i
TTTT5 SXTTTDAT OREGOXIAT7, PORTIiATTD. OCTOBER 18 1914.
AMERICANS TOLD TO VIEW OWN RECORD IN JUDGING WAR
- , . .. , . - - 1 - - - ' 1 ' " .-., 1 - .- " 1 - ' g -
Professor William M. Sloane, of doluinbia, Famous Historian, Says President Is "War Lord" Like Kaiser and Points to Monroe Doctrine as Type of "Militarism."
'(Professor Slo&ne In New York Times, Sep
tember 20. 1914.)
NO American student of the great
conflict now raging In Europe has
a better right to speak with au
thority than Professor William M. t
Sloane. of Columbia, for his researches
Into history have been among the fore
most made by any American and his
written and spoken utterances upon
racial tendencies and social signifi
cances rank among the profoundest of
he time.
He considers the present tear a world
disaster of unparalleled significance.
He warns us against meddling.
The following expressions of his
views is made up in part from a man
uscript written by his'own hand for
the occasion and fn part from the
stenographic transcript of. a lengthy
Interview.
Concerning neutrality; Its duties and
opportunities, what the famous Scholar
lias to say is of particular importance.
"The American public," he declared,
"has been carefully trained to avoid
entanglement with foreign affairs.
This European war was so unexpected,
so entirely unforeseen, that we were
at first bewildered and then exasper
ated by our unreadiness to meet our
own emergencies.
"In our effort to fix responsibility
we then became partisan to the verge
of moral participation and had to be
called to our senses by the wise proc
lamation and warning of our Chief
Magistrate.
Snap Judgement Undesirable.
"Western Europe is a nearer neigh
tor than either Central Or Eastern anil
what stern censors permit us to know
Is nicely calculated to arouse our prej
udice on one side or the other. Believ
ing that, owing to cable" cutting and
neutrality restrictions of wireless, as
yet the plain truth is not available, we
ask" for a suspension of Judgment on
both sides, in order that our Govern
ment may enjoy the undivided support
of all American citizens in its desire
rto secure a minimum of disturbance to
the normal course of our commercial
Industrial and agricultural life by con
vulsions that are not of our making.
"Fairness to ourselves means Justice
In the formation and expression of
opinion about not one or two but all
the participants in a struggle for
European ascendency, with which we
iiave nothing to do except as over
whelming victory for either side might
bring on a struggle for world ascen
dency, with which, unhappily, we might
nave much to do. To contemplate
euch a terrible event should sober us;
the best preparation for It is absolute
neutrality Jn thought, speech and con
duct. "Our own history since independence
Is an unbroken record of expansion and
imperialism. Ou contiguous terri
tories have been acquired by compul
sion, whether of war or purchase, of
occupation or of exchange. We have
taken advantage of others' dire neces
sity in the case of Great Britain,
Jfrance, Spain, Kussla and Mexico.
Our Actions Ci,ed.
"To rectify our frontier we com
pelled the Gadsden Purchase within
the writer's lifetime. As to our non
contiguous possessions, we hold them
toy the right of eonquest or revolu
tion, salving our consciences with such
cast' indemnity as we ourselves have
chosen to pay, and even now we are
considering what we choose to pay,
not what a disinterested court might
consider adequate, for the good-will of
the United States of Colombia, a good-
will desired solely and entirely for an
additional safeguard to the Panama
Canal and a prop to the policy or doc
' trine substituted by the present Ad
ministration for the mortibund Monroe
Doctrine.
"In no single instance of virtual an
nexatlon or protectorate have we con
suited by popular vote either the de
sires of those inhabiting the respective
territories annexed or The Hague trib
unal. In every case we have had one
single plea and one only self-interest.
"The entire American continent south
of our frontier we have closed to all
European settlement, thereby maintain
ing for more than a century in a lrtag
jilncent territory an Imperfect clvlllsa.
tion which makes a sorry use of natural
resources which could vastly improve
the condition of all mankind if properly
used.
"This is the light In which European
nations see us; our Identity in this
Policy from the dawn of our National
existence onward they consider a proof
of our National character. It differs in
no respect from their own policies ex
cept in one.
America Essentially Democratic.
"But for them this exception Is basic.
We are a composite folk and they are
homogeneous, their blend being ap
proximately complete. They have One
language, one tradition, one set of in
stitutlons and laws; a unity of liter
ature. habits and method in life. Some
European states are composite, but
each component part claims and culti
vates its own style and its own prln
clples; each announces itself as a na
tionality with a life to be maintained
and a destiny to be wrought out some
how, either in peace or in conflict.
"With perhaps a single exception.
they have an overflow of population.
due to natural generation, for the com
iort and happiness of which they seek
either an expansion of territory or an
Improvement In the productivity of
their home lands: for those who must
emigrate they passionately desire the
perpetuation of their nationality, with
all it implies.
