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SIGN032. AKIDKTO SALANDT5A
TV
Italia! too, Italia! looking
thee.
Full flashes on the soul the light
of ages. . .
Since the fierce Carthaginian
almost won thee.
To the last halo of the chiefs and
sajres
Who glorify thy consecrated
pages:
Thou wert the throne and grave
of empires; still.
The fount at which the panting
mind assuages
Her thirst of knowledge, quaff
ing there her fill.
Flows from the eternal source of
Rome's, imperial hill.
Byron's Childe Harold.
BY RICHARD G. COXOVER
pr FTER ten months, of tugging at
Jn the taut leash of diplomacy Italy.
has slipped her collar to spring
at the throat of Austria. Four centuries
of constantly baffled hate are in the
epring.
There is a cornucopia of reasons for
this hate. Call the roll of causes-in-ordinary
and you'll soon possess a lengthy
list. Check up the causes-fundamental
and you'll find the Italian hates the
Austrian for the same reason the
Frenchman hates the German. It's the
Goth against the Roman the Teuton
sgainst the Latin.
But it is one thing to tell why a na
tion hates and another . thing to tell
why it wants war or goes to war. His
tory is full of instances of bitter ha
treds held in check by -very nice polit
ical balances, so that war never came
for decades. And when it did come the
superficial reason for the conflict was
not at all the animus at the heart of
things.
The devil in charge of the subter
ranean war department must have
emitted a sardonic cackle in 1882 when
tlie famous triple alliance between
Germany, Austria and :taly was signed.
Germany had soundly and expeditious
ly whipped Austria only 16 years pre
viously. Austria had thrashed, ravaged,
divided and subdivided Italy for cen
turies. All through the historic "boot"
peninsula the men who had fought with
Garibaldi and their sons itched to throt
tie an Austrian.. Vet the triple alliance
was signed.
Such an incongruous and unnatural
combination could hardly be expected
. to survive. Revenge was seething in
the Italian breast even while his states
men signed their names to the most
important document of the time. Across
the Gulf of Venice the gaze of the Ital
ian steadily turned. Back to the 16th
century went his thoughts, when the
entire eastern coast fringe of the Adri
atic Kea belonged to the Venetian. Bit
by bit they had been torn from their
home flag, and the' colonial ties of hun
dreds of rears were severed by the
Austrian's saore or his diplomatic dou.
ble dealing.
Land-love revenges are 'the longest
lasting. Strike a state a blow and the
humiliation of the buffet will lessen
and fade with the years. It was the
fortune of war, and detent did not mean
. disgrace. But seize a slice of the same
state's soil as a' supplement to the
buffet and you've required a regular
t?t. Vitus' - dance of secret . rebelliota.
Kvery time the sliced state beholds the
foreign flag go up on territory once
her own ttie wound is torn open again.
So it has been with Italy and Aus
tria. It is the real reason why the
descendants of the Romans have been
Etraining to get at their ancient enemy.
Ail the Green Books in the world will
not give the true explanation. Diplo
mats desire to have the world think
the superficial reason the animating
cause of martial action. Language of
ttate does not permit of saying that
popular demand is, "Get out of my
way and let me at him!" But Rome has
rung with cries of this sort for many
months, let the Green Hook say what it
will.
In tabloid the lingual veneer setting
forth why there has beei. demand for
war Is this: AVhen Austrian troops In
vaded Serbia, Italy anounctd that such
. movement entitled her to compensa
tion, in accordance, with article 7 of
the triple-alliance treatr. After wait
ing from December, 1914, to
March,
191 5, Austria consented to discuss the
-A..
iX-?'-'
'V, ,vi
question of compensation. On April 2
Austria announced that she would give
to Italy the districts of Roveredo, Rlva
and Trentino. besides a few villages,
if Italy ' would guarantee to maintain,
first, benevolent, political and economic
neutrality during the war; second, give
Austria a free hand in . the. Balkans;
third, agree to the maintenance of the
existing accord regarding Albania, and,
fourth, renounce all further compensa
tion. ; - '' '
Italy declared .'this' a contemptible
offer and prepared an ultimatum. News
came from Vienna that Austria did not
believe that Italy "meant business"
and would not declare war. This mad
dened the pro-war party more than
ever. They pointed out that Austria's
invasion of the Balkans meant -a new
cutting up of the states there if Ger
many and Austria won. This meant
trouble for .Italy. .' And across the
Adriatic, stretching all. the way down
to Montenegro, was the strip of coast
that was once hers and which she
meant to get again from Austria.' It
was coming no nearer her flag through
Austria's invasion of Serbia. Better get
hold' of it while the general trouble
was on and be occupying it when peace
came. So Italy prepared ner demands
on Austria,- reading thus:
1. Cession of the entire Province of
Trent, In the Austrian ' Tyrol. It be
longed to Italy in 1811.
