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About The Sunday Oregonian. (Portland, Ore.) 1881-current | View Entire Issue (April 4, 1915)
THE SUTfDAY OREGONIAN, PORTLAND, APRIL 4, 1915. GRAND jf-Ssf a7sal H ' iXV4'? ssr . ay I - 1? . v ' - i ' If f i Charles Francis Adams On Appomattox Episode. "I have always regarded thall ever regard this as the most creditable episode in all American history an episode without a blemish, imposing, dig nified, simple, heroic. J refer to Appomattox. Two men met that day. representative of American civilization, the whole World look ing on. The two were Grant and Lee types each. Both rose, and rose unconsciously, to the full height of the occasion and than that occasion there has been none greater. About it, and ithem, there Was no theatrical display, no self-consciousness, no effort at effect A great crisis was to be met; and they met that crisis as great countrymen should. Consid er the possibilities; ihinlf for a moment of what that day might have been; you will then see cause to thank Cod for much." General Charles Francis Adams. y-yKE of the most important ennl- Uversarie in American history will come on Friday of this week, which will mark the passage of half a century since the surrender of Lee to Grant at Appomattox. It was the breaking point in the long-, dogged re sistance of the Confederacy. Peace brought the end of the bitter contest between the North and the South and the Nation rejoiced that an end had been put to the shedding of blood. Veterans of the Civil War will cele brate the occasion with special exer cises. Grand Army nests that have their meeting place in the Courthouse call will hold observances there on Friday night. Posts participating will be George Wright. No. 1; Lincoln-Garfield. No. 3. and Sumner Post, No. 12. J. J. Walter will deliver the princi pal address, R- T. Chamberlain, mem ber of the Fourth Vermont Infantry, who was in Grant's army at the' time of the surrender, will speak and there will be other talks and special music. Members of the Grand Army, auxiliary patriotic society members and their friends are invited to attend. The com mittee in charge of arrangements rep resents the three posts and is as fol lows: H. S. Fargo, department com mander, chairman: R. T. Chamberlain, A. C. Sloan, J. H. Hamilton, B. J. Hoadley. T. E. Hills and J. J. Walter. Other Posts to Observe Day. Other Grand Army posts of the city will observe the occasion in their own balls. At St. Johns, General Compson Post, No. 22, will meet in the St. Johns High School auditorium on Friday aft ernoon and hold exercises in commem oration of the event. When April opened CO years ago, the South was torn and bleeding from the long conflict. The Confederate army was half clad and almost starving. In Richmond, the citadel of the waning cause, the people were withstanding a siege and food supplies were at the lowest point. Starvation faced the peo ple. It was plain' that the city must fall and that the limit of endurance bad been reached. General Leo was forced to evacuate ARMY WILL CELEBRATE LEE'S SURRENDER Fiftieth Anniversary of Appomattox Recalls End of War of Rebellion and South's Bitter Struggle in Face of Overwhelming Odds. " wf-' '-'awA : . r J-Ve ' Richmond on the night of April 2. Its investment by the Union forces and the capture of Petersburg followed. The capital of the Confederacy, the pride of the South, had at last been taken by the Army of the Potomac after four weary years of hard fought and bloody battles. In retreat. General Lee s army reached the village of Appomattox Courthouse. Here ended the last march of the broken and beaten army of Northern Virginia. With his officers, General Lee held a council of war that night. It was decided to make an ef fort to cut a path through the Union forces that were harrying the gray clad veterans on the morning of the next day. Sarreader Request Refused. On the previous day. General Grant had sent General Lee a courteous re quest for the surrender of his army, urging the uselessness of further shed ding of blood. General Lee replied that he was in sympathy with ending use less slaughter, although he could not agree that the hopelessness of further resistance was apparent. He asked, however, that terms of possible sur render be submitted to him by Gen eral Grant. Grant's terms were that the Confed erates lay down their arms and the men and officers be disqualified from again taking up arms against the Gov ernment of the United States until properly exchanged. General Lee re jected the terms, although the corre spondence went on. There remained the bare possibility for Lee to break through the Federal lines that hemmed' him in the rear if he could make a desperate attempt. To Gordon's corps was assigned the task of striking at Sheridan s strong lines. It was said that never since Pickett's charge at Gettysburg had there been a more hopeless military movement in the whole war. Gordon was over whelmned by numbers and his men were at the point of starvation. No effective support could