"In these respects they do hot dif
fer from us. except that perhaps we
are more determined and Imperious.
e cannot think politically in any
other terms than those of democratic
grovernment, either direct or represen
tative.
Government Change Tried.
"At the present hour we are engaged
in the very dubious experiment of
direct popular legislation and adminis
tration. We are trying to change our
Government radically, discarding its
representative form for that of dele
gration. The remotest cause of this is
the desire to amalgamate nil our ele
ments into homogeneity. So far this
policy has resulted in a demand, no
lor equality of political and civil rights,
out for its overthrow, substituting Jaw
intended to create social and economic
equality by means of class legislation.
These facts are not to the ediflca
tion of other civilised states, and sub
Ject us to harsh and contemptuou
criticism.
"It is likewise very Interesting that
apparently the American people be
lieve in a monarchical democracy,
One of our typical first cltieens ha
recently expressed his antipathy to
the phrases 'My monarchy,' 'My loyal
people.' 'My loyal subjects.' used by one"
of the German monarchs In summoning
the nation to war, as implying a dy
nastlc or personal ownership of men.
Militarism Is Opposed.
"The American masses dislike th
sound of supreme war lord, but gladly
admit their own Chief Magistrate t
be Commander-in-Chief of the Army
and Navy. To our ears tha three Ger
man words are offensive, and well they
may be. for in the treacherous literal
translation they are willful perversion
hut the much stronger English word
a delight to our democracy.
"The phrases of monarchy are con
stantly used in Great Britain by It
King and its Emperor, but give no of
fense to his 'loyal subjects, even th
most radical, who delight in them, as
apparently do our people of British
origin. Why do they give such deep
offense when employed by the Gar-
man" government through Its King and
Emperor? The social stratification of
Germany is not as marked as that of
Great Britain; Its aristocracy is far
less powerful; and Edward VII proved
that an adroit and willful English
monarch could Involve his 'loyal people'
deeper in harmful. Secret alliances than
William 11. whose alliances and policies
were and are unconcealed.
"One of our greatest historians has
earned a brilliant reputation in the con
clusive proof that oceans are the
world's highways, while its continents
are Its barriers. To the term 'militar
ism we attach an opprobrious mean
ing; militarism is the more Infamous
In exact proportion to Its efficency. We
ave been at lttle pains to define it.
and as to certain of its aspects axe
curiously complacent.
Monroe Doctrine Cited.
The basic principle of our own na
tionality has long been the" very vague
Monroe doctrine, by the assertion of
which we have" prevented the" estab-
shment on our nearest and remotest
frontiers of strong military powers,
which might in certain events compel
Us to maintain a powerful and Humer
us standing army, or even introduce
the compulsory military service of all
voters (women, of course, excepted).
"Yet we propose to fight If necessary
order to prevent fighting, and to
this end maintain the second strongest
and, for its sine, the most efficient
fleet In the world. This is our mili
tarism; that of Great Britain has been
to maintain a fleet double our own or
any other In slse, for It is her basic
rlnciple to maintain an unquestioned
supremacy on the highways of com
merce. TO this we have meekly as
sented While other nations absorb our
carrying trade and our flag waves over
fleet of perhaps a dozen respectable
ocean-going trading" and passenger
ships. It Is under her rather patron-
zing protection that we fight our for
eign wars and by pressure from her
that we manage the Panama Canal with
ce and honorable attention to her
nterpretation of , a treaty capable of
ulte a different one. Whether or not
this be 'militaHsm' of the utmost effi
ciency by sea is not difficult to decide.
But we have never styled it infamous.
While I am Writing Germans, whose
basic principle is the most efficient
militarism' by land, are publishing all
abroad that the 'militarism' of France
must bo forever stamped out, ad that
they may dwell at peace In the lands
Which are their home.
France Also Aeennanlates.
"Within a generation France has ac
cumulated a colonial empire second
nly to that of Great Britain, while she
has incessantly demanded the rein
tegration of German lands, and espe
cially a German city which she arbi
trarily annexed and held by 'militarism
for about five generations. The 'mili
tarism' of a republic and a democracy
which retains the essential features of
Napoleonic administration has been
quite as efficient as that of a mon
archical democracy like Great Britain,
and may easily prove more efficient
than that of a monarchy like Germany.
Why should it be more infamous or
barbarous in one case than the other?
And with What is this efficient mili
tary democracy allied In the closest
ties?
"With Russia, an Oriental despotism.
Which by th aid of French money has
developed a 'militarism by land so por
tentous in numbers, dimension, and ef
ficiency that its movements are com
parable to those of Attila's Huns. Es
caped Russians in Western lands are
denouncing German 'militarism' as the
ncubus of the world.
