THE SUNDAY ' OREGOXIAX,. POKTCAND, JUNE :13, 1915-
12 DUiLDING OF "ftiE PANAMA
, r . ----
Ivjii. solving j . vy ,11 ' ' " ' 8s" " " NV' -
HUMAN PROBLEMS - I 71 I 1 -r W v C w i 1 1
Ganal
Major-Generalj George W Goethals
Governor of the Panama Gvnal
E
i
5r' r T-rT-.rf. JSmsr
Compete? of&nDlotee
necessary authority could, not be' ob- the labor and time expended have been
" JZ.oZrry ofs Corns?? zWron Cfu Zr-ffozcro.
Editorial Xote: Tn last irfek's Installment where and his "yarns" furnish cause
ef hU own story of the buildin? of the Pan- , discontent. Of course, we also had
ama Canal, General Ooethals told of somo
of the administrative problems he was called with us the men whose, servipes were
upon from time to time to' face because the rot appreciated at the value placed by
human element is an uncertain quantity in themselves- this class was honeless and
the building of a work so monumental as memseiv es . tnis class as nopeiess, ana
the Panama Canal. He recounted some or i lie oiuy uuije mac. couia oe K i veil wa
the difficulties he had to overcome In hous
lnff tho working force how the questions
of quarters- and furniture were a continual
source of complaint. In this, the closim?
installment of his story, he tells of various
other problems fhat were forced upon him
by obstreperous human nature, and how he
disposed of them.)
to try. some other locality .where such
talents were in greater demand. . .
Brlnslng; In the V. M. C. A.
In the endeavor to make the isthmus
attractive and to secure a contented
force, clubhouses were built by the
EXT to the questions of quarters Government and turned over to' the
and furniture, the wage scale was young Men's Christian Association man
the source of more complaint than . rnti .rA. i.i.,h '
nything" else. houses were constrimtpd in trie larcpr
settlements and -did much to accom
plish the desired end. r They were in
course of construction when the third
commission assumed control,' hut the
A' table prepared by direction of Mr.
f-ihonts In 1306, corn-paring the wages
paid in the various trades with the av
erage wages paid in the United States
in similar employments, showed that
the Increases were ' not uniform in
amounts. The same was true ulso in
regard to positions not belonging to the
trades. Under the organization in ef
fect prior to January 8, 1908, the heads
of departments were largely responsi
ble for the wages in their respective
departments, and men were induced to
transfer from one to another on prom
ise of an increase, which not only
caused dissatisfaction, but tended to
disrupt the organization.
Much thought was given to the wages
for the trades; and while some minor
changes were made, where increases
were possible, on the whole the wage
scale was maintained, for to have -decreased
the pay - of any. craft would
have caused trouble. It was deemed
better policy to bear with the com
plaints and hold the wages undisturbed
Young Men's Christian Association had
appointed a superintendent to have
charge of their operation and manage
ment, and he was oil the isthmus.
The first one, which was at Culebra.
was opened for activities in May, 1907,
followed by those at Empire, Gorgona
and Cristobal.
Each of these clubs was furnished
with a library, supplied with a grapho
phone, billiard and pool tables, bowling
alleys, checkers,, chess, card tables, a
lecture-room with piano, and a general
lounging-room, where were magazines
and daily and weekly papers from dif
ferent 'sections of the United States. It
had been decided, prior to my arrival,
that dancing would be permitted, and
clubs were formed for - this.- purpose.
This, I believe, was an innovation in
Y. M. C. A. establishments, and it was
an excellent one, for there seemed to.
1 - ' Si v - - - -Av ' A - , -ft-
.1!. i-."-'' v' '' , . - -
l" ' " " ' , - . , '
taihed.
When the closing of the salovas at cpmpllshed.
Empire was discussed at the Commis
sion meeting in April, 1913, it was de
cided, to close - those at Culebra and
Gatun at . the same lime, tiiose '-.eing
the only remaining towns in the zone
where liquor was sold. By this time
the construction work was drawing to
a close, making it necessary t9 reduce
the- force employed, and many of the
'drinkers were - selected for discharge,
so that the drinking element was re
duced materially, though It did not dis
appear, entirely.
