THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN-. PORTLAND, OCTOBER 4. 1914. - 1 "X 1 til till? I iridic1 UHSH! "Where People "Must Live on Chestnuts THE peasants in the Apennlno Mountains find it very hard to Bret enough to grow in the soil to provide food for their families and the higher up the mountains the scarcer the vege tation gets until up at about 2000 feet chestnut trees are almost the only things that will grow. No potatoes or wheat will thrive up at this distance, so the people have to depend almost entirely on the chestnuts for food. The trees are planted evenly a cer tain distance apart and are kept well pruned down, although they never grow to be very tall. The only un dergrowth is heather, for anything else would take the nourishment from the trees, besides interfering with the gathering of the nuts. Most of the chestnut farms' belong to the better class of people, who live in town and rent their places on the half-share principle, but some of the peasants own their own farms. The peasants who rent the farms take care of the trees, gather the nuts and di vide the harvest. Between the farms there are no fences or other division lines, but each peasant depends on his neighbor's hon esty, and not one of them would pick up a chestnut under his neighbor's tree. As each one is allowed to claim what he finds on his own place, there Js much work trying to prevent the nut from rolling down hilL Anything which happens to fall into a public road belongs, to the public and very few of the men take any of the nuts which do stray away. The poor people are allowed the privilege of gleaning and turn out with baskets, especially after rain, to ' hunt for chestnuts which I hava rolled away. The nuts are picked early in Novem- Iber and there is a general merrymak ing at this time, in which old and young join. In each peasant's house, over the kitchen, there is a loft whose floor la of close slats. . On this floor the fresh nuts are piled and a fire is built in the middle, of the stone floor underneath. All doors and windows are closed tight and the chestnuts are soon dried by the heat and smoke which rises be- Itween the slats. . After the nuts are dried 'and hulled Ithey are sent to the mill, where they ire ground into a kind of heavy, sweet. gray flour. Enough chestnut flour for the year lis obtained at one time and is kept in chest which is made of chestnut wood ind la kept in the kitchen. Chestnut flour is prepared in differ- Now cJorfr eT -ioo much Horreyw is w h oT y would dvrse Because, if vouVe nor iov will sorely get Hives'; t ways, but the usual way is to mix with water and make a porridge of in a copper kettle. "When it is oked it is poured out on the table nd when it gets cool it is sawed into eces by a string. A steel knife is ever used for this purpose, for it is nought the steel would spoil the avor of the porridge. Sometimes cakes something like our ineakes are made. They are extreme- sweet and heavy and are considered great delicacy. These cakes are baked round tiles chipped from mountain ate. The tiles are put in the ashes the fire to heat and are prevented om scorching by being covered with testnut leaves soaked in water. The ;ttter is spread thickly on the tiles kid the tiles are stacked high in a rack hich holds them In place. The cakes baked in a few minutes and those at are not eaten- hot for supper are rved cold for the next day's break st. The gathering of the chestnut leaves. ulch are used on the tiles, is done by he young people and is attended by ts of fun. After the leaves are thered they are strung and hung om the rafters of the kitchen to dry. ine peasants have chestnut porridge chestnut cakes almost all the year und. except for a couple of months the Fall, when they have freshly iled chestnuts. The chestnuts which e boiled in the hull are called "ba tte" and those which are hulled he re being boiled in water with salt id fennel seed are called "tigliate." In the Italian cities chestnuts seem be very popular also and peddlers U them at almost every corner. The its are about the size of English ilnuts and haven't a pleasant taste lien eaten raw. They are sometimes oked with lamb and taste then much i.e sweet potatoes. A favorite dessert is boiled chestnuts essed thorugh a sieve and served th, whipped cream. Chestnuts are all right when the . 1 V. . - 1 1. .1 f 1 V-. - . . vsK'? "iuea, out all Oe mountain peasants of this country va a half-starved look which tells a lack of nourishment in thair mutoDOUB diet of chestnuts. act y as Here is a She -Sandman ctorx MRS?F?AWALKER-. EORTONJl3flT Tke DlMcoutented Dewdrop. o NE morning a little Dewdrop was resting on the petal of a wild rose that grew beside a river. The sun shining on it made it glisten lowed long ago by the ocean. Go back like a diamond and a woman who was to your river and tell the other dew passing stopped to admire its beauty, drops the fate of their companion." "It is the most beautiful thing In the The gentle breeze went away and the world," she remarked; "sea the colors oxa wind swept the ocean, making the In that tiny little drop; isn't It won- waves high and the roar louder and derful?" "Wonderful!" repeated the dewdrop, when the woman had walked away. "If I were like the river I migr . be won derful; it is too bad; here I am sitting here