THE SUNDAY OREGOTTAX, PORTLAND, OCTOBER 25. " 1914.
ijMaH1'' I.. i.n a 'iriiiii,.ll,()MIJJ .,. ,V;,-K-M- ilJwiiMroiiimiiiui ""' - - - --. j . , in .ji,m. .mn .. . ... , ... , ,
: ffef mow v 3;Jr - ORiCTsr, - hi,
! KiKf ATTACK. 'iX-CfCQNJ
JmMk iL Campbecu Jr-$ J GEQgGE Sherwood p1,r-1
i.,.-, -. f- vit.
bard fought games and his misplaced
homage to the victors of the prize ring.
The wider scope of education. If It is
ever to implant the abitf?ngf love of
peace In man's heart, must traverse the
powerful teachings of nature from
the remotest past and gradually take
from us not only what we have newly
acquired, but that which we have al
ways had. The task may be most diffi
cult, and Its accomplishment be Blow,
but growth and free advancement. Im
ply the rightful change.
It is at the highly impressionable
age of the youth's existence that he is
at length became an Integral part of instructed in school and college by
the pleasure which was originally due those he naturally believes in and re-
to the result of victory. On account of lies upon. He is then passing through.
THB world's Interest has seemingly
centered on the outcome of the
struggle between France and
Germany, wholly irrespective of the
situation that both these combatants
entered the European conflict as
accessories after the Initial fact of
war as instituted by Austria against
Servia. The pawn has been pushed
aside from the great chessboard, and
the battle is between the greater
pieces. Psychologically this condition
frontier. It may be argued that tie
construction of these fortifications
along the eastern border only indi
cated the wisdom of this defence on
the part of the French and yet. again,
the very fact that a fort or defensive
position heavily armed is pushed be
neath the very nose of a former or
OADING a cannon to the muzzle and
firing it off docs not give any
strength to the gun, but it proves.
if the gun survives, tnat It was strong.
This e.xrerlment, if applied to a large
number of cannons would, roughly
epeaklnp. be equivalent to nature's pro
cess of the elimination of the weak by
the survival of the strong. It may not
be a kindly way of securing the result,
but It is efficient. It we say that only
the strong have survived, the fact ac-
lifelong repetition by Individuals, gen
eration after generation strengthened
by the hereditary transmission of char
acteristics, the confused and wrong idea
of the cause of this pleasure actually
became fixed. Force was the only
method, -and conflict was the normal
state.
When primitive man slowly forced
his way upward he brought with him
the brute instinct in which the sight
of suffering and pain had, no doubt,
become a part of his pleasure. Savage
man. even with his increased intelli
gence, still carried with him this image
in brief, the race history of his kind.
The youth with credulous individual
istic and tribal bias asserting Itself in
his nature stands so constituted and
so environed in the vresence of his
elders that early influences and Im
pressions are most easily made, but
when thus made they last throughout
life. Youth cannot choose and age
but stereotypes the mould.
In all stages of human life the power
of constantly recurring suggestion is
strong. Its influence when applied to
the minds of the young is far greater
than if it comes in maturer life.
The
of affairs is not astonishing, for the even potential antagonist can hardly
Franco-Prussian conflict really settled be considered as other than a constant
nothing, merely advancing a problem menace to his safety and a provocation
upon the attention of posterity, and to his ill-will.
both narties to the war of 1870 fully Germany is not without interest in
proved to their teeth. The nations tion that hurls his legions against
are like Cadmus of old they have other legions, and then blatantly de
sown the dragon's teeth, and have Clares his savage purpose a manifesta-
reaped armed men. A. in the tale.
tion of the wisdom of God, is a throw
back to the cave man who brained his
realized it. the psychological consideration of the mese nave laiien ai once upon u.u brother with a stone ax; that nation
Few will disDUte the statement that war problem, for from 1871' to 1899 she other. which in its' panic fear, in Its commer-
should a man strip himself to his under
underwent what is known as the "of- Manifestly it is impossible to breed clal greed, in its mad hunger for land
shii-t and place himself in an attitude enslve period." Her swift and decisive a fighting animal and expect him to be or Its lust for power and place turns
of defence upon a crowded street he is
Hkely to find his fears realized by a
dozen attacks in an equal number of
minutes. An armed defence is a plain
Invitation to attack; a fortified position
Is a perpetual challenge to assault. Hu
man nature is built upon that plan, and
yet. from the day when Alexander
found the villages of the Hyrcanians
fenced about with thorn hedges, the
fallacious apothegm of Horace. "In
peace, as a wise man he should make
suitable preparations for war," has
gone unchallenged and undetected.