Consulting; With the Men.
- Sunday mornings were not the only
repaid
results ac-
(THE END.)
(Copyright, Ifllo, by Charles Scribner's Sons.
All rilfhts reserved. 1
Pasinff of rink Lemonade. . '
New York Tribune.
One by one life's cherished illusions
fade! Now It is the pink lemonade, fa
miliar to every one who has ever vis
ited a circus or Coney t Island, -which
Is to go. And It may make its exit ac
companied by the happy "hot dog" and
green ice cream, for the board of
health has Jurt issued an ultimatum
that 40 food inspectors are to watch
over all the Summer resorts and rec-
times devoted to tho human problems reation places within the greater city,
nor were those presented thei the only They are to ban all coloring matter in
problems in connection with the hu- soft drinks and bring foods, ice cream.
man element that received attention.
I was accessible to any one desiring
to see me whenever I was Jn the of
fice; my mornings were spent going
around from one place: to another in
specting the various phases of the en
terprise and gathering information,
not so much from the officials as from
the men. These were consulted about
their particula" tasks and encouraged
to express their views freely as to the
methods employed , and the manner of
doing.
. Not only did the individual take
greater interest in consequence, but I
obtained a knowledge of details which
could have been acquired in no other
way. This knowledge of details was
described by one writer as "uncanny,"
and was responsible for the report in
circulation that "gum-shoe" men were
employed and scattered over the Isth
mus for the - purpose of keeping me
Informed about everything that went
on. I; was amused to learn from the
chairman of the : labor commission
which visited the Isthmus in 1908. some
candies and other delectable things up
to the high standard of requirements
for edibles maintained in the ordinary
marts ' of trade. "What Coney Island
would be' without its "Hot, hot! All
hot!"-and its tank of cerise beverages,
it is impossible to think. Somebody is
always taking the joy out of life. "It
will compensate a misguided and senti
mental generation little that ' this is
done in the name of sanitation, even of
sanity. The appeal of these regulated,
standardized dainties to the stomach
may be enhanced, but what will be
come of the appeal to the e-yes and the
imagination? A new. properly educated
generation may become reconciled to
these new-fangled ways. The old one
must mourn for the victory of sciencs
over sentiment.
Our Ignorance of the Bible!
Washington Gladden in the Atlantic.
One thing is --Undeniable. Knowledge
of the Bible Is far less general now
than it was in the dnys of my child
hood. That amazing fumiliaritv with
Ume after its arrival, that he had em- Ricnard Green
ployed and brought with him a Rus- Ena;Iand ,
slan. who "had experience in the se-
weaith, had persisted until' my -boy-
until the emi ot me cabuu be a greater deslro for dancing in the
So far as the salaries , attaching to trop,ca than ,n the temperate zone. cer.
other positions were concerned a uni- talniy so betpTe tne introduction of the
form scale was established on January modern dances. . .