be counted upon from Longstreet's men, who were in even worse plight. Attack Is Hopeless. However, the attempt was made on the morning of April 9. Gordon fought his troops, as he said, to a irazzie, but the attack was hopeless. General Lee realized that the end had come to further resistance and a truce was or dered. ' A meeting between the two war Generals was arranged on the basis of the previous correspondence. General Horace Porter, who was pres ent at the famous surrender, gives complete account of the meeting. The two commanders were to meet in the village of Appomattox Courthouse, Colonel Babcock. carrying General Grant's last letterto General Lee. found the latter seated by the roadside under an apple tree and this formed the only ground for the report that the sur render took place under an apple tree. The two Generals met in the house of Wlimer McLean and there negotiated the surrender. A coincidence is that in 1861 Mr. McLean lived near Manassas Station, and his house was chosen . by General Beauregard as headquarters. At the Battle of Bull Run a Federal cannon ball landed in the fireplace of the house and spoiled v the General's din ner. Mr. McKean moved later to the village of Appomattox, spending four years there in' quiet. But hia bouse wu to figure prominently as where the battles of the Civil ar began and ended. Formal Notes Exchanged. The terms of the surrender and the acceptance were , embodied in the foj lowing letters, written in the brick McLean house on April 9, 1865:. "General; In accordance; with, the V.a 4 4 x::.. n & : n substance of my letter to you of the itth inat., I propose to receive the sur render of the Army of Northern Vir ginia on the following terms, to-wit: Koljs of all the officers and men to be mads in duplicate, one copy to be given to an officer to be designated by me, the other to be retained by such officer or' officers as you may designate. The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged ;-and each company or regimental comman der to sign a like parole for the men of their commands. The arms, artil lery and public property to be parked and stacked and turned over to the officers appointed by me to receive them. This will not embrace the side arms of the officers, nor their private1 horses or baggage. This done, each officer and man will be allowed to re turn to his home, not to be disturbed by the United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside. "VS. 8. GRANT, "Lieutenant-General." "General: I have received your let ter of this date containing the terms of the surrender of the Army of North ern Virginia as proposed by you. As they are substantially the same as those expressed in your letter of the 8th inst., they are accepted. I will proceed to designate the proper offi cers to carry the stipulation into ef fect. R. JS. LEE, General." After the letter of General Grant had been drafted and before it was copied in ink. General Lee made the suggestion that as the cavalrymen and VALUE OF GREEN FOOD FOR CHICKENS IS TOLD Nourishment of Different Roots, Grains and Grasses Discussed and Hints Given as to Best Methods of Growing and Feeding Desirable Products. BY W. LTJDWIG. IT CAni be said truly mat a green ration is the salad course which stimulates the appetite of the hen and helps to keep her in laying condi tion. The term green food Is applied to all succulent plants, vegetables and roots which are palatable to fowls, be side being valuable for tonic effect and food value. Without green food It is useless to expect a well-filled egg bas ket, and if results are desired a daily ration is necessary. It Is necessary to add a certain amount of bulk in, all rations for the fowls. The ordinary grains and meat when fed alone form a ration too heavy and too highly concentrated for proper digestion. When fowls are so lea tney will prove unprofitable; the young stock matures slowly and digestive troubles will arise, besides, if the ra tion is continued, a heavy loss is likely to occur. Bulky foods dilute the ra tlon. make It more easily digested and keep the intestines in good working condition. Speaking generally, bulk can be supplied by water in mangels, which are 91 per cent water or crude- fiber. This is the woody material which forms the framework of all plant growth and is found in varying proportions In all poultry foods, practically in, clover and alfalfa nay ana in me nuns or barley, sunflower seed, etc Crude fiber has considerable feeding value for other classes of stock, but practically none for fowls. Water Content Sousrat. For the proper digestion of food bulk is required, while the amount of crude fiber which should enter into the ra tion is comparatively limited. The nat ural feeding habits o: iowis indicate that they prefer to add bulk in the form of tender, succulent plants or vegetables consisting largely of water, rather than those foods which carry large proportion of crude fiber. Manv nlants and roots, either green or cured for Winter use, have special nutritive values. With many green food, is