2. The cession of Eastern Friuli as
far south as Nabresina, embracing Pal
borgeth. Piezzo; Tolminoj Gradisca, Go
ritz,.Monralcbne, Comen and interven
ing territory.
3. The creation of a state independ
ent of Austria, consisting of Trieste,
Capo Distria and Pirano.
4. Cession of the islands of Curzola,
Lissa, Lasina, Lagosta, Cazza and .Me
leda, off the coast of Lower Dalmatia.
5. Absolute abandonment of Austrian
interests in Albania and the acknowl-
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t Austria announced that she would give S- J t ' .,
THE BUILDING OF THE PANAMA CANAL
(Continued From Page 2.)
of their employment, not entitled to
family quarters, but who might be
supplied after all applicants on the No.
1 list had been assigned.
These lists of applicants for quar
ters and the interest taken in them
formed dne of the prominent features
of domestic life on the Isthmus. They
were kept at the several stations by
the district quartermasters and were
required to be posted so that they
might be inspected at any time. And
they were inspected; they were watched
with hawklike attention, and if
through any error, the name of an ap
plicant did not occupy Its proper place
no time was lost by the person con
cerned in bringing the circumstances
to the attention of the authorities.
Ministers of various denominations
were employed by the commission and
suitable buildings erected, in. the set
tlements for religious services and
Sunday schools. These buildings were
of two stories; the-lower was used for
church purposes . and assigned to the
different denominations by the district
quartermaster, while the upper stories
were lodge halls, assigned to the use
of different lodges, -also by the' district
quartermaster. , .
The policy outlined was not con
fined to American or "gold" employes,
but was extended so far as possible
to' the so-called "silver" class, though
some .discrimination was made because
the latter were not so thoroughly
among strangers as the whites, and.
their needs, consequently their, de
mands, were fewer.
Senrce o t Jealousy and Heaurtbnralmsau
Americans were recruited from all
parts of the United States. On arrival
they were met by a representative of
the department having charge of such
matters, sent to the localities where
their services were needed and housed
in a community , where, as a general
rule, they- were among total strangers.
There were no .traditions other than
THE SUNDAY OREGOXTAX, PORTLAND, JUNE 6 1915.
' Ff, .'.J?J.
V s. f I
edgment of . Italian sovereignty over
Avlona.
These five demands are likely to go
down into history as the reasons why
Italy moDiiizea lor war in m. xney
will suffice. They mean an addition
'of territory that Italy for generations
has considered hers- by right. They
are a good diplomatic reason for war.
But the "way-down-beneath" reasons
in detail what are they?
Well, if Germany and Austria and
Turkey win this war, goodbye Balkan
States. Austria will push forward as
far as she can get in the dicker over
the diyision of dominion. She will
stretch as far toward the Aegean and
Ionian seas as she can go until she en
counters Turkey stretching in opposi
tion to her. Between the two the Bal
kans may.be nothing but a land of de
posed kinglets. Montenegro and Al-
the stories of the earlier days on tho
Isthmus, which time magnified and en
larged, so that what little ground for
truth might have existed for them
originally could scarcely be discerned;
no social coteries of any kind; no so
called public sentiment to form rules
of living: no one, outside, of the na
tives, had grown up in any of the com
munities, and though fhe grown-ups
found themselves brought together for
one common, purpose, yet each one's
particular interest in that purpose dif
fered In a great measure from that of
most of the others. They found that
everything was determined in accord
ance with the rules of the commission
and "their interpretation; that their
status. as to the selection of quarters,
as well as other privileges, was deter
mined by the wage they earned, so
that money became rather the domi
nant factor in determining a man's
position, and necessarily his family's,
in the community in which he lived,
causing rivalries, with attendant Jeal
ousies and heartburnings. .
The efforts to make the zone a more
comfortable and attractive place in
which, to live and thus secure greater
stability of the force, were not entirely
successful. After the Isthmus had
been put in a healthful condition and
the danger of yellow fever or other
epidemic had been entirely eliminated,
there was a constant stream of em
ployes leaving the Isthmus, compelling
the employment of other men to take
their places. In the year 1907, for in
stance, referring to the "jcold" force,
5804 men were employed and there
were 4367 separations from the service
for all causes. Or. stating the matter
another way, in order to increase the
force by 1437 men during that year it
was necessary to employ four times a.f
many.