1, 191J; an attempt was made at that Each clubhouse was in charge of a
time to fix the pay to conform witn fiecratary( and later on to eacn.one an
the position and the responsibilities at- 8sslstant secretary was added to-look
tached to it-Under a rcauiuux- - - after the- athletic features. Various
the management of our clubhouse cheerfully, and proved genuine help belong to the teetotaler class, nor did
k . , , ... hood among the sons of the Puritans
any . foundation for the charge relative and the Bcotch Irish in New England
to the "gum-shoe" men. and in New York state u waa not
The Executive order governing ac- universal: but It Waa tronr!. Th th,H
should such a-course be adopted. Con- meets to their husbands were also the prohibition, movement have many counting provided for time inspectors, of tests by wnlch collegoastudents and
dltions on the Isthmus were so entire- strong influences for good in the places supporters outside of the clergy. When who were engaged In checking up the
ly different from those in any locality where thev- lived: and thev deserve (h TIn!ii.rt str. assume! pnntr'ni t hr" men employed on various parts of the
commission, dated September 5 -1904. teama Were organized to advance and
officers of the Army, Navy and Marine encourag-e sport8i Buch a8 bowling and
Hospital Corps, while serving on duty basketball, and competition between the
with the commission, were to receive various clubhouses became very keen,
an Increase of 50 per cent of their prior to tne opening of the first club-
wprk with the- time reported in tho
timebooks, and they were obliged to
report ,any irregularities; there was
also a . man connected with my 'office
who investigated complaints that had
been made in order- that, all parties
concerned might have an opportunity
students in secondary schools are fre
quently, in these days, made to display
an ignorance of the Blble which is as
tounding, could have been passed wiiit
credit by the majority of country ben
and girls 60 or 70 years ago. But this
thorough acquaintance' of earlier gen
erations with the Bible was not duo to
any considerable extent, to the public
In the United States that I argued in high praise. . . . were saloons in all the settlements that
favor of an exception; men at home In September, 1907, Miss Helen Varick. existed, and these were continued, but
had no such cities as those at the ter- Boswell, of the Federation of Women's when new settlements were established
minal or the canal; the temptations Clubs in the United States, came to the saloon licenses were not extended to
were greater and the restraining in- isthmus to . look over the field with a them. Consequently, we. ..had some
fluences less. view to making suggestions which "wet" and some "dry" towns. .
"While admitting this . he contended w-ould encourage . the women of the The license fee was a hlirh one. S1000
rxt r ft TtcT cent OI lueir T , . . . . . . , . , , -" w - - " - . .umz iu lurui urs'yno "- a. y ear, aim an analysis ui tne iiquur - ,w i , mm wu learnea aDOUt tne
of oO per cent. i Prior to the opening of the first club- , hv,,i r th.r. ih v, eo .,.x. , t-..i .., ,, u.- . was however, no "secret service." nor riki. . , , .
. -rhtj not lair to tne , T , - - - . ... u - - - L-ndLtu i n-u. mo vicuciai a. t-iLiuLiuu v. Buiu - i L-iuii iuo Guilts was uidut; iiulu - - 1 1 nyjj t wuuiu i dve aauea verv
service pay. This was not "f house I found that considerable feeling .h wi f, v h fih. w A .v. , .s 4 .,v. .... w . ih r,v nr nnv. The Isth- n.,i . , . V
II ted. ijIieCLI V (3 - , . nrnnn . . , J J - ' which 9 iu.vo. -f o Lii icouiv v. l iiiiu l vj liiuc, mm mo Clittilj Ul IUO ' - J " ' ' - 1 -v uur DIVIC Ul religious KnOWl-
&- " - nots and the devil, as ottered In 1 -in- Ti-i-.tin t. wava hpii 'tn th r-lnH- rvnpafinn .f tv-.. li-.-r, in t--.- ,vhAA mush was 47 miles or itossid: lniorma- ,-! ltp. r t in i i
- ' . - ... ..... t. . ...... - - - - - ww -w ... .w.. uu... uuwu......-w- - ... ..... -11UII a Uwl
ama and Colon, for the benefits of the houses at various places along the line, adulteration was found. Licenses were tion and misinformation circulated rap- Sunday schools, but chiefly in- our
clubhouses. It is true that there interest was stimulated,- and women's limited at first to a certain number of idly, and through the complaints that homes, that most of us learned what
might not have been many, but, having club3 were finally formed ln"all of the saloons . in each ' locality, but as this resulted everything of the kind reached we knew about the Bible,
seen a number of men go to the bad, I principal settlements. .'. . ' caused charges of favoritism " and re- me sooner or later; furthermore, I - . - '
felt that if one were saved, it would These clubs, no . doubt. - did consid- quired discrimination, the number was could always get any -information de-
erable good in bringing the women to- unlimited, though care was exercised in sired through my visitors, who, in fact
gether,- getting them acquainted, and in their Issue. ,. " ..... ' were the real and only "gum-shoes."