wl '9 the riven can run on a-d on and see all the sights. It bu bles and 'babbles as ft goes, and that is worth while. I have never chance to be wonderful. Oh, if I were only in the river water I might be something." Just then a breeze passing heard the little dewdrop's wish. "You shall have your wish, foolish Dewdrop," she --'J. blowing gently on the rose, which swayed, and off went the little Dewdrop into the rushing river. "This is like something, being a part of this river," said the Dedrop. as It mingled its tiny drop with the running river. "Now I am worth admiring and can see something of the world." On and on it ran with the water of the river, but it was no longer a dew drop, it was a part of the river. "I wish I could stop for a minute so someone might admire me," said the silly little drop, for It thought it could sim oe seen ana was mailing an babbling it heard as the river ran along. But r j one admired it nor did it stop; on went the river to a larger river, and by and by it came to the bay and the Dewdrop went rolling int" it with the other water. "Surely I am greater now than ever and worth admiring," thought th drop, but it heard no sweet words such as the woman spoke of the little Dewdrop on the rose by the river. The bay mingled at last with the ocean and little Dewdrop knew at last that it was no longer a thing to be ad mired for itself alone, but a part of the great ocean. Ct was completely lost In the vastness of the mighty waters of which it was only a drop. The breeze went whispering over it. calling "Little Dewdrop. little Dew drop where are you 7" But the drop answered never a word. It did not even hear the gentle voice of Dreeze, so loud was the roar of the ocean. "Come away." called a loud wind to These children are hunting for find one by cutting out the black ' CLOVER PUZZLE YOU ' MAKE: THEri t rCHY rlti ERE 15 A $4erz is a anol Here 16 a the gentle breeze, "that Is no place for you: I must blow here and make the wave high and you will never find your little Dewdrop. It has been swal- louder. The little Dewdrop was there somewhere in a great whole, but it was lost forever in Its longing to become great. The gentle breeze went back to the river, and as she sighed around the rose, where the discontented Dewdrop had rested, she heard another drop say: "Look at the river. Isn't Is big? Here am I only a dewdrop, so small no one can see me." "Ah. that is where you are mistaken, my dainty dewdrop," said the gentle breeze. "You can be seen now, but if you were to become a part of the river you would never be seen. You would lose your identity as soon as you min gled with the . waters of the river. Be your own sweet self and be content with the part you play in this world. You are helping to make it more beautiful by your own dainty beauty. Do not wish to do a greater" thing." And then he told the fate of the dis contented Dvwdrop that had wished to become great and how at last it was swallowed by its own greatness, and lts dalnty beauty which had been so admired no longer remained. - "Be content with the small part you play in the world," she told the drop, (Copyright. 1614, by the McClure Newspaper "nd do not long for greatness." Syndicate. New York City.) Road-BuUdlns With Machinery. In a 24-mile stretch of concrete road being built in Ohio between Zanesville and Hebron, the contractor, whose spe cialty is railroad building and who had an equipment of small engines and cars for transporting materials considerable' distances, has laid a narrow-guage rail road the full length of the road. Ma chinery is being used throughout the work. At the terminals of the contrac tor's railroad, where connection is had with the real railroads, traveling cranes unload the cars and handle the ma terials. The small trains haul the sud- plies where needed and on the hie-h- way steam shovels and concrete mixing machines do the work of grading and mixing the concrete. Engineering Rec- ord. four-leaf clovers. See if you can spots and fitting them together. School in India Is. Unique AMIL," one of the very oldest languages in the world, is spoken in the school that I am going to tell you about. The word means "sweetness" and the language is full of many pretty sounds. It is pleasant to the ear when it is correctly spoken, but when uneducated people use it it sounds hard and harsh. Id this school, which Is in far-off India, the children wear very little. The floor of the echoolhouse is cov ered with sand an inch or two thick. The books are made of palmyra leaves. A sharp-pointed stick or knife is used to scratch the letters on these and then ink or some other soft black stuff is put on the scratches. When these dry the letters are plainly seen. Be sides reading and writing and a little arithmetic, much poetry and a great many proverbs are taught. The chil dren learn to speak these like parrots and say them so fast that it Is almost impossible to understand them. The children all study at the top of their voices, and when the teacher has to go a short distance away and leave them he is sure they are behaving as long as he can hear their voices. The teacher has to go and get the children that don't come to school on time. This he does morning and after noon before school begins. He has to leave someone (usually his wife) with those that are