The "Sunday Court."
The climate and the distance from
home Were 'not conducive to content
ment; on the whole, a general clearing-
house became an Important factor in
A 1. XI
DUKE: OF THE. ABRUZZI
bania will be likely to land under the
Austrian flag, and . everything along
the coast fringe of the Adriatic Sea
will fly ,the banner of Franz Josef. The
old-time provinces of Italy will be fur
ther away than ever, for the ending of
the war with a German-Austrian tri
umph will cement the Teutonic power
for decades.
' This is the diplomatic "dope" of the
Italians who have been urging war for
months. They say there will be no
stop to the two Kaisers if the allies
are defeated. In fact, Italy has been
warned by her political analysts to
beware that she is not torn, in twain
by such' victors because of her refusal
to stand by the triple alliance. Not
only will the Adriatic seacoast fade
further away from her, but her ante
bellum frontier, might be in danger.
And the crafty ones of the Italian
the common desire to secure harmony,
and the "Sunday court," which seems
to have attracted attention, was estab
lished more for this purpose than with
the idea of meting out Justice.
All employes, irrespective of color,
were acc6rded a hearing; but soon the
demand qn available time became so
itreat that I was obliged to have the
assistance of Mr. Mcllvane, chief clerk
of my office, and Mr. May, my secre
tary, confining my attention to the
"gold" employes and those - negroes
whose cases could be Bettled by no one
else. The troubles were generally due
to some misinterpretation of the rules,
misunderstanding of . the regulations,
complaints concerning the behavior of
neighbors, the treatment received from
officials or the lack of proper apprecia
tion of the services of the caller as in
dicated by the pay he was receiving.
The quarters question gave the great
est trouble, and the difficulties in
creased when, in 1908, family quarters
were no longer promised. The houses
acquired from'lhe French were of va
rious sizes and types and the new
buildings erected were built in accord
ance with type plans that had been
adopted. Trouble arose from the fact
that certain employes had a greater
amount of room than others doing the
same class of work. ' .
Jackson Smith evolved the method
of determining the assignment of quar
ters on the basis of the wage earned.
Rules were formulated governing their
assignment and occupation which,
while they worked hardships In certain
individual cases, covered the situation
very satisfactorily on the whole, not
withstanding that bickerings and
grumblings continued. Early' in my
career on the Isthmus I made an ex
ception to the rules in a case which ap
pealed to the sympathies--contrary to
the recommendation of Mr. Smith, who
predicted trouble and I learned to re
gret it- Since then the rules govern
ing, quarters have been like the laws
of the Medes and Persians.
war party have also pointed out that
should the allies win. the division, of
the spoils might not include Italy, as
generously as she would like.' Not to
have lived up. to the' triple alliance has
benefited 1 the' allies,' but to be nega
tively helpful only does not make for
bountiful 'bestowals of territory when
the plums are picked. So these shrewd
advisers have 1 urged that the land
wanted by Italy, be occupied nowj and
when peace: is- signed possession .will
be held nine points of the law in the
situation. . .' . , . . , ' ,. . v
Pretty fair 'reasons for. fighting, as
present-day .reasons , go. Merely polit
ical prudence,-many would say. It sat
isfies -the diplomats. It's a good-enough
surface explanation. -But away, back of
it all is the call of the past to i"get
hunk." Here" is what the Italian remembers:-
. 1 1 '
About the beginning of the sixteenth
century Italy became the prize Christ
mas pie for three Jadk Horners Spain,
France and ' Germany. ; Three Toya.1
thumbs 'were stuck into the peninsula
crust and the' province plums were distributed-
among the: land-greedy trio.
The beautiful land was politically dis
membered. The' earth - where Caesar
had trod a' world' conquerer- was made
the object of cheap bargaining and al
lotment. Italian patriotism might: be
considered as dead, or so hopelessly divided-
that it was bewildered, as to
where its allegiance should be placed.