other ways. But with a population ' ivf-i. , Of the various administrative proo
civilians and was res
September 15, 1908, 1 Had tnis resui- stitution, for there was a large Catholic
tion revoked, and officers from the va- eiernent in the force, and there was an
rious services received the pay attached ,dea extant that thoae or tnla falth
to the positions tilled by them; if this would be e-ciuded from membership
were greater than the service pay the throush the exercise of religious cere
. , -.i-uc-i tb difference, . . ..... ...
iMumBe..i monies io wnicn tney couia not con- offset the criticism that would fol-
otherwise they served without extra form The affairs of the clubs were to jow. He wa, obaurate and, realizing
compensation or. be in charge of an advisory board to be that j would be unable to! effect a
wnen iiib i -"- " . . appointed oy tne cnalrman of the com
mission, and I appointed on this board
a Catholic for the very purpose of over
coming this feeling. It was also ar
ranged that Bible classes and other re
ligious services usually held In the Y. M
ganization -was under consideration this
question of the unbalanced wage scale
was discussed, with the committees in
Congress. I believed that service on
the Isthmus merited an Increase over
change of policy because of the in-, that-shifted as ours did, not-only from
iiuence jnat would be exerted agains. tIle Ethlpus to tne United ' States, but
. Strict Watch Over the Saloons.
The saloons were segregated, kept
lems that had to be taken up and. solved.
those outlined herein were the most
me, I gave up the Idea for a time. also from one station to another along -o"- u. .cmanco oi me difficult, constituting the most tire-
When the organization of the force lno lin6 of the canaif it was difficult PHce and the hours for business pre- some and exhausting, of my duties.
the pay for similar employment in iu, rj. j-B ln the United States would not
United States, suggested that provision be orgranized by the management, leav
be made for this, and the law provides lngr Buch activities, should they develop.
for an increase of 25 per cent. The re-
eult will be that as wages increase in
the United. States there will be a cor
responding increase on the Canal." and
. vice versa.
.A Disconcerted Rodman.
entirely to the membership.
There were other wrinkles that re
quired smoothing out, but' they were
only such incidents as are liable to oc
cur whenever there is a lack of tact on
the part of the local management, and
was arranged, the largest canal set
tlement was in such close" proximity
to Panama that I again took up the
question, and through the influence of
Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge and Mr. Cyrus
II. McCormick, both of whom, for
tunately, visited the Isthmus at an
opportune time, Sunday opening was
secured, with, the proviso, .to which. I
gladly consented, that games would
not' be allowed during the hours set
for the church services. . '
Itnly'M Entranra Into tonflift.
New Republic.
It is in the east that Italian en
trance into the war' is likely to ' have
the greatest effect in the opening
weeks. It- should bi-lng in all the
Balkan states, if not at once, eventu
ally. It does settle the fate of TnrVpv
for any formal organization of consid- scriueu ana strictly eniorcea. iater rney were assumeo. voiumai uy ana i-r jt does inaui.e tIie triumph of the allies
erable membership to retain its soli- regulations prohibited the use of purpose. I had learned by experi- in the Mediterranean. It will ultimate-
darity. chairs and tables In the barrooms, ence. both -in the Army and on civil ly teU heavily against Austria, but
SU-alKbtenInK Out Domestic Tangle, thus removing those comforts which worlts. tht the best results are se- ony when German help begins to fail
With our employes drawn from all. might tend. to. loitering or conviviality. wKrontU r IIapburgs. German victory in the
classes and everv mace from v-ery r-i : ... v t. , . tl wno are contented, and who have re- Carpathians is the pric.e of Italian de-
statfin the Union and" the trZ th 8a'ons to.their spect for and confidence in their pleader Iay. ltaly nlust now WfaCe the armie.