"Which of the two should Americana
regard as tHe greater danger? '
It has wrung our hearts to consider
the violation of Belgian neutrality, for
Which both France and eventually
Great Britain have long been prepared,
Dut the latter has with little or no pro
test arranged with the 'bear that walks
like a man, to disregard, contemptu
ously the neutrality of Persia in ar
ranging spheres of influence, exactly
as Japan, another ally, is contemptu
ously disregarding the neutrality of
China, the new 'republic' we were In
such haste to recognize that we had to
use the cable. And what about Korea?
It Is a Japanese province In contraven
tion of the most solemn guarantees of
its Integrity.
Leaving aside for the moment cer
tain considerations like these, and the
might easily be indefinitely amplified,
which should compel Americans to un
biased consideration for others and pre
clude a dangerous nartlalitv. let us ask
ourselves how in the eveht of media
tion we could be an impartial pacifl
catof, behaving as we have hitherto
done. The attitude of our government
has been strictly neutral, neutral to the
verge of utter self-abnegation: and. as
some regard It, timidity.
But rock-fast as any democratic
magistrate may be. public opinion must
ana does influence him. Rightly or
wrongly his agents would be even more
completely dominated, and rightly or
wrongly tney would be suspected in
view of our terrific partisanship on both
sides since the commencement of hos
tillties.
Gas oak Vnlted States.
ine emciency or government or
gans In 'producing the goods." the ter
rific power of organization on one side
and mass on the other, have been con
sldered a menace to World equilibrium.
-Whichever way the decision falls.
the scrutiny of Europe will be turned
to us. Unless observation and instinct
be utterly at fault, we have for more
than a decade been, after Germany, the
worst-natea nation or all that are fore
most.
It Is pre-eminently our affair to
mind our own business, as others have
minded theirs. Without cessation of
noise and fury in America this Is im
possible.
Indeed, our emotional storms have
already furnished proof of how we are
incapacitated from either enforcing
our rights as neutrals or seizins bv the
forelock the opportunity afforded to us
as neutrals And from enjoying the un
questioned 'privileges of neutrality.
"it is not altogether edifvln to think
that the close of the European strug
gle) be It long or short, will probably
find our ocean commerce substantially
where It was at the beginning, and that
conflicts which were not of our making
win nave been fought out before we
are able to secure our share of the
world markets. Apparently the lead
ers m commerce. Industry and trade
like the lawmakers and administrators
are paralyzed by the imperative neces
sity of aiding panic-stricken tourists
and panic-stricken stay-at-homes. Ap
parently, too, our people are suffering
more in purse ana general comfort than
the actual combatant nations.
"Clamorous for American sympathy
ana casn, we have on our shores em
bassies from the" belligerents, pleading
tneir respective virtues and sorrows.
"Why, after all, should our chlefest
concern be with them? Surely we may
be gooa Samaritans without a total
disregard of our own Interests and
blindness to opportunity verging on
lmpotency. There is no immorality In
the proper play of self-interest. It Is
the conflict of Interests which creates
morality. But the spectators, even the
maddest baseball 'fans,' do not play
the game nor train for It. It Is high
time we ceased wasting our energies in
emotions and vain babble.
Slav Question Discussed.
"At this writing the first lift df
defense against the Oriental deluge is
endangered. The Slav Individually and
In his primitive culture la altogether
charming. lis is a sob of tha soil, pio
If
: -' ? , -vev:
AS
i
PRuFESSOR TV.
M. SLOATSE, WHO ASSAILS CRITICS
MANT I EUROPfeAN WAR,
turesque In life and creative; he Is
minstrel and poet. seer. But so far'he Is
the carrier of a low civilization, the
prophet the" priest and King of autoc
racy and absolutism. Never has there
been a time in history when the higher
civilization was not in a savage strug
gle for existence. It is almost the first
time in three centuries that the highest
civilizations were in alliance with the
lowest; not since the pugnacious West-
rn powers of Europe sued for favor
t the Sublime Porte.
"This ought to be a very sobering
Spectacle", but it seems to arouse the"
delighted enthusiasm of an American
majority. For such an aberration there
Is but a single and efficient remedy
absorption in our own afi'alrs, the dis-
riminating study of efficient methods
to prevent our being caught up by a
whlrlWindj even the outer edges of
which may Snatch us Into the" vortex.
To change the metaphor, we revel
In the pleasant propulsion of the mael
strom's brim, unaware that every In
fant brings us closer to dangers, es
cape fromwhich would demand hercu-
ean effort. Irresponsible emotions are,
like those of the novel and the stage.
when intensified to excess utterly in
compatible with action. And Just such
a paralysis seems for six long weeks
to have lamed the highest powers of
America."
When reauested to elaborate nis
thought that the present crisis may be
written into history as a mighty detail
of a great migration of the Slavic peo
plej Professor Sloane said: ,-
"The proportionate increase in popu
lation among t,he European powers Is
overwhelmingly, in favor of the Slavs.