nimulv considered an accessory in poultry feeding, resulting In widespread neglect of wnai is one oi me pounry man's cheapest sources of food supply. The heavy consumption of tender, nu tritious plant growth when . the fowls are on open range lowers the cost of maintenance. Other things being equal, fowls will do better on a variety of foods. With a grain ration this sometimes is difficult aal expensive, and. if plenty of variety -Or 4- n L-1;.; ' , artillerists inhis army owned their own horses, he would like to under stand whether these men would be permitted to retain their animals. Unspoken Wish Granted. "You will find that the terms as written do not allow this." General Grant replied. "Only the officers are permitted to take their private prop erty." Lee read over the second page of the letter again and then said: "No, I see the terms do not allow it; that is clear." His face showed plainly, according to . the narrative of General Porter, that he was quite anxious to have this concession made, and -Grant said promptly, without giving Lee time to make a request: "Well, the subject is quite new to me. Of course. I did not know that any private soldiers owned their ani mals, but I think this will be the last battle of the war I sincerely hope o and that the surrender of this army will be followed soon by that of all the others, and I take it that roost of the men in the ranks are small farmers, and as the country has been so raided by the two armies, it is doubtful whether they will be able to put In a crop to carry themselves and their families through the next Winter with, out the aid of the horses they are now riding, and I will arrange it this way: I will not change the terms as 'now written, but I will instruct the offi cers I shall appoint to receive the' is provided in green food a variety of grains is less important. There are so many kinds of succulent plant! and vegetables that can be utilized that poultrymen should make an effort to grow a variety, as they can be provided so cheaply. Open-Range Advantages. When open range is allowed the fowls, especially in the Springtime, will usually find enough green food in the grass and vegetable growth to which they have access. - Later on, when the dry season occurs, where fowls are kept In large numbers, there is generally a lack of desirable green food. On this account many poultrymen get poor re sults during the Summer and late Fall. Plans should now be matte to have an abundance of green food during the dry season, for it will certainly prove profitable. - Dry grasses, maturing hay and grain crops will supply but little in the way of succulence, besides possessing no food value, for fowls. Clover and al falfa provide excellent green food. Wheat, oats and rape afford splendid grazing when young. When- the fowls are yarded special provision must be made for supplying them with green food the year round. Waste from the garden and lawn clip pings will supply much of the necessary food during the Summer, but there are other plants that can be easily grown that will provide for a succession of green crops throughout the season. Green Food Cats Cost. Green food should be grown in the yard whenever possible. In this manner the cost of maintenance is reduced, be sides making the condition of feeding natural. In addition growing greens in the yard will keep the soil in a whole some condition and free from contam- , ination. If the yard is large enough to be divided, one part can be cultivated while a green crop is growing in the other yard. By alternating in this man ner seasonable green food is supplied In the most desirable way. It the yard is too small a portion of it canbe sowed to a growing grain and a wire protector placed over it, preventing the fowlstereen .through the cold months. from trampling it down or scratcmng it out or injuring by too close grazing. Large yards can be seeded to wheat and rye in the late Summer, which will provide excellent green food for late Fall and early Spring. Soon after growth starts in the Spring they will become both coarse and woody and will be of little value. .Where, alfalfa can e grown a, small r - A- paroles to let all the men who claim to own a horse or mule take the ani mals home with them to work their little farms.' . . Xee Greatly Relieved. Lee looked greatly relieved and said: "This will have . the best possible effect upon the men. It will be very gratifying and will do much toward conciliating our people." While the letters were being copied In ink, the Federal officers present were introduced to General Lee, who was accompanied - only by Colonel Charles Marshall, his military secre tary. Shortly before 4 P. M. everything had been completed and General Lee shook hands with General Grant, bowed to the other officers, and, with Colonel Marshall, left the room. As they mounted their horses and rode silently away back to their own lines they were saluted by the Union officers. General Grant and his staff then mounted and started for the headquar ters camp, which, in the meantime, had