' Throughout the ages man has gone on
hurling mute defiance at the rest of
victory had bred in her a mental appe
tite for further conquests; then began
the true German era of warlike prep
aration. It Is not generally believed
that she feared reprisal from France
at least not until 1899, when she awoke
to the fact that France had not for
gotten her indignities and was making
provision against a repetition of them.
Germany had built few fortresses along
the French line. She took oven. Metz
and strengthened it, but considered it
more as a base from which to operate
peaceful; one cannot raise a million loose its armed men to stab a brother
men to the point of superior ef- man or tear him apart with bursting
flclency in killing others and bid them charges and then calls on the God of
hold their hand indefinitely. The ex- Peace to bless that crime is a hypo
lstence of armament justifies its' use, crite.
and the casting of a cannon casts When Germany asseverates she has
also the conditions of the inflamed pas- been forced to attack France in defense
sion that will fire it. Fourteen mil- of herself she knows the truth. She
lion men in Europe alone have been knows that for 15 years she has an
bred to the sword, and all in the tlcipated this Snove. When France
name of humanity; every nation par- states that her whole Intent has been
ticipating in the great struggle claims peace with the Teuton Across her tron-
allegiance to Christianity, and none tier she disproves her case, ror no na
counts for the severe competition of tho confllcti and thls lmase, though ung meet it, one may say, practically
among races which exists, and It may modlfled ln many ways 8tnl remains, without the power of resistance. They
point the way for investigation into The f,Knt and tne Jnfucion of pain lack knowledge and experience and
the origin and love of armed conflict. were only the necessary adjuncts to have no standard by which to judge the
which we know to be one of the strange the perfectly legitimate effort to sur- relative truth or falsity of that which
contradictions in human civilization. th , ' nt th t ia presented to them. We erect bronze
The glitter of the soldier's trappings. entlrely disappeared, and the result of statues to our war heroes, and we set
these various mental processes has up eu""S '""""""'"
worked out in
The good old rule, the simple plan.
, That ho should take who has the power
And he should keep who can.
The grip of this potent and primal
instinct is shown ln a picture of savage
man drawn by Darwin when he says:
"The astonishment which I felt when I
first saw a troop of Tierra del Fue
gians on a wild and rugged coast
I shall never forget; for the
day among the most peace-loving peo- thought flashed through my mind at ,--.tthi tolerance of war. now out
pies. There must be. and there is, a once thus were our forefathers. These KrqWn by reason, must at least follow
unusa which BLiu in some seemingly 11 " 1 w. .ivkmne
mysteriou way dominates the thought ml covered only with paint. Their
of mankind and bids one love the con- long hair was twisted together, their
flict which he may not justify. mouths bedrlvelled from excitement and
A glance at what may be considered their expression wild, amazed and
as the origin of armed conflict and its suspicious. They possessed scarcely any
the Imposing show of force and the ef
fective precision of unified action, all
have their place in producing a strong
impression on the minds of possible re
cruits. They have read of the war hero
and desire to emulate his virtues. This
does not, however, explain the existence
of the feeling of pride and Joy at mili
tary success' among those who have
never shouldered a rifle, and this feel
ing exists even among women. This
war feeling, in vague form, exists to-
of armed conflict, and youth admires
and reveres. The Greeks were wiser
than we are. for they erected trophies
on the field of battle, at the plac9
where the enemy turned and fled. They
made these monuments of such ma
terial that wind and weather might
soon djstroy the visible memorials of
the fight.
The nation that honestly determines
to counteract this most natural But
the spirit of the Greeks. We cannot
direct the mind of youth to scenes of
strife and later expect it to tear out
the shackles thus leaded ln the rock,
at the mere presentation of sentimental
than as a position from which to de- ,a Manifesting the spirit of the claim, tion intent upon peace will spend bil- redv conflict and its "f.1"?u1"'J ?,Tk. hJ? Ptlmlsm r even on tho tene. of
fend her national integrity. From this 6inc6 tlmo began there have been men Hons in fortifications or raise 4.000.000 thla take "r Noughts skill at all and lived like wild beasts fauItleS3 ioslc.