prompt. When an important visitor is expect ed at the school It is very funny to see the way in which the children dress up. They beg and borrow any clothing they can and come all fixed up in coats and skirts dragging on the ground, besides wea'ring all the jewelry their mothers will let them. There is no holiday on Saturday, but' a half holiday is given each week, so that the pupils may take an oil bath. This is taken by all who can afford It. First a hot water bath is taken and then the oil bath. The oil Is rubbed, into the skin by a friend and the whole body is rubbed again and again. The bathers rest for several hour3 after the bath and do not go out of the house until they begin to feel strengthened by the oil. It is hard to get children to stay all day long In school, for the parents usually need them to help at home. The boys herd the cattle, and the girls carry water or take care of the babies. There are no dishes for them to wash, for. Instead of dishes, these people use. leaves, which are thrown away as soon as used. In some parts the people are so poor that they have only one meal a day. Here the children are so hungry that they can't go to school until they have their dinner, so they study only half a day. When the parents are so poor and -almost starve they don't care so much about educating their children. The teachers are paid very litlo. about 3 or $4 a month. They have a hard time collecting even that some times. Many people In India are vary proud and think they are great people. They talk about being high caste and look down on those they call low caste. They will not touch or help low caste peo ple, no matter if they are in great need, for fear the touch will make them unclean. In the schools the high caste children sit on one side and the low caste on the other. The teach- A (rood Reason the I'm V AS on why in iuch hATe1 e ll -rt o -flm e "to Dinner - Be tl : ers cannot order them to sit together, for then the parents will not send their children to mix with the low caste. When children learn to read and write a little and do a little arithme tic, their education is considered fin ished. They are looked up to in the village and they begin to have a pretty good opinion of themselves. Sometimes they think they are too good for their own parents and do not treat them kindly. But usually they are good to the old and are regarded as wonderful beings because they can writea letter and read a book. Pests That End Themselves. Lemmings are small animals some thing like rats, that are found in Nor way. Their hair is very thick so they will be warm in Winter and they have long, sharp claws on their front feet, so that they can dig In the ground. They are brave and not afraid of other animals. They eat grass, moss and roots. They do not provide for the Winter as many .animals do, but when it is cold they dig under the snow and live on - the grass, etc., they find there. As very little grows in Norway, as soon as they GOLDEKTROD Unfold, unfold. Flower of Cold! Wave your bright plumes in the air; You bring us cheer This time of year. Oh, beautiful flower fair! ' eat all In one feeding ground they start out for another. The whole family goes on these jour neys. They travel In large bands, sometimes a thousand of them going at the same time. They travel mostly This little sailor boy Is gazing sail boat." See if you can find it putting them together. at night and they eat every green thing in sight. They always gro in one direction and nothing turns them out of the way. If they come to a stream they all swim across It. If a hill or mountain is in their path they go right up over it. Many of them are eaten by birds and nimals and numbers of them are killed or die of hunger, but the rest keep right on until they get to the ocean. Then they all jump in and swim straight ahead until they drown. It is not known why they always head for the sea, but the Norwegian people are very glad that the little animals are drowned, for if they were riot Norway would be overrun with the pests. Legend of the Chipmunk. Once, away off in India, there lived a chipmonk who had no stripes on his back and who was all gray. He lived with his wife and two tiny babies in a nest in a tall palm tree. He was very good to his family and tried to give them plenty to eat, but sometimes this -was hard for he had to go a long way before he could find any nuts. One day when he was away there was a terrible storm and the wind and water beat around the palm tree so hard that it fell Into the ocean and the top where the chlpmonk's home was struck away out among some rocks in the sea. i When father chipmonk got back he felt very badly, but he started right in to see what he could do. After thinking for a little while he decided Coup Y P ( V? 5 So WoSiCtX' o'eTs rn&v-nfd on a Smxlt When. ihe A . . . - And -fhtf-i noT Aft" Jld Tommy - -for h i HjS bind on hi MSf IS olwoyjf OlfTO -To w4i- Q An ,J ,Wht do you -ThirrK. s. Fairy plume. Golden bloom, lYav'mg in the shining sun; Glorious yellow. Soft and mellow. Tell of Autumn days to come. William A. Roberts. that the only thing to do to rescue his family was to dip all the water out of the ocean, so he started right in. He had no dipper so he had to use his tail as one. He dipped it Into the water and then shook his tail on the out to sea