The Sunday Oregonian., October 25, 1914, MAGAZINE SECTION, Page 6, Image 78

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THE STTXDAT OREGONTATS', PORTLANU, OCTO'BirR 25, 1914."
TSolfier Firing the'-Widl "(jSff
BT HENRT M. 6XBVIL.T.
SHORT in duration, compared with
tba siege of Carthago, the invest
ment of Jerusalem saw some of
the fiercest, most heroic fighting of his
tory. In this, as in many other cases,
a siege was the final blow which sealed
the fate of a nation, for when their
great walled city fell the Jews of
Palestine passed under the yoke of the
Roman emperors.
Although they had been once con
quered, the Jewish people rebelled
against the Roman rule under Nero
and his successor Vespasian. The lat
ter, being a great soldier by profes
sion, had warred against the Jews dur
ing the reign of Nero and many of
them had fled before his forces into the
triple walled city of Jerusalem, thus
augmenting the number of the defend
ers that Titus, son of Vespasian, was
to face in 70 A. C
Josephus tells how the Romans ap
proached the city after landing from
their boats in the Nile. In the van
were the auxiliaries (light armed
troops), who were followed successive
ly by the pioneers or workmen, the im
pedimenta with a guard, Titus with a
guard of cavalry, the siege engines
drawn by mules, tribunes and leaders
of cohorts. legionary soldiers, more
baggage with a guard of cavalry, ser
vants, mercenaries and a rear guard of
Romans.
As the great army approached the
outer walls of Jerusalem it swung in
a circle parallel with the outer de
fenses. Titus, in toe midst of his cav
alry, with helmet oft, was observing
the defensiv-works or the enemy when
suddenly from one of the gates a horde
of Jewish soldiers charged straight
through the squadron of plunging
horses, cutting the division in twain.
Titus himself was isolated and sur
rounded, but by cutting down all who
threw themselves upon him he extricat
ed himself and managed to reform his
guard, though darts and arrows fell
about him like rain.
This showed the Romans that they
(had no tame foes before them, and,
although at the feast of the Passover
a faction of the Jews under John of
Giscala had gone to the temple with
daggers hidden beneath their mantles
and slain hundreds of their country
men of rival factions, the very appear
ance of the Romans before their walls
united them to a man. Their quarrels
had, however, resulted in a great wast
age of food and war supplies.
Titus began the formation of three
camps one- to the north, one to the
west and a third to the east, on the
Mount of Olives. The Tenth Legion,
one of his favorites, was at work es
tablishing quarters on the Mount of
Olives, throwing up mounds and build
ing huts after the Roman fashion in
the case of sieges.
They had scarcely begun their work
when a body of the Jews made a sally
from an eastern gate, charged across
the valley of the Kedron and stormed
the heights, throwing the Romans into
confusion before they could so much
as cast aside their implements and
snatch their weapons. Even the Tenth
Legion fled, but Titus himself led an
attack with cavalry, which crashed
against the Jewish flank and drove the
defenders back Into the city with ter- a
rifle losses.
Shortly after this an aged Jew was
seen to mount the wall and. standing
amid a shower of Roman darts, wave
a mantle several times over his head.
The Romans soon learned the meaning
of the- signal, for a small army
emerged from the city and fell upon the
cavalry, again isolating Titus. But the
legionaries, seeing how he refused to
give an inch in such peril, returned and
rescued their commander. Again the
Jews were routed with tremendous
slaughter, but they seemed not to mind
loss of life if In dying they could but i
destroy a single Roman.
Titus next began the work of filling
in the valleys before the outer wall in
order to give free play to his battering
rams and catapults.
This work the Jews could not pre
vent, but a ruse almost routed the be
siegers. Upon the opening of one of
the gates a large body of Jews, appar
ently unarmed, rushed forth and, cry
ing out for mercy and signifying sub
mission, stampeded toward the Roman
"camp, while their fellows on the wall
tlllllofl anI nKi-.ad Y.an.
On reaching the Roman camp they more powtrtu1' somo of tne,r catapults the defenders, thus allowing their bat
.v.- ih0 throwing stones 125 pounds in weight tering rams full play.
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THus Surprfsetf While Rewnnoitring.it
the Jews of the city and that the Ro
mans could easily force an entrance at
a certain point. But when the soldiers
hurried to the attack, many of them
forcing a passage through the gate,
a distance of a quarter of a mile.'
To find the range for the catapults
the Romans fastened a piece of lead to
the weight thrown over the wall and
drew this back by a cord attached. The
At night one of the towers collapsed
during the building, and for a time
panic reigned in the Roman camp, but
the Jews were able to take but slight
advantage of the mishap, tinder pro-
they found themselves in an ambush,' Cord belns meaeu"d. the range finders tection of the towers the great ram
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and the Jews who had perpetrated the
rus.e fell upon them from behind.
Meanwhile the besieging forces were
building great mounds against the
walls, which were too high to scale, As
the mounds progressed the soldiers
were In a position to determine the ele- calle1 Nlko Rmfl-hp(1 . hofl , tn.
vation at which the catapult should be and the Jews, with great slaughter,
discharged. were driven back from the first wall.