T., " ... . . ., i wi, back to 'the animal progenitors of the Pn whatever they coul . catch. They Th teachinz- of what has been antl
point to Diederhofen she built small
positions. Southeast from Metz to Col
his fellow men, and even now. with the mar and BaBel were other3. but none
greatest of world conflicts in progress, of theae haye Dfien conaidered aa any.
tie luniiot see liih.1 me very mci oi pre
paredness has but worked to precipi
tate the very thing he has feared.
After 1871 France fourd herself in a
humbled and shamed position before the
world. She had been defeated, mulcted
of treasure and territory, and set years
backward on her path. Immediately
who have worked for peace and these
have been sneered at, scoffed at and
even slain . for the effort they have
made.
thing but bases of operation, and prac- we nve, there can be found the very
ticallynone of them came into being antithesis of the European situation,
until after 1899. "Viewing the grow- rJefense invites attack, but here are
ing power of France, Germany made two peoples living side by side, buying
preparations, it is true, but they took and selling from each other and each
an offensive form." She established 12 with an equal territory. There are 3000
great strategic railway stations be- miles of border, and on that border who
tween Cologne and the Belgian line; shall find a fortified position? Where
man o n rl trnln tV,Am t n a r-ma YV ,1 1T1 " 1 " J V'J Ufcoil.tui a ui in. J - " '
Great Britain swears that her vast hun race. In' these lower forms of bad no government and no mercy to-
navy has been for the peace of the 1!fe we ln" tha conflict was praotl- ward those not of their own race."
world and the protection of her posi- cal'y the normal condition. This brief description points to the
tion tw,m. h hj. known that soma ! the course of time the multiplica- cIs resemblance between primitive
day she would use that navy to harry tion of species brought with It coraps
an enemy, to destroy his commerce, to tition among individuals for the pur
pose or maintaining life. Natural selec-
upon the completion of peace both she 8n(J or&anized every foot or rall she wm we find a' Metz. a Liege, a Stras-
Lnd her conqueror began preparations
along different lines. France feared
another German invasion and, to pro
vide against this, began the construc
tion of a most elaborate system of de
fences along her eastern border. Ger
many, on the other hand, some years
later, quite as evidently perceiving that
yet again she would enter into conflict
with her late enemy, also made prep
arations, but these were for offence.
In the light of what has occurred, these
two systems, conducted from different
and opposing mental attitudes, are In
teresting. Begining at the uorth. France con
structed a line of forts along the Meuse
the "Meuse line," as it is known.
These follow the river between Verdun
and Toul. a llstance of some 30 miles:
Genlcourt. Troyon, L,es Paroches. Camp
des Romalns, Lionville. St. Agnant, Gi
rouville and Jour-sour-les-Cotes. Then
from Toul to Epinal. some 40 miles, the
frontier line is left open designedly,
and at Epinal what is known as the
"Moselle line" begins again and runs
to Beffort, about 45 miles.
From Belfort begins another chain
straight through to the Swiss border.
Behind "this system lie two great in
trenched areas in triangular form that
behind the Meuse line being formed by
owned or bought in the direction of Its burg, a Koenlgsberg. a Gibraltar? No
value in hurrying troops to the frontier, where. One hundred million people
and her every effort along the frontier
since that time has been in counter
move to the French defences.
Where France pushed forward a fort,
Germany has established and organ
ized a mode of attack. The present
result is simply a historically inevit
able outcome of the policy of -defense.
live south of the line, some eight or
nine million live north of it. Those to
the south maintain an army, it is true,
and soldiers are found along the border
where their duties are largely those
of customs police. Those to the north
maintain an army, also true, but less in
number than the policemen in Iw
debar him from receiving food. When
Russia claims that her millions of sol
diers are directed toward he peace of
Europe she knows she had other plans.
It is asserted by the military class
that disarmament would be equivalent
to suicide, and if there was ever- a
falsity on the face of the earth this is
one. They assert that for a nation to
man and the lower order from which
he has sprung.