been pitched near by. The news of the surrender had reached the Union lines and the firing of salutes began at several points, but General Grant sent orders at once to have the firing stopped, and used these words in re ferring to the occurrence: "The war is over, the rebels are our countrymen again, and the best sign of rejoicing after the victory will be lot will provide an abundance of this excellent article for food. Start cutting on one side of the plot enough for day's feed and continue cutting across the plot-until it all has been cut. By that time that portion cut first will be ready to be cut again. Several cuttings can be taken in succession if treated in this way. Rape Is Recommended. Rape is extremely valuable. It may be sown early In the Spring and will be ready for use in five or six weeks. It grows quickly and reaches a height of about 18 Inches under favorable condi tions. If only the tops are broken off successive cuttings may be made at dif ferent times. Swiss chord somewhat resembles rhu barb in habit of growth. The leaves and leaf stalks are juicy and tender and may be broken off from the plant as wanted and'new leaves will come on to take the place of those removed. Maneels prove an excellent green rood during the Winter and early Spring. They are relieved by the fowls. When properly harvested they remain crisp and sound until late in tne spring. Gather the beets in the Fall and place them in a cool place, where frost, if any, cannot reach them. Feed, them whole to the fowls by sticking them on a nail about 18 inches or more from the floor, or they may be suspended on a string or wire in the center of the pen. Throughout many portions of the coun try mangels prove the cheapest source for Winter feed. A given acreage plant ed to mangels probably will produce" a larger amount of Winter green food than any other crop. Sow the seed in the Spring and, if properly cared for, this will produce a large yield of succu lent roots, which is palatable to the fowls. Cabbage .Good In Moderation. Cabbage is excellent when fed mod erately. If fed heavily it will flavor the eggs and also make tne yoias paie in color. Cabbage is a laxative and for that reason should not be fed where milk (also laxative) Is freely supplied. Cabbage and all kinds of root crops will keep in better condition in a gooa cellar which can be kept dark and moist. Kale is an excellent plant that will provide a'large amount of green food. The plants grow large ana nusny affording shade for the fowls. Besides a number of stalks will provide all the green food necessary, where only a limited number of hens are kept. One great advantage of kale is that it is available practically after the frost has killed all other greens. It is nearly frost- proof and will remain fresh and Other sources of green food are often resorted to in emergency, such as ap ples, onions, brussels sprouts and let tuce. Potatoes are sometimes used to a limited extent but if fed too freely will result in digestive disorders. If it is necessary to use potatoes It is advisable to boil and -mix them with the mash. prouted pats have copie into high II 51 v ,,,,, to abstain from all demonstrations in the field." On his way back to camp General Grant sent the following dispatch to Washington. It was dated 4:30 P. M.: "Hon. E. M. Stanton, Secretary of War, Washington: General Lee sur rendered the Army of Northern Vir ginia this afternoon on terms proposed by myself. The accompanying addi tional correspondence will show the conditions fully. U. S. GRANT, "Lieutenant-General." General Lee's return to his army is thus described by A. L. Long, in his "Memoirs of General Lee": "When, after his interview with Grant, General Lee again appeared, a shout of welcome instinctively ran favor of late years and undeniably ranks among the highest of green rations for poultry. Considerable dif ficulty is sometimes experienced in get ting the oats to grow and experience has shown that warmth, moisture and plenty of light are necessary for rapid growth. Light I, needed to sprout oats to advantage but not direct sun light. The Maine experimental station has experimented with a sprouted closet with flats. A temperature of 70 degrees is maintained constantly and since the closet is comparatively tight It is easy to convert the whole Into a moist chamber. The only diffi culty experienced is the matter of mold. This condition, can be controlled by thoroughly spraying each flat with 60 per cent formalin solution. Take the amount of oats you desire to spront and place them In a vessel and cover with warm water and let ihem stand over night Then place them in a coarse bag or a box with small openings in the bottom and drain for about 15 minutes, fteit spread on trays one-half to three-quarters of an Inch deep and place in the cellar, or wherever there is a temperature of about 70 degrees. If the temperature drops much below 70 the oats are liable to become sour. Do not spread the oats thicker than about half an inch deep, as part are liable to become