Their rate of Increase oy natural kc"i -
atlon Is nearly three times mat 01 evt-n
h r,.rm.m. with the resuii mat uj
the introduction of enforced military
service Into Eastern Europe (excepting
Hungary and perhaps tioumanui u
military balance of power has been
completely changed. i
Wars Increase.
The wars among the Balkan States,
including Turkey, have put on foot
armies of a dimension hitherto un
dreamed of among the South Slavs,
and the army of Russia Is probably
two and a half times larger man it
could have been 85 years ago.
"The method by which Eastern Eu
rope has succeeded In financing Itself
is rather mysterious. We know OI
th original Franco-Rus
sian alliance was based on reciprocal
French 'money flowed into Russia,
v.iv. n.-ti,r .lovolnned the natural re-
ennrres of Russia and were partly in
the shape of loans that in all likeli
, i ArA . fnp war material.
The conflict between me
the Teutons all along tne "nB,
',.v border nas mereioro " "
i two wavs Intensified. In the first
place. Just in proportion as Germany
has become ah Industrial -state, the
fioi work has been lntrusteu ii im
migrant Slavs, some of whom come
only for the season, and return, but a
very large number of them estimated
at the present moment at close to a.
mir. ctav. suostantially settled
within the borders of the German Em-
Tkt ia to say. tnere is a con
i" ' " ---- -- . - -
stant Injection oi one anu a.
of Slavic biooa into mo
. i r v, rcorman Empire.
&r,r.n) HOW that USSia BI1UU1U
succeed In establishing the pfotecto-
oil Slav which she desires,
and at the same time snouio. yro
h.-v ti "rmans on that border line,
anm-Athirie- very closely approximating
a new migration of peoples In Europe
111 take place. ,
"A. ia, br i know the German feel
ing, expressed both privately and pub
uoiv offlclallv and unofficially, they
have' hoped to maintain their complete
consanguinity. .If not nomogeneny.
within the lands they regard as their
.om- and their preparations tor war,
th.ir increase oT their military
strength have been made, professedly
t i.at. aolelv in the Interest of de
fense. Americans can simply not real
ize it is Impossible for them to real-
iz the difference In the degree of
civilization and culture on either side
of a purely artificial boundary line.
Militarism Is Defined) -
Asked to define militarism in the
sense In which he used the word. Pro
fessor Sloane said:
"VerV fortunately It has entered the
minds of several people lately to write
to the newspapers about the unhappy
confusion that comes from the use of
words in a meaning Which at home
they do not connote at all. Take, for
example, the whole question of mili
tarism. As we see it. It is a matter
altogether Of degree. J"dr defense
against what the German Considers the
most terrible danger that he personally
has to confront, it has been necessary
from time to time to change both the
size and the composition of his forces,
whether offensive or defensive, and
they therefore have Introduced com
pulsory military service, an idea which
has always been Very offensive to
Anglo-Saxons, but which In cases of
dire necessity they have been com
pelled to utilise themselves, as, for
example, during our own Civil War,
the abandonment of voluntary enlist
ment, and the introduction of the
draft.
"Now, the esmpuisofy military serV
ice of the German means that every
"J
y
Of GER-
man is for a period of his life drafted
and trained as a soldier. Forty years
ago there were a great many men who
escaped by reason of one or another
provision of the law.
That number was steadily diminished
until within 18 months, when finally
it was proclaimed that every German
who could endure the severity of that
training must undergo It, and that was
due to the fact that the military bal
ance of power of which I spoke had
been so completely changed by the re
armament of Russia and by the forma
tion of the South Slav armies in the
Balkan Peninsula.
"As a parallel we might imagine, not
one troublesome neighbor, but four. We
might imagine a tremendous military
power developed in Canada, and we
might Imagine a hostile military power
on the Atlantic side and another on the
Pacific side, in which case we would be
yond a questionhave to expand our ln
cohate mllltaryism, just in proportion
as we came to feel the necessity for a
strong physical defensive or offensive
in the way of a great standing army,
and we probably would do it without
any hesitation.
Dlttcr Foes Abost
"Now, Germany has not any really
bitter loi on the north, although there
IS no love lost between the Germans
and the Scandinavians; but it has an
embittered foe on the east, and another
one on the west, and what has proved
to be an embittered foe upon the water
and a very lukewarm neutral state on
the south, a state which had joined In
alliance with her.
"Italy had Joined what Italy con
sidered a defensive alliance, but not an
offensive alliance, and chose to regard
he outbreak of this war as an offensive
movement on the part of Germany, and
for that reason has refused to partici
pate in the struggle.
