders. There
are several reasons ' for this. One is
that the wild birds for which they are
sometimes substituted are usually of a
small, round-bodied type. Another rea
son is. if there is too much weight the
charge per portion must be increased to
the customer, or the proprietors, buy
ing by weight, will suffer a very small
profit.
An important factor In favor of Run-
female is rather small, never exceeding
eight pounds weight. 1
Muscovies have long and powerful
wings, useful In combats with other
poultry, for they are indeed .quarrel
some, and for flight. T-hey do not, how
ever, wander far, and will return to
the farm- buildings at nightfall.
The duck prefers to steal her nest.
It is not unusual for her to suddenly
appear with 11 or 12 ducklings which
she has hatched in some remote corner.
White Muscovy ducks when young
are of good gamey flavor and are often
served as canvasbacks. When old their
flesh is touh, rank and unappetizing.
In consequence, they fire seldom used
as utility ducks on . the great duck
farms.
c?fflz T&n.anci IaSa-ys. V
teachers are now instructing the adult
Indians in sanitation and civil govern
ment. They are inducing them to es
tablish stores, and to engage in all pos
sible self-sustaining industries. '
So far the most remarkable progress
has been among the Haidas. a tribe of
five or six hundred on Prince of Wales
Island. The Government has given
them a reservation, and they have a
fown there called Hydaburg, which is
perhaps the most advanced Indian town
of the world. The natives have organ
ized a co-operative trading company
and are paying big dividends to their
stockholders. With only $11,000 invest
ed within the past three years 'they
have pair! dividends of $8000. Last year
the directors declared a dividend of 60
per cent, and the company has so In
creased its stock that it will undertake
a fish-canning and saw-milling busi
ness. As it is now, nearly every family in
Hydaburg has stock in this trading
company, and the people are rapidly
growing well-to-do. Nearly every one
has his gasoline launch and all have
comfortable homes. The town elects
its own officers. It has a Mayor and
Councilmen, and the business of the
place is transacted in English. One of
the first co-operative works was the
building of a sidewalk. There was
no money in the village treasury, but
the young men brought in the proceeds
of their season's fishing, and the Indian
girls had a basket social, at which the
food was charged for, the proceeds to
go to the sidewalk. At that social $290
was realized. This bought the lumber
and the men gave their labor without
charge. That sidewalk is the best in
Southeastern Alaska. It . is 'ten feet
wide and more than half a mile long.
Since then the citizens have erected
a municipal dock, which is 440 feet
ner flesh lies in its gamy qualities,
which enable' restaurateurs to substi
tute it for real game. .
Restrictions on game birds contin
ually increase. The Government is. re solved
to stop the illegal sale of game
birds. Restrictions are placed also on
the sale of their feathers. It is re
ported that even the grower of domesJ
ticated Mallards has not been safe
from interference.
The general rule has been no Spring
or Summer shooting, and a short open
season in the Fall. Unless the disap
pearing wild fowl can be increased by
protection, and the more intelligent in
terest of the people at large, domestic
birds must take their place in the mar
kets. Thus, the opening for small ducks
of superior quality, like the Runner, is
a most important one. And the Runner
is equal to the demand.
Furthermore, the grower who pro
duces eggs as a specialty wants small
eaters with ndt too large ' bodies. . Yet
he wants a fair carcass to sell when he
haas obtained the best part ofthe egg
yield from each bird. Tha quicker this
can be done, the greater the profit. And
because ducks lay almost dally during
ul- t
The interior fittings of a jo
try house are no less Important
than the construction of the
building. For next week, Robert
Armstrong has prepared an ar
ticle on the construction of nests,
which is illustrated by working
diagrams of a few simple con
trivances. the best of the season, they are Ideal
subjects for crowding for eggs till the
moult, when they can be sold for more
than it costs to replace them with
young stock. A Canadian breeder re
ports returns of $7 each from his first
flock of Runners, in less than a year
from table eggs-- ,
The utility grower needs to think
more than has been his custom, that he
must breed his stock along the lines of
weight and type, in preference to
feathers. In all breeds weight tend
to run down, unless the birds are bred
to a standard weight. Moreover, typi
cal birds are likely to be better layers.
