THE SUNDAY OREGONIAN, PORTLAND, SEPTEMBER 15, 1912.
POKTLA r. OREOOX. -
Sntered at Portland. Oregon, Postofflee aa
Fecond-Clase Matter.
Cob scrip lion Kales Invariably tat Aavanea
(BT MAIL.)
Dafly, 6unaay Included, on year JJ JJ
Dally, Sunday Included, ala monthi..... J.JJ
Dally. Sunday Included, tnree montha. . Xs
Pally, 6unday Included, ona month -
Dally, without Sunday, ona year ,.. 8-00
Dally, without Sunday, six montha
Daily, without Sunday, three montha... i-Trs
Dally, without Sunday, ona month. w
Weekly, one year -?V
Sunday, one year ......
Sunday and Weekly, ona year.
i. a. Ml
" (BT CARRIER.)
Dally, Sunday Included, one year...... .J
Daily, Sunday Included, one month..... .To
How to Kemlt Send Poatoftlce money or.
fler, express order or personal check oa your
local bank. Stamps, coin or currency are
at the sender's risk. Glva poatoftlce address
In full. Including county and state.
Postage Kates 10 to la paces, 1 cent: 16
to 28 pases. 2 cents; SO to 40 pages, 3 cents;
40 to 60 pages, cents. Foreign postage,
double rate. .
Santera Bnslaeas Offices) Verre ft Conk
lln .Sew York, Brunswick building. Chi
cago, Steger building.
San Francisco Office R. J. Bldwell Co..
European Office No. S Regent street. &
w.. i-ondon.
PORTLAND, SCXDAY. SEPT. 15, U.
vorrso ixr wxlsox bi proiv.
Editor George Harvey, of the North
American Review, has summarized a
discussion of the deadlock possibili
ties in the forthcoming election in the
seemingly remarkable conclusion that
a vote for either Taft or Roosevelt is
a. vote for Sherman for President
This conclusion Is not hard to demon
strate on paper if one relies solely on
the procedures outlined in the Consti
tution, the Federal statutes and on
the present nominal party divisions In
Congress. The Oregonian has here
tofore described the procedure by the
House and Senate that would follow
tha failure of any candidate to poll a
majority In the electoral college, but
It Is well to review this procedure In
order to clarify what Is to follow.
The House of Representatives would
be called upon to elect a President on
the second Wednesday of February.
The ballots would be cast by states
and the unit rule would prevail in the
Representative delegation in each
state. Only Wilson, Taft and Roose
velt could be voted for, one of
whom must obtain a majority of
the states to gain election. Mean
while the Senate would be en
deavoring to choose a Vice-President.
This officer would be elected by the
Individual votes of the Senators, not
by states, as in the House, and a ma
jority of the members would be neces
sary to elect. Only the two candidates
who received the highest number of
electoral votes could be balloted for.
In the event of both houses failing to
elect. Secretary of State Knox would
become acting President and would be
required to convene the new Congress
In special session for the purpose of
setting a date for a new Presidential
election.
The editor of the North American
Review assumes that neither candidate
could obtain a majority of all the
votes in the House. Divided on parti
san lines, the states, according to rep
resentation in the House, now stand:
Democratic, 22; Republican, 22; tied,
4. He assumes that the Republican
and Democratic tickets 'Will both lead
' the Progressive ticket in the electoral
college, so that tha Senate's choice
would fall between Marshall and
Sherman. The Senate is now classi
fied politically as follows: Republic
ans, 60; Democrats, 44; vacancies, 2.
While Colonel Harvey admits that
Colonel Roosevelt might induce four
of the six insurgent Senators to refrain
from voting, thereby defeating a
choice of Vice-President and bring
ing about a new election, this does not
really alter his conolusion, if his
grounds are well taken, that the fight
so far as this election is concerned lies
between Wilson and Sherman. For
in the event of a deadlock in the
House the Vice-President, if one were
chosen by the Senate, would serve as
President for four years, and neither
Taft nor Roosevelt could hope to ob
tain a majority in the House.
We are inclined to believe, notwith
standing this able forecast, that if
Governor Wilson receives a plurality
of the popular vote and only a plural
ity In - the electoral college, he will
be chosen President; by the House.