These savages had no mercy for
tion constantly rooted out the weaker, those not of their own race. Suspicion,
and when conflict took place it ren-- ignorance and fear of those they did
dered competition more severe among not know were there, originating prob-
the stronger. The capture, of prey or ably from the fact that among the
the securingof food was an influence lower animals hunter and hunted are
powerful .enough to modify the bodily not of the same species. These men
structure if the brute. Among those could not reason, and destroyed wUh-
that were Irnnted and preyed UDon a out remorse Mrose they did not under-
The teaching of what has been aptly
called "civics" needs to have a wide
scope than it has now. It is more
important than the tariff. H. G. Wells, "
in his recent work, "The World Set
Free," points out that' the political
structure of the world is everywhers
far behind the collective intelligence.
JUST WHERE WE STAND
Peace la Europe Would Find Vm In
an Ideally Souad Posltloau
abandon a defensive policy would be like process was simultaneously going stand. Darwin saw them In the tribal" . MERCHANT who
equivalent to National elimination; and
yet, it may be asked, how can one na
tion prove its trust of the rest if this
be not done? So long as one fortress
exists with armed men inside it.
on. The hunted had to develop new
powers. They had to become more Previously passed away,
fleet, more wary and more astute ln Tho indivlduallstio condition was one
order to survive the attacks of their In which each individual was alone,
enemies. Those that preyed UDon He hunted, fought, lived and died more
is not courting
state, the individualistic stage having f bankruptcy makes his necessary
borrowing on his present assets and not
on the business he expects to do next
The patient Job foresaw this attitude York and largely decorative. There is
of the human mind and the conse- no anticipation of attack and conse
niin it entailed when h cried. "The auently no need fof defense. Should
function to meet the developing pow- Perhaps the aid of a small family. Later
ers of their prey. The whole effort came the first idea of co-operation, and
thing that I greatly feared has come
upon me."
If Germany has not organized her
self defensively along her western
frontier, she has done so to the East,
for she soon sawthat the enemy she
feared lay behind her Russian fron
tier. There she has Koenigsberg, Dan
zig. Thorn,, Posen and Glogau all mod
ern and highly developed defensive
fortifications. Mark the result. Russian
armies are hammering at the walls of
these, flowing by them hurrying onward
to Berlin. By this time some or all of
them may have fallen to the Tsar.
Germany feared no invasion from
France; she did fear one from Rus
sia. France fears no Invasion from
Italy or Spain, and she has reduced
differences arise between the United
States and Canada theyv would be set
tled as disputes between nations
should by arbitration. ,
The pro essional fighting man is an
anomaly, a blot upon civilization; l
clod of earth thrown into the face of
the Man of Galilee and s all He stood
for. The ruler who signs the declara-
was to make and to resist war. The with It the ability to prosecute tribal impoverished and that their customers.
forces at work were potent to remould wars. It was not so much mutual help
the body and they were competent to '"'ness, but rather a desire to destroy
whether they issue forth or not, across others underwent changes in form and or less apart from his fellows, with
the border from that fortress will
arise other armed men with cannon to
batter down the fortress, and some day,
sooner or later, the two will come to
gether. Actually, psychologically, that
is an undeniable fact. Peace will only make a deep and lasting impression on those strangers with whom they could
oecome general wnen xne military iai
lacy has been overthrown, for peace is
not guaranteed by force, nor can force
ever breed anything but a greater
force; and so arrain. step by step, until
a cataclysm like the present comes
upon the world.
year. It is all very well to stimulate
interest 4n a possible increase of for
eign trade, due to the war in Europe.
We have to remember that some of our
best customers are becoming rapidly
in South America and elsewhere, are
also feeling the strain.
Where do we stand? We had a
bumper wheat crop and have done
nearly as well in oats as we did last
year and much better in corn. We have
rather more cotton than we know what
to do with. Barley and potatoes both
MODERN BULLET WOUNDS
U
when the' stood. One explanation Is that by Its
highspeed, smaller-caliber bullet
used in modern rifles strikes a man. It
makes an exceedingly small puncture,
and passes through both bone and tis
sue alike, with trifling injury.