I say for that reason because, hav
ng been accustomed to reading) all my
Ife, long diplomatic documents, really
having been trained, you might say, al
most in the school of Ranke, who was
the inaugurator of an entirely new
school of historical writing based on
the criticism of historical papers.
have come to realize that the dis
patches of trained diplomats are for
the most part purely formal, and that
while these respective publications
Great Britain and of Germany have
certain value, yet nevertheless the most
important plans are laid in the em
brasures of windows, where importan
men stand and talk so that no one can
hear, or they are arranged and often
times amplified In private correspond
ence which does not see the light until
years afterward, and that the most im
portant historical documents are found
In the archives of families, members of
Which have been the guiding spirits of
European policy and politics.
Secret Diplomacy Ia Bar.
So that what the secret diplomacy
ef the last years' may have been is as
yet utterly unknown, and certainly will
not be known for the generation yet to
come and perhaps for several genera
tions. The student in almost any
European capital is given complete ac
cess to everything on file In the ar
chives, including secret documents, only
down to a certain date. That date dif
fers in various of these storehouses, but
I think in no case is it later than 1830.
If you ask why, there are the sen
sibilities of families to be considered,
there is the question of hidden policies
wnicn they do not care to reveal, and
then there is the whole matter of who
the examining student is. For instance,
eertain Very important papers were ab
solutely denied to me, as an American,
In Great Britain or at least excuses
were made if they were not absolutely
denied which were opened to an Eng
lishman who was working upon the
same subject at about the same time.
The reason for such observations at
the present hour is plain enough. Pub
lic opinion Is formed upon what the
public Is permitted to know and is not
farmed upon the actual facts which
the public ia not permitted to know.
And for that reason Americans, remote
as we are from the sources of informa
tion and especially remote from that
most delicate of all indications, the
pulse of public opinion in foreign
countries, ought to be extremely slow
to commit themselves to anything.
Attack en Sir Ervard Grey, i
"Now we have. Just had a very inter
esting incident. The New York Times
printed recently what the British call
their 'White Paper, as well as the
German 'White Paper.' The editors of
our most important journala announced
that they had read and studied those
papers with care and that on the face
of those papers, beyond any peradven
ture, Germany was the aggressor. Ger
man militarism had flaunted itself as
an Insult in the face of Europe. Ger
many had violated neutrality. Germany
had committed almost every sin known
to international law and therefore the
whole German procedure was to be
reprobated.
"Within a -very short time a Labor
member of Parliament, J. Ramsey Mac
donald, rises in -his place, able and
fearless, and, on the basis of the 'White
Paper,' as published and put In the
hands of the British public, attacks Sir
Edward Grey for having so committed
Great Britain in advance to both Rus
sia and France that. In spite of the
representations of the German Ambas
sador, is dared not discuss the ques
tion of neutrality. This member ot
Parliament manifestly belongs to the
powerful anti-war party of Great Brit
ain, a party two of whose members,
John Burns and Lord Moriey. resigned
from the Cabolnet rather than condone
Iniquity; a party which before the
outbreak of the war made Itself heard
and felt and protested against the par
ticipation of Great Britain, desiring lo
calization of the struggle.
"Mr. Macdonald says that In his
opinion this talk about the violation
of Belgian neutrality) from the point
of view of British statesmen. Is absurd,
because as long ago as 1870 the plans
for the use of Belgium, both by France
and by Germany in other words, the
violation of Its neutrality were In the
British War Office, and that Mr. Glad
stone rose In his place and said he
was not one of those whose opinion
was that a forma guarantee should
stand so far In thwarting the natural
course of events as to commit Great
Britain to war; and that has been the
announced and avowed policy of Great
Britain all the way down since 1870,
and that therefore talk about the vio
lation of Belgian neutrality is a mere
pretext.
Secret Agreement Binds.
"That Is another instance of this
Secret agreement that goes on. which
so commits a man like Str Edwam
Grey that in the pinch, when the Ger
man , Ambassador substantially pro
posed to yield everything to him and
asked him for his proposition, he can
not make any.
'These facts are in the 'White Paper.'
As far as I know, no editor in the
United States who claims to have
studied thoroughly that 'White Paper
has ever brought this out, and they
had not been published in that paper
at the time when Sir Edward Grey and
Mr. Asquith made their respective
speeches and committed the British
nation to the war.
Another unhappy use of language.
which has been noted in the public
press, is due to the literal translation
of words. Americans simply do not
know what the word Emperor means.
To most of them It connotes the later
Roman Emperors, or the autocratic
C,zar of Russia, or the shortlived but
autocratic quality of Napoleon III, so
that when we use the word Emperor
we are thinking of an absolutely non-
exlstlng personage, unless it be the
Czar of Russia.
"We like very much to make sport
of phrases from languages unfamiliar
to us, and We enjoy the Jokes of lu
dicrous translations) and so we take
the term 'Oberster Krlegsherr' and we
translate It 'Supreme War Lord
What
conception the average American forms
of that Is manifest. Whereas, as a
matter of fact and this has already
been pointed out both in conversation
and in public prints the term means
nothing in the world but commander-in-chief
of the German empire, has not
any different relation whatsoever in
the substance of its meaning than that
which Presidents of the United States
have been in time of supreme danger to
the country. Mr. Lincoln was Just as
much an 'Oberster Krlegsherr at one
period of his term as the German Em
peror could ever be; in fact, rather
more.