... 4 V - uaoou u a o.0; Lll J W U 11 IV . vVl Lllti SSlIiUlVCl V 11 lt J I V ,1- &1VCII 1 -
A number of the tangles that needed they were soon removed. . The- expense
unraveling .were due to nothing more of these clubs was a greater drain on
Or less than- the braggadocio of some our appropriations than we anticipated
of the men who claimed to be receiving originally, yet they were fully justified
greater pay or more privileges than by the results secured'
tbey .actually were and which others Amusement, for the Force on Sunday!
felt they should also enjoy. The women and children were , ad-
-An Instance in point occurred as . I mitte and chUdreB between cer.
was moving my belongings from Ancon tai aes had the prlv , of the
to Culebra the Sunday morning after c,ubg during. houra which Bwould not
I had assumed charge. The train was ,nterfere with the men The women
crowded ana me vacant piace oesiue Hked tJ joun&e , the lobbies of these these clubhouses.
me was taken by a- man I didn t know, buildings in the evenings. This proved Every encouragement
w5i-- i... w.-. attractive to the class sometimes scorn
fully, designated as "pen-pushers," but
I fear deterred ' numbers of the men
who; in isthmian nomenclature, were
cities as well as the rural communities ; " - ' ----- " "' ' ' t ,- 2 " perra,ueu l,mc lo destroy the
it is not surprisin" that there was fusal by the authorities to render any Corozal on March 1., 1907. I realized Czar's corps on the Dunajec. She may
some discord and Instances In which assistance in the collection of bills. that the advent ot the Army was have to face them on the Po, she must
husband and wife failed - to pull to- Again, all cases of alcoholism treated by no means, popular:, on he contrary, accept the fact that for her even tem-
gether' in double harness. In the United in the. hospitals were reported and lnero ""'if
Sunday Baiieball and Club for Women. state3 such cases would.be carried to noted on the personal records, the men
Arrangements are -made to' bring a jaw court, but this was' rarely, done understanding that alcoholism was a
were to be "great doings"-the following
week, for a party of New York capi
talists were-coming down en route to
South America, where the construction
of a continental railroad was to be un
dertaken, and engineers were to be
taken from the Canal. He had received
an offer of - $400 a month, but as this
was no better than the pay he was
receiving and as he had six weeks'
leave with pay due him, he was holding
out for $504, and expected to get it. I
had met, I thought, all the men draw-
to the Isthmus some . of the trav
eling companies of entertainers which
make the circuit of the-Y. M. C. A.a
in the United States and, in addition,
litotion-picture films are. rented, thus
giving the members, their families "and
friends many pleasant evenings at
was ' and is
given to tennis and baseball. For the
latter an Isthmian league was formed,
and. employes .. organized stock com
panies, laid out grounds, and built
on the Isthmus;, instead, the complain- cause for discharge from the service.
ing persons came to my office, and after ' It.. is. .a curious fact, but the police
I had heard his or her" (more -frequently records showed that there were more
her) side a'formal investigation would arrests for; disorderly conduct due to
ensue, with statements' from those dl- liquor in the .towns where liquor was
rectly interested, and -from' others who not. sold than in the others, and this
might know . whether -Mr. ; Smith was -was for the reason that In the former
really abusive and' cruel toward Mrs.' places '.the men'would bring the liquor
omitn, ana reiusea to purchase lor nor out from the terminal cities by the
a proper amount of clothing, had come, bottle and drink, until the suddIv was
feeling of resent- porary defeat at German hands will re
ment against it. The force had to be sult in atrocities and destruction far
won oyer or the new regime would end beyond that Belgian knew. "AH this
in failure. At that gathering I made must work for caution rather than' Na-
certain promises, and I kept the faith; poleonic methods at 'the outset.