smothered. If oat are sprouted every day in order to have a continuous sup ply, be sure that the bucket or vessel used in which you soak the oats is per fectly clean; otherwise in a number of days it will sour and all oats soaked after that will have a sour smell. It is unsafe to feed chicks sour or musty oats. For the best results the oats must be kept sweet. The trays should be perforated on the bottom to, allow drainage. Every day the oats should be sprinkled with water, and In about six to ten days it is ready to Be lea It should be fed sparingly at first until the chicks get accustomed to it. Some times it may be necessary to chop the sprouts Into short lengths for the little chicks, but feed roots and an. Tne lit tle chicks will begin to eat the worm- like roots before they begin on the green stalk of the plant. Alfalfa Ranks High. Alfalfa as a regular diet for chicks and matured fowls can hardly be over estimated. Its value Is recognized by successful poultrymen, as It stands pre eminent among the different grasses, plants and vegetables as a source of protein, lime and mineral salts In soluble and digestible form. The fiber contained in it Is necessary and desir able as a mechanical stimulant to in testinal action, making it valuable as a green food for poultry. In fact, we believe that there is no other Winter green food that approaches it tn these particulars. Fowls relish it either in the green or dry state. Alfalfa is richer in protein, bone, sinew and feather-making element than any other available form of green food. Xho chemistry division of the 3 FRIDAY through the army. But instantly recol lecting the sad occasion that brought him before them, their shouts sank into silence, every hat was raised, and the bronzed faces of the thousands of grim warriors were bathed in tears. "As he rode slowly along the lines, hundreds of his devoted vetersns pressed around the noble chief, trying to take his hand, touch his person or even lay a hand upon his horse, thus exhibiting for him their great affection. The General then, with head bare and tears flowing freely down his manly cheeks, bade adieu- to the army. - In a few words, he told the brave men who had been so true In arms to return to their homes and become worthy citizens. Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of Minnesota says "the most striking feature shown is the large amount of protein in alfalfa." In com parison with clover in an annlysis made by this authority it was found that alfalfa contained 17 per cent of protein, and clover IS pr cent. "This substance (protein)." adds the chemist, "is always the nvoet valuable constituent of a feed stuff. It Is the substance that enters so largely Into the composition of the flesh and the vital fluids of the body." Alfalfa Aids Dlgeatloa. Alfalfa aids digestion and Is not de pendable on its own elements, but when fed with grain ration and taken Into the digestive organs, the nutri ment In the grain is better digested and' made more available for assimila tion than it possibly could be without It. F. D. Col burn, Secretary of the Kansas Department of Agriculture, says: "The feeding value of alfalfa Is largely in Its chemical compound known as protein; its extreme digesti bility Is another desirabls quality to be considered and not least Is Its app tizlng character. Not only do all ani mals like it, but when given In mod erate quantities It seems to Increase the general appetite for more fat making feeds. The growth of young chicks is greatly aided by alfalfa. Many poultrymen and farmers say emphatically that the hens lay more and larger eggs when allowed alfulfa In any form. Its nitrogen contributes to the albumen of the eega snd to the -growth of the young chicks. For years the complaint has been made by poul trymen and farmers that there are too many Infertile eggs. The financial losses are great If a fourth or a third of the eggs used for Incubation prove Infertile. It would seem that the same elements that contribute to the growth of the hatched ohlcken should alio add to the vitality vt the embryo, in creasing the percentage of fertility and adding rigor to the newly-hatched chick. Fowls like It green and whether allowed the run of the field or It I given them daily they eat It greedily and thrive." Ears Qnalltr Affected. Alfulfa Is considered a frame bulM.-r. It produces tho desirable rich golden yellow color In tho esg yolk. It as sists In providing fenthtr making ma terials In an e<y digested form. The chemist st the Dominion of Canada experimental farm. Ottawa, says: "Al falfa Is especially rich In flesh forming constituents. That cured alfalfa pos sesses a high per cent of crude pro tein, greater than that possessed by clover, whll3 mangels contain only one and one-half per cent. It Is evident that alfulfa furnishes a more nutritious food weight for weight than grusse. Indian corn or rcoU." If alfalfa is cured at the rlaht time and In the right way It Is easy to keep and is imperishable if stored In a dry place. 4 P6T 5is.tr-. Si ii'n ... ., ii . . '