Although the man Is incapacitated
La Fere. Laon and Kh.lm. and the one ner defensive tactics along these lines
to the south composed by lines drawn to the minimum. Germany has had no
between Lanerre.,. rM n.i Rn.. fear of an Austrian invasion, but. along "rt "
In fact, every centime France ha. had J"-f!" S"i at when the small-caliber rifle
to spare since isti has gone to - - - -
strengthen her defences and tn erect and has pushed out these
tremendously rapid translation both
through the gun barrel and the air the
bullet is set in vibration and the effects
it will have upon the tissue of the hu
man living body will be relative to
the capability or incapacity of the
tissues to take up and transmit the
was vibration or wave -motion.
the low order of mind which was evolv- not reason that was the first impelling
Ing ln the brute. influence that took shape in the coin
Competition among animals for the munal state. The tribe could not make
capture of prey and the physical exer- agreements, and violence was Its only
tion Invnlvtf in tho . . mode.
were productive of strength and endu-- In our own tlme we find in the mod- 8how large gains on 1913 and the hay
mm s.i.i....r..i nn ohiid an onitnmA nf tho r..Hr .i crop is excellent. Here are the esti-
with it satisfaction and rest after the hIs klJ. Just as the embryo reveals the mated figures:
strenuous chase. Not only was the Physical changes In the structure and ctov
capture of prey at all times more or functions of the body. Professor E. J. wheat.
less difficult, but ln times of scarcity Smith, in his work on "Mind in the oats.'.V.V.V.V.V.'
a fight for possession often follow Making." alludes to the studies of Gu- Corn'.'."."..."..'".".'.
the straggle for capture. lick and Sheldon on the perfectly nat- is
in eitner case the reward wax th urai out little understood behavior of Potatoes.
the young.
Gulick found that "the games of
boys under 12 years of age are indi-
was the
same, and a low order of pleasure was
produced, always and of necessity ac
companied with the sight of blood, the
Sweet potatoes. .
Hay (;ons
Cotton (bales).. .
Estimate.
1U14. Bu.
SU8.0O0.0O0
43.0U0.00O
1,116.000.000
2,700.000.000
noo.ooo.wo
i.OOO.000
37l.0O0.0OO
C0.oO0.00O
14.500,000
1913. Bu.
7S3.000.OttO
41.000.0UO
1,191,000.000
2.47.000.000
178.000.000
20.000.000
332.000.000
."V9.00O.0OO
S4.00O.0OQ
i4,n.ooo
cry of pain and the death struggle of- vidualistic and competitive, while early
tne victim. In the selection of a mate adolescence, from 12 to 17, is distinctly
there was frequently the fight between the period of group games and the boys
Th i cjui be better undMratflnil rrnm r val. t i . -nnn re , a Aom wa.i, ct..Mn.
. . , . , . . aiixjen " t" l ihj ou.aa-m.. ....... w aa iccum rnini.d ww-vt,..w . nv.A. utiuuu uu- TuiimMuiuisii
1871 has gone to loruncauons oi unqunbuuunui, vaiue. .ontad. Unfortunately, the bullet n experiment made in . studying the by the same lneMnti .wh ticed a "tendency to form social units v,...
j t . na mighori nut thosa a4efanai.il ' . . . ' . a...- a - .... ... " . .. .. ' '-"a r --
ueiences ana 10 erect - --- -- does not always act ln this way. tor euojeti. im" tm wm uiiea wiui and Dlood and duth. Tha hihitnii characteristic or lower states of clvll-
Xbeir games and depredations
carried out under organization.
At this time boys are so far ln-
nf ri(itrtr - dlvlduallstia Aa to care Httla for tia
she foresaw exactly what has occurred, how you view it, the fact that" the lng quite short and conical and with a exit hole was an inch and one-half constituted a fierce kind of Joy. rights of those outside their own
.i.CnutiuiM ana jiauoeuge were "8-""""" " i"" arradual taoer. the center of gravity is across and very irregular. Moreover. As time went on a. rtirr. I .... 'crowd. . . . This coincides aulte
" ""s, "'e utrman irontier. cue tne BO-calledi "Spitz" bullet, wmcn has water ana me uunei urea tnrougn it. tlce of violence, always with exertion ization
ias not neglected the Belgian frontier. I,,8U"U"' " iortro ' "' been Introduced in Germany and The entrance hole was small and al- wounds and the visible evidence of are c!