Devastation Here Recalled.
"In truth the sense of outrage which
Americans feel over the horrors of
war. while most creditable to them, is
very often based upon an ignorance of
the rules and regulations of so-called
civilized warfare, and upon a sentimen
tality which, though also verycredit
able. ' is unfortunately not one of the
factors In the world's work. It would
not hurt Americans occasionally to re
call Sherman's march to the sea, dur
ing which every known kind of devas
tation occurred, or to recall General
Hunter's boast that he had made the
Valley of Virginia such a desert that
a crow could not find sustenance
enough In it to fly from one side to the
other, and yet at that time. In what
we considered the supreme danger to
our" country, the conduct of those men
wai approved, and they themselves
were almost deified for their actions.
"While parallels are dangerous and
the existence of one wrong does not
make another action right, yet at the
same time a very considerable amount
of open-mlndedness must be exercised
In a neutral country when regarding
the passionate devotions of combatant
nations to their culture, to their safety.
to their Interest: and it should be re
called that in the heats and horrors
of war it Is extremely difficult, how
ever trained or disciplined troops may
be, to prevent outrages, and that so
far as we have gone in accurate in
formation the least than can be said
Is that it is slowly dawning upon us
that horror for horror and outrage for
outrage there has been no overwhelm
ing balance on either side.
"The allies firmly believe that the
struggle on the west is so indecisive
up to this time that what will count
for them Is the duration or tne war.
Lloyd George has just said, not in the
exact language, but virtually, what
Disraeli said in 1878: 'We don't want to
fight, but) by jingo, if we do we have
got the ships, we have got the men
we have got the mortey, too. Those are
the words that brought Into use the
expression 'jingoists.'
. England Relics on Money.
Now. Lloyd George said the other
day that it was the money which In
the long run would count and that
Great Britain had that: and the meet
ings that are held to induce English
men to enlist are addressed by speak
ers who meet with lots of applause
when they say: 'We may not be able
to put the same number of men Into
the field Immediately that Germany
was able to put or Russia was able
to put, but In the long run, consider
ing the attitude of all the different
parts of our empire, we will be able to
put just as many men, and therefore
time is on our side both as regards
force in the field and money to sus
tain it.' (The" London Times confesses
that enlistment In Ireland Is a failure.)
'Lloyd George says that for a com
paratively short time England's ene
mies can finance themselves and be
Very efficient, but that as time passes
they unquestionably will exhaust not
only their pecuniary means, but their
resources of men as well. That is his
position at this time. Therefore, It does
appear as If the long duration of the
war was a thing desired, at least .in
Great Britain, as being their hope of
victory. Both Great Britain and France
are wealthy countries. Just how
wealthy Germany Is I dd not think
they realize, nor do ' we know, nor
what Its ultimate resources can be.
"Now, looking at tte allied line as a
whole, we will suppose that the Ger
man forces were overwhelmingly tri
umphant in France, and suppose, like
wise, which is by no means as strong
a hypothesis, that Russia is overwhelm
lngly victorious against Austria and the
Eastern German army; then of course
you have the situation in which that
one of the allies which Is triumphant
will assert its leadership In the terms
of peace that will be reached, and
would have the hegemony, as we call
It, of all Europe.
New Rnptnre Possible.
"So that the defeat of the allies In
the West and their overwhelming sue
cess In the East would compel the ac
ceptance, in any peace that might be
made, of such terms as Russia chose
to dictate. She would have to be satis
fied, otherwise there would only be one
outcome of it; that is. of course. If
Great Britain and France could not
accept those terms, there would be al
rupture, and stranger things have been
seen than Germany. France and Great
Britain fighting against Russia.
"Stranger things than that have been
seen; such changes in the alliances be
tween states have occurred at Inter
vals from the seventeenth century on
ward In Europe, a phase of the sub
ject that Is too lengthy to discuss here,
but which every student of history
knows all about. And it Is thinkable
that they might occur again.
"Suppose, on the other hand, that the
Germans should Imitate Frederick the
Great, which is not so preposterous as
appears on the face of It, ' because of
comparatively easy means of transpor
tation, and should be able to make suc
cessive victorious dashes, first in the
East and then in the West, backward
and forward: leadership would be hers,
and France would be a minor power for
years to come.
"Probably peace might come "more
quickly if neither side should be abso
lutely victorious than otherwise. But
for the moment I think that the agree
ment among the allies is a very por
tentous thing, as far as the duration
of the war la concerned." '
Do you think that any secret agree
ment may exist; that France even now
may have made an agreement with
Germany?