He will need to gain but three states.
Those that are evenly divided on party
lines are Maine, Nebraska, New Mex
ico and Rhode Island. Maine has two
Democratic Representatives and two
Republican Representatives. If one
of the Republican Representatives
voted for Roosevelt or not at all
Wilson would have a plurality of the
Representatives in Maine and one vote
would be gained for him in the House.
A change of one Republican Repre
sentative in Nebraska over to the Pro
gressive standard or a refusal of one
to cast his vote would give that
state also to Wilson and he would need
but one more. He might possibly find
this In Illinois, which, while counted
in the Republican column, has four
teen Republican members and eleven
Democratic members In the House.
The votes of four Illinois Republican
Representatives cast for Roosevelt or
the failure of four Republicans to vote
would give Illinois to Wilsen, for Wil
son would then poll a plurality of the
votes of Representatives in that state.
No change In the deadlock could be
had In Rhode Island or New Mexico
through a Republican spilt because in
each the Republicans have but one
Representative and tha Democrats but
one. A change to the Progressive
column by the Republicans would not
alter the situation there, though a
change to Wilson, or blank ballots cast
by them, would do so.
It may be argued that the vote of
Nebraska, Maine and Illinois could not
be counted for Wilson unless he re
ceived the votes of a majority of the
Representatives in each state. But the
House adopts the rules governing
such matters. In 1801 the election of
a President went to the House. 'Nine
states constituted a majority. Thomas
Jefferson had eight, Aaron Burr had
six and two states were evenly divid
ed. Maryland was one of the divided
states, having originally cast four votes
for Jefferson and four for Burr. On
the final ballot the four Burr Repre
sentatives declined to vote. Maryland
was counted for Jefferson under the
provisions of a rule previously adopt
ed. This rule required that "In case
the vote of the state be for one per
son." it should be counted for that per
son. Tha election of a President was also
referred to the House in 1825. Then
the rule adopted was somewhat differ
ent. A state was considered "divided"
unless one of the candidates received
a majority of the votes given by the
Representatives of that state. John
Quincy Adams received the votes of
thirteen states on the first ballot and
was declared elected. Andrew Jack
eon received the votes of seven states
and William H. Crawford the votes of
4 mi fltn-fae --
.We know of constitutional Inhibi
tion against the House declaring that a
plurality vote of Representatives
shall register the vote of the state in
wVHoh it i ntuit. The advantages of
such a rule to the Democrats in the
House as at present constituted are
openly apparent. It would certainly
give Nebraska to Wilson and possibly
Mntno anil Illinois. The Democrats
have sufficient voting strength In. the
House to abandon preceaent ana
change the rule. That course would be
practical politics, and -the Democrats
a nnt HkAlv-ta overlook it.
. Of course, if all three Republicans
in Nebraska and both Republicans in
Maine went over to Roosevelt, those
two states would still be tied, whereas
if twelve Illinois Republicans went
ovor to the Prosrressive ranks that
state would still remain in the anti
Wilson " column. But the situation
presents contingencies In the matter ol
a divided Republican vote that Colo
nel TTn rvv Mnu to have overlooked
It should be remembered that in an
election by the House nenner noose
velt nor Taft would be a possibility
. . . - V. .. no x
oecause wnat are icnueu mo
publican states would be split between
the Republican and Progressive candi
dates or vote blank. Oregon would
likely be in the blank list, for one of
,n t- -Rnnrtl1ra.n ReDresentatives.
Mr. Lafferty, has declared himself for
Roosevelt, while the otner, ar. naw
ley, remains loyal to Taft. On the
other hand, it could not be reasonably
anticipated that the Democrats would
lose any states now credited to them
in tha figures given.