Arter days of battering against the
walls the Romans had succeeded mere-
One of the towers of the second wall
ly in loosening a few stones and it was
which was open to attack by the Ro
mans was held for several days by 11
the Jews to destroy one of these
mounds. -
From behind the last wall of de
fense he burrowed under the mound,
excavating a great pit there, the roofs
and walls of which were supported by
heavy timbers. When the work was
completed he filled the excavation with
dry boughs and fagots and set the
whole on fire. The supporting tim
bers, thus weakened, gave way and
the mound tumbled, burying hundreds
of men in the smoking, dusty ruins.
Things were getting desperate, and
under the protection of a "testudo." or
roof of shields supported by soldiers,
the Romans tunneled under the last
defensive wall, ' only to find that the
Jews had erected a new wall at the
point where they appeared.
Shortly after this the Jews employed
a ruse which in reality greatly aided
their conquerors in the final fighting.
As the Romans attacked the temple. the
defenders made a show of retreating,
and when a large body of Romans had
entered the building they returned and
set it on fire.
Goaded into fighting frenzy, the Ro
mans put hundreds of the defenders to
the sword, killing them at the very al
tar Itself. Instead of attempting t
quench the flames, the Romans car
ried into the temple all the inflam-
built mantelets of twisted boughs cov- adopte(L Accordingly Titus had con- men Decus tho attackers feared an b.gn t. fearful fighting to reduce and even treated thus severely those mable materials available and fed the
ered with hides to protect the work
men. On top of the walls the defenders
had catapults for hurling great darts,
stones and heavy timbers, and these,
especially the timbers, sometimes swept
scores of laboring Romans from their
works.
But the Roman "artillery" was th
structed three great towers 50 cubits
(about 100 feet) high. These towers
were armored with iron and were so
heavy that the missiles of the Jews
could not overturn them. When they
were completed the Romans were able
from the tops to sweep the walls of
ambush. At last a private, Aeneas, vol
unteered to enter the tower alone, and
the temple and the last wall. Josephus wretched Jews who sought his camp fire, taking the ruins after some of
was sent into the city to attempt to rather than endure the hunger preva-
after he was slain his fellows stormed induce the Jews to surrender, but they lent in the city.
and took it.
Fifteen days had sufficed to capture
the first wall. Five days more were
refused, though their starving condi- Upon the failure of Josephus' nata
tion was pitiful. To further terrorize sion. Titus began the building of four
the garrison Titus had all the Jewish great mounds, which progressed rap
the fiercest fighting of the siege.
The temple fallen, the city was at
the mercy of the attacking forces, and
after operations covering four months
Titus had reduced the last stronghold
required to take .the second, and. then prisoners crucified before the walls idly. John of Giscala was the first of of the Jews.
THIRD OF A COURSE OF TWELVE MUSIC LESSONS TO APPEAR IN THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN
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IF TOTT have difficulty In reading mu
sical compositions you will find that
by a thorough study of the chords
In their Inversions, and the triads In
their different positions of all the keys,
this difficulty will be overcome.
Do you wish to play fine accompani
ments to melodies you know or sing?
If so, "Grove's Music Simpilfler" will
show you bo thoroughly that you can
play them with satisfaction to yourself
and friends without much, time need
la study.
FOURTH LESSON NEXT SUNDAY
Entered According' to the Act of Parliament of Canada at the Departmt of Agriculture in the Year 1906.
SECOND EDITION, Copyright, 1905, International Copyright Secured.. Copyright 1903-4 by W. SCOTT GROVE, Scranton, Pa.
If requires no sharps nor flats to make the simple chords, and in this lesson, the third of the series, the charts show how to play accompaniments in the Eey of C and its corresponding key of A minor.
INSTRUCTION Place one of the charts at right angles with the keyboard, so that the small white letter, D at bottom of ehart, with the dash above it, is directly over D on the keyboard. Then the
white spaces on the chart will be over the white keys and the black spaces over the black keys.
The top, middle and lower sections on the lower chart represent the three chords, a mastery of which .will enable anyone to accompany on the piano or organ any song or melody in the key ol
C, and the top chart represents the cords of the key A minor. , ..- -
The. white letters are to be played with the left hand and the black letters with the right hand.
Now having placed the chart on the piano or organ, play the white letter on the top section with the left hand, and then the three black" letters in unison with the right hand.
Next play the middle section in the same way, then the lower section, and then return to the top section.
.The small white letter D at bottom of chart, with the dash above it, which gives the chart position must not be played.
After practice these chords should be memorized so that you can play without the nse of the chart. But with the chart a person who never struck a note on the piano or organ before may in s
few minutes play the harmonious chords correctly, and then accompany his or her own songs or the songs of friends.
Proficiency requires practice, but no previous knowledge of music.
If yon desire to delve deeply into the mysteries of music, th e charts give you the best possible foundation on which to base a musical education. A knowledge of the keys and their chords un
derlies all the triumphs of the accomplished musician. ' v
Every triad in black letters is marked 1. 3. 5. Always read triads 1, 3, 5, no matter what position. Triad c o marked third position, 5, the highest; always read it so.
position, S, the highest; read ckg so with every triad major or minor. '
s E 1
k o c
first position, 1, the highest; read
1 S R ( 1 S
CBOOCE
seeond
11
13 O
W Key
(TP
The inatorafl -Key
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