Press Moulder of Public Opinion
known as "rough-necks" from taking, grand-stands. There was great rivalry of the compiaint.
home intoxicated ' the previous - Satur
day night and broken the dishes, had
been unduly attentive -to Mrs. Jones ;
or whatever might be the rtiovlng cause
exhausted, while, in the latter, being
Obliged ' to stand while they drank,
there was' not so much temptation to
advantage of the attractions offered bv among the teams in their efforts for
the clubs. the championship; professionals crept
Writh all the good that the clubs ac- ln. finally, and practically ruined the
complished I didn't feel that they went game. -
far enough. With the changed conditions due to
Sunday was one "of the days when the closing down of construction work,
some sort of - amusement was re- tne abandonment of old settlements
quired. The clubhouses on Sundays and the building of new ones, the old
baseball fields disappeared as well as
In some'eases we were able to pour
oil on the troubled waters' so that' the
domestic ship sailed on smoothly there
after. If this - could- not - be ' done,1 the
arrangement was : made- that was con
sidered fair and best for' all concerned.
A lot of what amounted to alimony an
agreed" sum of money monthly has
been paid in the Zone , without the' in
tervention of ' a' court of law. I fear
that my decisions have not been unl
afforded diversion and recreation
lng such' salaries, and he certainly was through their libraries, magazines and the league, but recently a new league
not among them.'. We parted at Cu- newspapers to those classes of em- was organlzjd, lands were assigned for
lebra- ' . ployes who were given to reading, but the fields, grand-stands were built by formly wise but the procedure has had
in luiiumiig muiiiu6 j.. .c3-.il. b tne construction men those in the . Manama xv-.ni a .u., .uu . k .m
this companion of mine at the site of ditch and on the locks and dams of amateurball are played on Sun-
the Sosa-Corozal dam, carrying an in- found little enjoyment in that way and days and holidays. The ministers on
Etrument We passed the time of day could not take advantage of the games the Isthmus entered a protest against
and met again at the Corozal Station, which were provided, ' for they were these Sunday games, but they - are
There was time, before the train left, prohibited on Sundays. Their only re-
for me to go to the hotel for some ice coursS, therefore, was . to seek their
water, and he joined me after inquir- pleasures ln the terminal cities, Pan-
Ing where I was going. At the hotel ama and Colon, where the saloons,
I found that the steward "was a man shooting galleries and billiard and pool-
who had served at West Point while rooms, and bowling alleys were open.
I was there; the recognition was inu- I strongly favored the use of all the
played at a time of day when they do
not , interfere with religious services.
It is a form of -wholesome amusement
and recreation which the men can have
at no other time -because of the work
hours, and it keeps them away from
other and possibly more hurtful dese-
tual, and he inquired what he could 3o facilities of the "clubhouses on Sunday, cration of the Sabbath.
for the Colonel. - but I found a strong opposition to this
My companion stared at me somewhat on the part of the management, though
dazed, asked me who- I was, and, on a canvass of the force shdwed that a
learning, exclaimed: "My God! And majority preferred such a course. -I
was talking with you yesterday!" It When the general secretary of the
appeared that he didn't want a drink, Y. M. C. A. visited the Isthmus, we their work, and therefore had only the
after all, as he left abruptly. I found discussed the situation, but I could evenings to dispose of, but the women,
The tropical climate is more act to
prove injurious to a woman from the
temperate zone than to a man, and,
while the children thrived, the women
often suffered in health. The men had
advantages to the principals- they
were not kept ln suspense, but were
given a quick decision, and they had to
pay no court costs or attorney's fees.