in search of his lost by cutting out the black spots and shore so that the water would fall there. He found this tiresome work, but he kept right at it As he was working. Shiva, the friend of birds and animals, came walking along and asked him what he was do ing. The chipmonk told him what had happened and said he was trying to keep hla children from, being P his children from . being drowned. When Shiva heard what the faithful creature was trying to do, he started to stroke, him. Wherever he touched the chlpmonk's back there appeared a green stripe. As he was doing this all the water rooled back and the palm tree was once again on dry land The little chipmonk hurried to his family and found them all safe. When his wife asked him about the stripes he told her. "Shiva put them there when he stroked my back as I was trying patiently to ball the ocean out with my tail." This is the story, in legend, of why chipmonks now always have stripes on their backs. A Home Thrust. "A fine-looking and fashionably dressed woman had Just alighted from her limousine at the hotel entrance and was suddenly approached by this shaD bily dressed man, who requested a dime. ' "No. I have no money to spare for you. I do not see why an able-bodied . man like you should go about begging.' . " "1 s'pose, madam.' replied the lazy tramp. It's fer about the same reason that a healthy woman like you boards at a hotel instead of keepin' house.' " I E She. S&id 'fh&r without' she. e.xpeZTs -to Uc .VcaIp i il oi -rttgt D 1 How Birds Eat the Pests BIRDS are very useful to us because their daily food consists of things . we do not care to eat or things which are a trouble to us. Ihey like mice and ground squirrels, which destroy our crain. They also eat worms and insects and weeds, which are injurious to our cropa. A bird eats more than its own weight every day and wants to eat all the time It starts to eat. Ions before we get up and eats all day long, if food is to be had. Kach bird has a different place to work. The catbird selects the fruit trees and eats the Insects on them, occasionally eating a little of the fruit. The robin eats worms which destroy apples and corn. The bluebird eats Insects which harm the grass, such as grasshoppers or crickets. Woodpeckers cut holes in trees and drag out grubs which are working in side. Orioles eat insects under the leaves on fruit trees and also kill the caterpillars. Swallows catch mosqui toes and little (lies. The smaller birds work on the tops of trees where they can hardly be seen. Other birds help to remove dead animals. Among these birds we find the turkey buzzard, who does a great deal of good. Hawks are fond of ground mice or squirrels. They help the farmer greatly by destroying these tiny animals. The owls are also fond of the same little pests. The finch family likes Eeeds as well as Insects and seem to liku best the seeds of unpleasant weeds. Birds that eat seeds find them in both Sum mer and Winter, the dead weeds with their seeds are seldom covered with snow. Many birds prepare for the Winter by gathering their foodTin the Autumn and putting it' away in a safe hiding place until they need it. Among these are the bluejays, who gather acorns and nuts, and the woodpecker, who hides acorns away. October's Interesting Bates. October 3. 1656 Death of Miles Standish. October 4. 1822 President Hayes born. October S. 1813 Battle of the Thames. October 5. 1830 President Arthur born. October 6, 1821 Jenny Llnd born. October 7, 1682 William Penn landed. October 8 to 11. 1871 Great fire of. Chicago. October 9. 1547 Cervantes born. October 10. 1912 Battle of Podgantza fought October 12. 1492 Columbus discov ered America. October 14, 1644-r-Wllliam Penn born. October 16. 1912 General-Diaz seized Vera Cruz. October 17. 1777 Burgoyne surren dered Saratoga. October 18. 1831 Helen Hunt Jack son born. October 19. 17S1 Cornwallls sur rendered Yorktown. October 21. 1S05 Battle of Trafalgar. October 25, 1415 Battle of Agin court f October 27. 1S58 Theodore Roose velt born. October 28, 1776 Battle White Plains. October 29. 179S John Keats born. October 30. 1735 John Adams born. October Jl Hallowe'en. Some Chinese Customs. The roof of a Chinese house has points on it which stick out in all di rections, so that any evil spirit that Ousted ojT Fire - R'&ce -rubbed -tne Brasses m brio'h"i To mJce "iT rred" or vSArftii ClevoS When he comei 'down -to h hf" ' - happens to be flying about may be hurt If he happens to come too near the house. Chinese actors wear many expensive ' and beautiful costumes during a play. Some of these dresses represent the work of from six to 13 women, work ing on the one piece for five years. If a man who owes money runs away without paying it, any one of his family may be punished for the debt. A caller never asks after his toost's wife and she is kept out of sight when astranger is in the house. When a Chinaman Is sick he sends to the priest for a charm of paper with queer writing on it He burns the paper, swallows the ashes and gets better very quickly. If a Chinaman lends money he never asks for It back, but asks his friend for & "return loan." Consideration. (Washington Star.) "Has your horse a good disposition?" "')Tep." replied Farmer Corntossel. "But he wouldn't have if I worried him as much as be does me." ITve I -The