"I cannot think so. I think It very
evident there is no such secret agree
ment. If one existed it would be much
more likely to be between Russia and
Germany. Tou remember the develop
ment of Prussia, which is, ef course,
the commanding state in the German
Empire, occurred by its careful con
servation of the policy which was laid
down In the political will of Frederick
the Great, that of keeping friends with
Russia,
Prnaalaa History Quoted.
"The fact of the matter Is, Prussia
was saved in the Napoleonic wars by
the act of General Yorck at Taurog-
gen, when he suddenly abandoned the
French and went over to the Prussians:
and while Russia has within half a
generation become Intensely bitter
against Germany, yet it is true that
the Baltic provinces, in which the
gentry and the burghers are Germans,
have furnished most important admin
istrators to the Russian Empire, a fact
that causes much of the Jealousy in
Russia on the part of the native-born
Russians against the Germans of the
Baltic provinces. Nevertheless, self-interest
Is a very important thing, and if
Russia thought for a moment that
France was going to abandon her I
think she would turn to Germany right
away.
"As time has developed the nations
of today, it has come to be understood
by hard-headed statesmen that those
who conduct their respective affairs
can have no other guiding principle
than the interest of their own state.
no other.
"There is a persistent feeling
throughout the world that there Is an
analogy between the Individual man
and organized society. There are books
written to show that states must and
do pass through the various stages
through which an individual passes,
namely, infancy, childhood, youth, mid
dle age, old age, decay. By a perfect
ly natural parallel the majority of men
apply the same morality tq the state
wntcn tney apply to tne individual, ana
they Insist upon it that a state must be
moral in every respect; that it must
have a conscience; that it must have
virtue; that it must practice self-de
nial; that It must not lay Its hands on
what does not belong to it. In short,
that It must as a state or as a nation
be 'good,' In exactly the same sense In,
wnicn a person is good. in other
words, they personify the state.
I have never heard of any speaker
or writer who would not approve of
that as an ideal, and who would not
desire that the millennium should
come upon earth now, and that exactly
the same virtues that are held up for
personal Ideals should be held up for
national ldeals.v
Prosperity Ia Test.
"I think we all believe that, hut.
as a matter of fact, in a world con
stltuted as ours Is, the one test of
a good government, applied by every
Individual, is the material prosperity
of the people who live under It, and
for that reason If the people do not
at first put In power men who can
give them material prosperity they
will put such failures out and try
another set of rulers, and they will
go on and on that way until necessa
rily the policies of statesmen must b
based upon the interest of that state
whose destinies are in their hands.
So that the only hope of relations be
tween nations similar to those tha
exist between good men and goo
women is that the individuals of tha
nation, its population, its inhabitants,
should consent to exercise the self
denying virtues; and until that poln
Is reached there can be no good state
in the sense in which there can be
good man. We ought all to work fo
it, but It is not here now, and there
are no signs on the horizon of its
approach.
In a war. therefore, every statesman
studies the resources of his nation
and when the time comes that it is
manifestly his duty to put an end to
warfare, it Is only by the public ap
proval that he dares do It. by show
lng that it Is to their advantage to
give up the things for which they went
to war, in greater or less degree.
"And the man of , shrewd insight.
who knows when that "point is
reached) is the leader who saves th
face, so to speak, of these nations an
steps in and says:
'Now, the whole moral force of the
civilized world must be brought to bear
upon you to make a peace, the term
of which, if possible, shall not dls
credit any of you, but at the same tlm
shall be as elastic and as proportionat
to your respective gains and losses as
will Insure at least a consiaerabl
period of peace, not an armistice, not
an armed armistice, though it may be
an armed peace.
'We see no signs anywhere In Europe
that disarmament has . any substantia
body of advocates in any nation. Th
basic principle hitherto of the Ger
man' people has been to have, not th
largest, but the Strongest army; th
basic principle of Great Britain, whic
COLDS, HEADACHES,
REGULATE YOUR
You men and women who get a cold
easily who have headache, coated
tongue, foul taste and foul breath, dizzi
ness, can't sleep, are nervous and up
set, bothered with a Blck, gassy stom
ach. Are you keeping your bowels clean
with Cascarets or merely dosing your
self every few days with salts, plus,
castor oil and other harsh irritants?
Cascarets Immediately cleanse and
CANDY
IO CENT BOXES
ALSO S Be
sneers at militarism, has been not only
to have the most powerful fleet, but
twice the most powerful fleet.
I nele Sam Like Others.
"And what Is the basle principle of
the United States? The Monroe Doc
trine, to have no armed neighbor which
shall compel us to violate by Its pres
ence our dislike for compulsory military
service or to expend great sums for
armament.
"These are basic principles In each
of us. Now, we have been able to main
tain the Monroe Doctrine by simply
ouvwik uur itoh, out . whether we
could maintain It in the future with
out an armed force sufficient to give
It Sanction I think Is doubtful, and for
that reason the Monroe Doctrine has
naergone quite a number of mnnm-
catlons which I do not need to explain
here.