Agricultural schools claim this is espe
cially true of the Runner duck.
From heretofore waste tomato seeds
Italian canners are making an oil with
rapid drying qualities that is useful in
varnishes.
long, witn a front of 55 feet. The
co-operative store has created a hunger
for business training, and business
methods are taught in the school. The
village has town meetings, at which all
matters of public interest are dis
cussed, and the popular vote determines
what shall be done.
The Haidas are not Thlingits. They
belong to a different Indian family and
for a long time their only-.home seems
to have been on Queen Charlotte Is
land, in British Columbia. Later some
of them moved to the west coast, and
about 200 years ago, according to their
traditions, they drove the Thlingits
out of a part of Prince of Wales Island
and settled there. They have always
been considered a superior Indian, and
have had the reputation of being the
best painters, carvers and canoe build
ers of Southeastern Alaska. In the
past they hollowed their canoes out
of single logs of cedar, and they built
houses with cedar beams and planks,
which were worked out with adzes of
ston. At one time there were some
thing like 8000 of them, but during
our possession of Alaska the number
In the United States territory has never
been more than 600 or 800.
The Thlingits are scattered every
where throughout the Alexander archi
pelago, and there are tribes that live
on the mainland. Klukwan is a vil
lage of the Chilkats, on the Chilkat
River not far from Skagway. The town
is said to be 300 years old and to have
once had a population of 1000 souls.
Its people were traders, exchanging
dried fish and oil for furs with the
Athapascans of the interior. The
Chilkats are great trappers. They have
divided their hunting grounds among
the various families and these rights
extend from generation to generation.
SODA AND SALT SOLUTION IS
USED ON TARNISHED SILVER
Boiling of Tableware in Simply Prepared Liquid With Piece of Aluminum
or Zinc Will Restore Brightness and Lessen Wear.
AN easy and effective meinoa ui
cleaning tarnished silverware by
boiling In a soda and salt solu
tion In contact with a clean piece of
aluminum or zinc is recommended to
housewives by the United States' De-
Lpartment of Agriculture as a result of
studies made by its specialists In home
economics. The necessary procedure is
so simple that it may be followed suc
cessfully in practically any home.
The cleaning system, known as the
electrolytic method, has been well rec
ognized for several years.
The tarnish which occurs jon silver is
not due to oxidation, but is dependent
entirely on the action of sulphur. In
ost cases the source of the sulphur
causing tarnish is rubber, wool, foods
like eggs, and the sulphur In tne air
due to burning illuminating, gas and
coal. The electrolytic cleaning method
depends on the facts that this tarnish
of silver sulphld is slightly soiuoie in
the hot solution employed, and that it
is broken down chemically and its sil
ver content redeposited on the ware
when the proper electrical conditions
prevail.
Polishes Waste Silver.
The presence of both the silver and
the aluminum or zinc in the hot solu
tion provides the necessary electrical
conditions. Under this method, there
fore, practicaHy all the silver in the
tarnish is returned to the object being
cleansed. When silver polishes are
used, on the other hand, all the silver
In combination in tne mrnisn is re
moved.
In the cleansing method recom
mended by the department the neces
sary materials are a granlteware cook
ing utensil deep enough to allow the
silverware to be covered by the so
lution; a clean piece of aluminum or
zinc, preferably the former, and baking
or washing soda. The solution, con
sisting of a teaspoonful of baking or
washing soda and a like amount of
table salt to each quart of water, la
brought to a boil in a graniteware or
They have been noted for their skill
in the various industries. They wovo
blankets a century ago. They also
forged copper and did beautiful carv
ing. Much of this skill has departed
with the advent of civilization, but
they row make moccasins and cut
out totem poles and other things for
the tourists.