Gambling becanie a serious-source of
complaint from wives of employes who
suffered the consequences, for rather
large stakea were involved. It was dii
ficult to break this up. but finally, by
using the information obtained at these
Sunday morning sessions and appealing
to the players themselves, most of the
games were stopped. From Information
received, the games 'In - Panama City
were apparently not "straight." Wheth
er these reports were founded on facts
or resulted from th losses sustained
I was not able to determine: the stakes
were high and the losses were the
IN 1S2 4 we Americans overthrew the to their selfishness. A party manager
legislative caucus as a dominant working under the old system is con
power In politics, and left the field stantly occupied in pointing out to his
open for the party: machine. Today we followers how their personal interests
are overthrowing- the parly machine would be advanced by some measure or
and are leaving the field open to the some candidate. A newspaper or mag
newspaper press. And according as the azine that should adopt .this nolle v
overindulgence. . and the ..men. after press uses its new power for evil or for would soon find its influence confined
tney had satisfied their thirst, went to good will the results of the referendum within a limited circle. The general
their homes or about their business. and the direct primary, and other sim- public would suspect, and rightly sus-
The ministers employed -by the Com- ilar agencies of . modern democracy be pect, that a measure which one group
mission, "and others, protested against also evil or good. ' of voters was urged to support on
the granting .-of licenses within the The organization of public opinion purely selfish grounds would, be of
zone, . and occasionally letters. or the by the news-papers instead of by the doubtful benefit to the community an
subject reached us . from the United party managers has certain distinct a whole. A journalist, may himself
States.. The work was of the earth and obvious advantages. In the first often be led to support certain meas-
earthy, and the men engaged on It were place it involves a more direct appeal ures or certain candidates for reasons
more of the sinning class than saints, to public opinion. A newspaper of self-interest. But his appeal to his
We. employed the ministers to look owes its power to the fact that its readers for support must be -based .on
after the spiritual welfare of our peo- readers think as its editor wishes them broader grounds' than this In order to
pie, and I suggested to' them that if to think. Their opinion may be right be effective.
they, would make the men more saintly or wrong. The evidence presented to Such are the patent and obvious ad--
through their teachings and labors them may be complete or incomplete, vantages of having the organization of
among them the saloons would disap- But the opinion is in any case a real popular opinion placed in the hands of
pear without the necessity of adminis- opinion, based . on an examination of the press. They are so fundamental In
trative action. So long as liquor was important evidence. character that we are sometimes
so easily purchasable In the terminal In the next place, this, opinion is tempted to overlook the disadvantages
cities, I much preferred that the sa- formed' in the open, instead of being and dangers with which this process is
loons be kept, in the .zone, where our 'shaped by secret conferences, as was attended. The very fact that makes
men could remain under the observa- so often the case under old-fashioned the appeal of the press an almost ideal
party leadership. The newspaper makes agency in democratic government when
its appeal ln broad daylight. If the ap- rightly used correspondingly Increases
When Las Cascadas was turned over peal Is an unfair one, those who are the perils when it is used wrongly. The
for occupation to the Tenth Infantry arguing on the other side have at least power of an editor is a power to in-
the saloons . ln that community were a chance to see what is being said and fluence men's Judgment. If he confines
closed, and later, after discussing the done by their opponents and to try to himself to legitimate methods of In-
question with the Secretary of War, prove that it is unfair. Government fluence he realizes Bagehot's ideal of
Mr. Henry L. Slimson, I agreed that at by newspapers is government by dis- government by discussion. If he uses
tion of our own people and where un
adulterated liquor could be bought.
the expiration of the term of the li-
of muph distress. Through Presi- censes for 1913 the saloons at Empire,
that' he was employed as a rodman at make no headway with him; he felt their houshold duties finished and dcnt Taft pressure Was brought to bear the nearest settlement, would be closed
$1000 a year. He left the service later that such a radical change in their these were necessarily simple had the
to accept a more lucrative position in policy would be the cause of Just criti- days as well as the evenings, and with
the States, and we parted good friends, clsm and censure, and announced that them time often dragged heavily. Those
That type of man is found every- the Y. M. C. ' would withdraw from who saved in the Zone willingly- and
-
on the officials of the republic, but the a-iso. lor were l accessible to
apparent attempt " to stop the ' games the enlisted men. I was very anxious
was not .effectual.. .. . . to. start a canteen for the benefit of
The greatest part of the force did not the employes and the soldiers, but the
cussion. It is perhaps the only form of it wrongly, and leads his readers to act
government . by discussion which, is on imperfect information, he not only
practicable in a large community. turns the' action of the Government
In the third place, the call which the into wrong channels, but he effects the
newspaper makes upon its readers al- more permanent and disastrous harm
most necessarily takes the form of an of poisoning public opinion at Its
appeal to their judgment rather than Eourc-.-r-North" American lieview. "