"Bat this basic principle of m.r. ,
from Patagonia to the Mexican fron
tier we will suffer no armed nation of
Europe to make permanent settlement
na endanger our peace is exactlv the
same sort o principle that the German
holds when he says, 'We must have the
strongest army,' and the same which
he Englishman holds when he says.
We must have the strongest fleet,'
I want it distinctly understood that
m not a partisan. I am not pro this
r pro that or pro anything except pro-
American, and the principal Impulse I
have In trying to clarify my mind is
my hope that there may be an end
to these hysterical exhibitions of parti
sanship. In which (throughout this
neutral nation) men Indulge who still
noia too strongly, as I think, to the
glory, honor, dignity, and tradition of
th lands of their origin.
GOVERNOR'S CHILD CURED
Crippled Daughter of Illinois Offi
cial Gets xv Ttone for Spine.
CHICAGO. Oct. 11. Little Jeanette
Dunne, daughter of the Governor, rose
from her bed In St, Luke's Hospital one
Sunday night and romped away from
her invalid days the only sort of days
she has known In her 11 years of life.
A taxicab carried her to the railroad
station (she could have walked there
herself, or run, for that matter) and a
train carried her away toward Spring
field and the executive mansion, her
father's home.
Two months ago. when Jeannette was
taken to the hospital, her spine was
crooked and weak. Because of it she
had never been able to join in the play
of other children. Worse than that.
there had been no hope that she would
be different In future.
Governor Dunne heard one day of a
remarkable operation performed by Dr.
John L. Porter, of St. Luke s Hospital,
in which a splinter of bone was taken
from the leg of a child Jeannette's age
and similarly afflicted, and trans
planted into her spine. Whereafter, it
was reported, the child was permanent
ly cured.
Dr. Porter) at the Governor's reanest
looked at Jeannette. He said her case
was almost identical with that he had
cured. So Jeannette went to St Luke's
and the operation was performed. That
was sir weeks ago. From the moment
she was wheeled out of the operating
room Jeannette has been improving, and
now her spine is as straight and strong
as that of any little girl.
And at Springfield, Jeannette Is going
to learn how to play.
AGED WOMAN FIGHTS MODE.
Pamclia Shaw, 9 6, to Tell Conven
tion Evils of Hobble and Slit Skirt.
BINGHAMTON. N. Y.. Oct. 8. Mrs.
Pamella Shaw, 96 years old. said to be
tne oldest Unlversallst Church member
In New York State, left recently to
attend the Universalists' State Conven-
tion. In Gloversvllle. as the delegate of
tne local church. She made the trip or
more than 200 miles entirely alone and
word was received of her safe arrival.
Mrs. Shaw is a woman of the old
school and Is particularly averse to
present day fashions. Wealthy and able
to indulge In any luxury she desires.
a devotee of the automobile and the
theater, a lover of all out of door sports
and a leader In many social activities,
she still retains her preference for the
styles of her girlhood. She obtained
appointment as delegate to the church
Convention solely for the purpose of
appearing before the body in her bon
net, black silk dress and hoop skirt of
over 50 years ago, and which she still
affects on all occasions, and to urge
on the floor of the convention the con
demnation xf the silt skirt, hobble and
X-ray and other present-day styles.
LONGEVITY FOILED BY FALL
Man Attempting to Live 100 Years
Killed in Own Home.
BINGHAMTON. N. Y Oct. 11. After
dieting and following a regular rou
tine of daily exercise for 20 years in
an effort to live to be 100 years old,
Daniel Sullivan died here recently at
the age of 98 years as the result of a
minor accident.
Twenty years ago Mr. Sullivan dur
ing a discussion with a party of friends
expressed tne belief that by following
a daily set routine in eating and liv
ing any person could live to be a
centenarian. They laughed at'him. He
said he would prove it. He lmme
diately discontinued the use of tobacco
or intoxicants in any form and began
eating nothing but the plainest of
foods. He walked at least four miles
dally and was in the outer air at least
five hours out of every ii, no matter
what the weather.
On the day of the accident he was
in his usual good spirits and health
and ate his usual dinner. He Went to
his room and his daughter heard a
fall. She found him lying on the floor
where he had fallen after tripping on
a rug. He had burst a blood Vessel.
This, with his old age. caused his
death.
SOUR STOMACH?
BOWELS 10 CENTS
Sweeten the stomach, remove the sour
undigested and fermenting food and
foul gases: take the excess bile from
the liver and carry off the constipated
waste matter and poison from the
bowels. i
A Cascaret tonight straightens you
out by morning a 10-cent box keeps
your head clear, stomach sweet, liver
and bowels regular and you feel bully
for months. Don't forget the children.
CATHARTIC
-ANY DRUG STORE
SO CEHT BOXES