either not that she feared hostile ac- impregnable strength. adopted by several other countries, be- most as if cut out by a punch, and the pain, and this aa the Inevitable con- -
a..n iui ivinKuom, Dut Decause '"- kjv in a. most uncertain manner. Be- eases but slightly Inverted, while the eomltant
l.UU
defences to take care of German Incur- attack is the greatest - potential fao- thrown back
dim Idea of tha
near the base. Conse-. the front end was badly bulsred out. nnln InvnivaA hv tha i.i.. . . . clnaelir with tha racial atasra in whlrh
sion through Belgium. Behind all these tor in bringing the attack about, it QUently, It is very liable to be disturbed the rear end torn nearly loose, and tha the victim may have arisen ln the brute Primitive man united in smaller groups
fortifications come the second line of may be argued that to neglect defen- , ., fHirht when It turns sidewavs. .sides nartiallr collapsed. The lndlca- .nr,.in, v . . rnr mntn.i .m... nr. nroreorinn . . .
Llnters excluded.
Railroads in the Northwest are do
ing well, but in the South the gross
earnings show an alarming decrease.
This means that cotton has not its usual
er. It Is a problem
not to be solved by Congressional ac
tion. " Improved banking facilities
rather than doles out of . the public
pocket are needed. Onr new bankin?
system should go far to solve the prob
lem, which is not one for inflated cur
rency, but for improved credit.
There Is encouragement and warning
In the figures here submitted. The price
of grain ot all varieties la high ln spite
defences and the great intrenched sive preparations would be suicidal, and Instead of making the small, clean-cut tlons were that the pressure or forces he received. This, if experienced.' prob- The enemy of one member of the group of a large harvest. When we talk of
- Buua.m .uu nico, j-v, - - " perforation expected, it tears lis way. actea aiter tne ouiiet naa passed ablyvheightened the savage Joy of the
and behind these again the prime de- pointed out. the surest defense is to be through the tissues, taking a terribly through the can and as a vibration or victor. In his mind there was the satls-
lences of Paris and Lyons. without it. For years the proponents lacerated wound very similar to that wave would act. faction of possessipn after the master-
Tbe Italian frontier has a series of of great standing armies and of great which would be produced by a dum- Many wounds of the character abdve inK of opposition by force. These feel
forts d'arret and along the Spanish line navies have vociferously shouted that dum.. ' noted have been observed ln the past. lng5 were constantly associated with
are two, camps and a series of small these were the surest possible guaran- Anotner kind of wound which is not Is evident that the apparently victory, and ln the lapse of time they
forts The English channel is de- tee of peace. They have proved by ,nfrequent is the one that appears to 1 ,a,t J1"m,?n """"'jf n, bullet-, now al- became conused and gradually they
'.rd ?. ports' nd tha c"le" of very rule of warfare since the siege have Deen maae by an exploslv6 bullet. VonYrgtlvVuld ltToteci. It ceased to be distinguishable at all. The
lJtti 7: defences, but of Nineveh that no other guarantee Dut is only another effect of the high- eeVthe cau of decided 'but n constant sight of suffering, inflicted
In nearly -very case these are wholly has been worth a rush, and now they velocity bullet, which Is well known, merited suspicion In several quart a for the satisfaction of appetite or of
secondary to the line of the German nave Dad the tolly of their xaonthlnga tut probably not thoroughly under- Scientific American. possession, and (he overcoming by force
Is now the enemy of all. and pleasures
and pains are shared In common."
The toleration of conflict s-rvlves ln
man as the race lsstlncts of the savage
and reappears tn the activities of boys.
No one who has noticed the signs of
mild enjoyment on the faces of a class
at school when one of their number is
marked for punishment can doubt the
survival of this early instinct. Grown
foreign trade ware apt to forget rhat
domestlo consumption advances steadily
without any political stimulus.
There is no overproduction of manu'
factures and a forced economy of con
sumption, which is by no means un
healthy. Peace ln Europe would fin
us in an almost ideally, sound position,
even If some of our dreams about for
eign trade do not oam true. WaH
man evinces the same la his lor of Street Journal,