The conquerers and dividers took care
that the peninsula was so cut. up that
union was all but impossible. It must
be remembered that the Germany that
seized her slice of Italy was Austria
of that time. The Prussia that after
ward became the supreme - Germap
speaking state was a mere cipher in
the Austrian political scheme. The leg
acy of Italian hate that dates from
this period ascribes to Austria in prin
cipal the deed of political dismember
ment. In 1713. at the peace of Utrecht. Aus-
The large majority of the quarters foremen and ohers to their subordin
were of the four-family type, two ates questions of all kinds were
families below and two above, those brought up.' I became the father con
on each floor separated by vertical fessor. and was called on to settle all
partitions. With the floors 'and par- sorts of questions raised by all sorts
titions of single planks, with sounds and conditions of men,, women and
penetrating to all parts of the build- children. - -
ing, with water flowing through from Though it was necessary for us to
the floors above on the neighbors be- have the women, and their influence
low. with' Mrs. Jones' company dis- has been beneficent and of e-reat value
turblng Mr: Smith's sleep (he being on
night work or the .latter' s children mis-
treating or-abusing the former's, these
quarters became prolific sources of
trouble and complaint.
Keeping Mra. Smith and Mrs. Jones
Contented.
The furniture allotments gave trbu
ble, for, though' rules! were formulated
prescribing the allowance of furniture,
it Is certain that additional pieces were
given to some employes and denied
others. It was alleged that favoritism
was shown by local quartermasters,
and the situation became so acute that
an allowance was fixed for the various
types of quarters,' inspections were
made, and furniture, removed or added
as the particular case might require.
Similarly stringent regulations had
to be adopted governing the number of
electric lights and the use of electrical
appliances, such as irons, toasters, etc.,
because of the complaints of special
privileges enjoyed by others. There
was a letter written by a woman in
Gorgona complaining that her neigh
bor had two oil student-lamps while
she had only electric lights. Oil lamps
were in use prior to the installation of
the electric plants, and these two had
not been collected when electricity
was substituted. The pay of this wom
an's husband was greater than the pay
received by the possessor of the
student-lamps, therefore, there was
favoritism and discrimination.
The commissaries came in for a
large share of complaint, due to the
quality of supplies and the treatment
of patrons by employes. Quarrels with
the neighbors because of the children,
domestic differences, debts that were
long due and could not ' be collected,
treatment of patients by doctors and
attendants, treatment meted .out by
tria helped herself to Naples, Sardinia.
Milan and Mantua.. .Venice, perhaps the
greatest of the Italian states, later had
Scutari wrested from her.- Toward Scu.
tari the eyes of the patriot of Italy
turns , even now. Cyprus, Corfu and
Crete were torn from Italian rule. By
the terms of the treaty of Cjimpo For
triio, . Austria, got Istria. the Dalmatia
was formally annexed to the Austrian
dominions at, the same time and still
is part of the country, that Italy hates.
Then, later, came . the. absorption of
Trieste, and finally . Venice passed, un
der Austrian rule and remained so un
til, 1866.
AH these were bitter .years for Italy.
And of . all who .took part in the di
visions Austria was the most strenuous
in its rule of its conquered territory.
The Italian remembers him most keenly
through the 'complainings of his fore
fathers. He never assimilated his con.
querer's language or customs. The heel
was on his neck all the while. There
never was a hope of amalgamation.
In 'the ' revolt ' of '1848 the Austrian
ordered no prisoners taken. The Italian
has never forgotten it. Women were
flogged in the streets of Milan because
they would not pay attention to the
conqueror. 'Tally another bitter re
membrance in this.' ' '
Little by little, as the result of lend
ing aid to the bigger nations in their
troubles, Italy began to unify. At the
time of the Prussian-Austrian war, in
1866, Italians clamored fpr the chance
to, help the country that is now Aus
tria's ally. As the result of this help
Austria was forced to cede Venetia
the nucleus of modern Italy. She did
it grudgingly, turning the territory
over to Napoleon II of France, who
in turn ceded it to Italy. In 1859 Italy
represented then principally by Vic
tor Emmanuel and the kingdom of Sar
dinia fought side by side with France
against Austria. If what they did at
the battle of Solferino be any earnest
to the work, it is a fact that their pres
ence introduced many new perplexities.
That Mrs. Jones had a more desirable
house than Mrs. Smith, or that Mrs.
Smith had three mission rockers while
Mrs. Jones had only two, would not
appear to any one who has not lived
on the Isthmus as having, much to do
with the construction of a canal con
necting . the Atlantic and Pacific
Oceans. However, one who had to
listen to Mrs. Jones or Mrs. Smith aa
1 hey narrated their grievances at
length and with insistent demand for
immediate redress might be forced to
conclude that these matters were of
vital importance.