The Chilkats are not as advanced as
the Haidas, but the settlement of Kluk
wan has a co-operative store, which,
has Just paid a dividend of 35 per cent
The store is so good that it gets much
trade from the whites, and it is said
that the Indians come a distance of
100 miles to buy there. Klukwan has
Its men's club, which holds meetings
every week, at which matters of town
Interest are discussed Now the boys
are talking of forming a clubhouse,
with a reading-room, toilet and bath.
The reading-room will be large enough
to hold meetings in. Magazines will
be subscribed for and books added from V
time to time.
The Government is trying to induce
these Indians to go into canning, and
some canning machinery has been sent
there. The school teachers advise that
a 'sawmill be installed. They say that
the boys are quick to learn carpentry,
and thev are now making chairs, tables
and sleds in the school shops. Last
year they began to work in sheet metal
and made airtight stoves' which sold
from $3.50 to $3 each. Their sleds
bring Trom $7 to $10 and cost about
half that to make.
Among the other movements to better
the Indians of Southeastern Alaska is
that of school farming. Both children
and adults are shown how to make
gardens, and some of the villages are
growing vegetables and berries of vari
ous kinds. At Klukwan they are rais
ing turnips, potatoes and carrots, and
also cabbages, peas and lettuce. One of
the teachers reports that he has super
vised the making of 17 native gardens
Inside the Arctic circle, and that he
has four large school gardens doing
well. There are Indian gardens at
Eagle, Fort Yukon and Klawock, and
one has been started at Unalaska in
the Aleutian Islands.
The Government is doing all It can
to improve the sanitary conditions
among the Indians. The teachers are
cleaning up the towns and the doctors
and nurses of the bureau of education,
go' from village to village and give di
rections for the care of the sick and
how to keep the well healthy. It is
estimated that 30 per cent of the na
tives have more or less consumption,
and that 8 per cent of the deaths are
due to tuberculosis. Sanitary camps
should be provided and means of pre
venting the spread of the disease in
augurated. The doctors have recom
mended a tuberculosis camp in the pan
handle. They want one established in
the Chilkat Valley between Haines and
Klukwan.
Of late the Indians have taken up th
fad of feeding their infants from the
bottle. Many of them are doing that
nnor Th sniiuvs know nothing about
the preparation of artificial food, and
many of the children come out of the
nursing stage feeble and scrawny. The
school children are being examined for
trachoma, adenoids and other diseases.
They are taught to take care of their
teeth and are warded against the using
of tobacco and alcohol.
enameled utensil. A sheet of aluminum
or clean zinc Is dropped in. The tar
nished silverware is then immersed in
the solution so that it is in contact with
the sheet of aluminum or zinc. The
tarnish should disappear in a few sec
onds. The silver object should then be
removed from the solution, rinsed and
dried with a soft cloth.
Aluminum More Satisfactory.
' Aluminum is much more satisfactory
than zinc for use in this cleaning
process, since it does not become coated
with a layer of carbonate, which would
interfere with the chemical reaction.
Zinc does form carbonates, and. if
used, must be cleaned frequently in
dilute hydrochloric acid. A small sheet
of aluminum may be purchased espe
cially for silver-cleaning purposes or a
piece of an old aluminum utensil well
cleaned may be used. Utensils which
would later be used in cooking opera
tions should never be employed in
cleaning sllver.ware by the electrolytic
method. If very large pieces of silver
are to be cleaned and a container is
required larger than can be placed con
veniently on the stove, the hot solution
may be poured into such a vessel and
the silver object then immersed. The
method is most effective, however,
when the solution boils during the
cleaning process, and efficiency is rap
idly lowered as the temperature of the
solution falls below the boiling point.
The electrolytic method gives tha
cleaned silver a satiny finish after sev
eral cleanings. If a burnished surface
is desired, the silver must, from time
to time, be polished lightly with some
abrasive polishing . material such as
powdered whiting. The study made by
the department specialists included a
comparison of the amount of silver lost
when the whole tarnish was removed
by polishing and when the electrolytic
method was used. It was found that
when whiting paste was used as an
abrasive, spoon lost nearly 0.01 of a
gram of silver each, approximately 25
times as much as when the "hand
made" electrolytic method was employed.