An3 they were of importance. If
Mrs. Smith were dissatisfied, Mr. Smith
was apt to' be dissatisfied also, with a
consequent loss of interest in his work
and lack of efficiency; and if these
little -grievances and dissatisfactions
had been allowed to smoulder they
would have spread and become general
throughout the force, seriously affect
ing the whole human machine. In
building the Canal it was Just as neces
sary to see that Mrs. Smth had a good
stove, that her commissaries were de
livered promptly, and that, in general,
she received all the rights and priv
ileges to which she was entitled, as it
was to decide the location of the Pa
cific flight of locks and the former
was the more difficult task of the two.
(Copyrisht. lfllJ). by Charles Scribner's Sons.
All Rights Reserved.)
In next week's installment of his
story of the building of the Panama
Canal, General Goethals will tell of the
clubs and other forms of entertain
ment and the many other things pro
vided for the Canal force to keep it
happy and contented while it went
about the work of digging the great
ditch.
of what they might be expected to do
against Austria in present-day battle,
' then ' there is little doubt that Frana
' Josef's soldiers will find their hands
full whenever they come in contact
with the descendants of the Pieilmont
' ese.
In an article recently published by
the author, entitled "Garibaldi Fight
ing Qualities' of the Italian," it was
pointed out that it was at Solferino
that an Italian bayonet charge turned
the tide' and won the brilliant victory
at the San Martino portion of the field,
after many repulses. All through this
war the 'Italian attacked the Austrian
with the greatest fury and sometimes
in the face of the greatest odds.
'The negotiations for the agreement
upon the details connected with the
triple alliance . indicated very clearly
that while a treaty might be concluded,
it was plain there would be no partic
ular love covenanted between the Ital
ians and the Austrians participating
in it. In fact, for quite a time It
looked as if the negotiations would fall
through. Bismarck, however, had set
his heart upon it, and through his su
perior diplomacy the signing was
brought' about.
, Austria'3 desire was to so associate
herself , with Italy in some kind of an
international agreement that the latter
country "would feel bound not to at
tempt to regain the Italian provinces
sill in, Austria's hands. She also fig
ured that with Italy tied to her by sol
emn compact in the event of war with
Russia she would not have to keep so
watchful an eye on her Alps border,
thus enabling her to turn all her at
tention to her Muscovite enemy.
Prime Minister Mancini, who repre-
to'sented Italy In the triple alliance nego-
tiations, had his 'lands full with Bis
marck, one of his rival negotiators.
Austria refused, at first to recognize
the Integrity of the Italian kingdom
because of not wishing to hurt the
feelings of the Vatican. Mancini, not
to be impeded that way, at once re
fused to acknowledge the integrity of
the Austrian territory, which then in
cluded several Italian provinces sub
ject to that empire. Mancini also de
manded that in exchange for the as
sistance Italy might give Austria in
accord with her expansion plans in the
Balkans both Austria and Germany
should guarantee to help protect her
interests in the Mediterannean. This
Austria refused, and it 'looked for a
time as if the since famous triple al
liance would never be an accomplished
piece of diplomacy.
Finally Bismarck found the solution.
He induced Austria to suggest" that
Mancini draft a note setting forth all
of the demands essential to Italy's ac
quiescence in the alliance programme.
Mancini did so, and the list of demands
was long. Austria sent the draft to
Bisrmarck.- Hjs solution was to have
Austria agree to the acknowledgment
of the territorial integrity of Italy, pro
vided Italy agreed to the same ac
knowledgement of Austria's territorial
integrity, Italian provinces included,
but without the provision that Germany
and Austria should assist Italy in case
of Mediterranean trouble. There was
also a final clause that the contracting
parties should confer upon questions of
common interest.
Thus pieced together the famous
triple alliance treaty was- signed May
30, 882. Italy did not publicly ac
knowledge it, however, until March,
1883. It was only revealed then by In
direct allusion by Mancini in the Ital
ian Chamber. The complete text lias
never been made public. At various
times, however, in the Parliaments of
all the signatory countries reference
has been made by Cabinet members
clearly indicating that in the main tlia
agreement is for, defense of reciprocal
territory in the case of attack. It has
also been said, from time to time, in
connection with debates covering
crises, that the triple alliance con
tained a stipulation that Italy would
never aid in war on Great Britain, be
cause of common ties and interests in
the Mediterranean and otherwise.
Several times those supposed to know
have said that the famous treaty con
tained a military convention fixing the
amount of military forces each country
was to place at the disposal of the
(Concluded on Page 6.).