Discussing the North American Re
view article, the Springfield Republi
can expresses the view that public
opinion would prove an Insurmount
able obstacle to the election of Sher
man as Vice-President and acting
President. It believes the House
would never permit a deadlock to go
to such lengths that . the President
making would finally be turned over
to the Senate. Public opinion would
overwhelmingly denounce a deadlock
that might make Mr. Sherman Presi
dent and defiance of this public opin
ion would be dangerous not only to
the House, but our constitutional form
of government, thinks the Repub
lican. This view is sound, though influ
ence of public opinion would likely be
localized. What the people thought in
tnnfv.tvn fatnTAa Alreadv assured to
Wilson would not create much impres
sion on the Representatives from the
twenty-two states aiviaea oeiii
Taft. and Roosevelt. But If Califor
nia, for example, gave its popular vote
to Wilson, that ract migni nave sumo
Influence on the seven Republican
7?Ani-Mkntfltlv now in the House. On
the other hand, if the state gave Its
popular vote to Roosevelt, we can
rioAilT ImnjHna that there would be a
atrr.no- sentiment in California for a
continuance of the deadlock because
of the chance It would offer of a new
election and the final success of Call
nrnin' fnvririta. it would still re
quire a very loud voice from home to
change the California vote to wiison,
nr th vnta nf anv of several populous
Republican states that have a strong
preponderance of Republicans in me
House, But in several states the
rr.nnp-A nf Ann vote would PUt that
state out of the Republican, or Pro
gressive into the Democratic list, it
therefore supplies interesting ground
for speculation to study the following
list of nominally Republican states
and' their party divisions in the House
of Representatives:
Rep. Dem.
California
T
Connecticut
4
1
1
Delaware . . .
Iilflhn .....
Illinois
14
xzz.. """""" v. . . ' . . . . . in
Kansas .2 J
Massachusetts f I
Michigan - ij
Minnesota & 'r
Montana J
Nevada J J:
New Hampshire - "
North Dakota -
Oregon - .
Pennsylvania "
O . V. T I, ... . .... 1 U
ouuiu n
Utah 1 "
Vermont ....... "
Washington J !
Wisconsin
Wyoming 1 "
It will bel noted that whereas pub
lic sentiment would have to control
nine Representatives in Pennsylvania
i tn rive the state to Wilson
In a House election. It would have to
control only one Representative In.
either Delaware, Idaho, Montana, Ne
vada, Utah or Wyoming to give that
state to the Democratic candidate.
Vn,nvor n r-hanee of one vote to VV 11-
mnn uAiiiii ir cive Maine. Nebraska,
New Mexico or Rhode Island to the
candidate of the Democrats.
wk. nnA r-nnsiders the DOtency 01
Antfmnt in the states of small
lUk.. lit.... . - -
representation and realizes the oppor
tunity for re-augnmeni in minora, Ne
braska and Maine through loss of Re
publican votes to Roosevelt, the out
look for a deadlock In the House In
the event the electoral college fails to
perform its function becomes exceed-ino-i-o-
i-omrttA A. vote for Roosevelt
Is therefore not a vote for Sherman,
but a vote for Wilson.
LOVK GERMS.
t Tir- mntflmnnv of three young
women assistants at the State Board
of Health office has led to the suspi
cion among several local physicians
that lrvA mav be suDerlnduced after
all by some subtle germ which science
has not yet discoverea or senousiy sus
pected. This Idea is put forth in a
far-oHmi Rriirlt bv the medicos.
but why so? It hasn't been very
many years since tne suggestion mat
disease was caused by germs met with
ridicule from the fraternity as well as
the laity. And it is undeniable that
love, with particular reference to mat
fAm, rf inva lAnrlins- to the altar, has
startling points of similarity to disor
ders brought on by tne activities oi
germs. Love, referred to in that
sense, has marked pathological symp
toms. It is usually attended by loss
of appetite, fluttering " of the heart,
restlessness, sleeplessness and alternat
ing periods of deep mental anguish
and stimulating exaltation. Further
more, it Is Infectious and runs through
well-marked stages. Now and then It
proves fatal, Mr. Shakespeare to the
contrary not withstanding.
-n.-i.iia, niaAntlrillltv to the ailment
begins shortly after leaving the cradle
and ends little short of the grave, the
ailment works greatest havoo on indi
viduals between tne ages or is ana .
tka far thst mfLnv indlvlduala are
stricken early In life, while others es
cape until middle age, would seem to
v... ti. a o-Arm theorv bv Indicat
ing that the resistant qualities of the
system are brougni into piay. uoes
the virile diplococcus get in its work
unless the system of the victim Is In a
receptive state or is tremenaousiy ex
posed? Annt.A nntni Thn ailment fa sub
ject to certain cure in many cases.
When matrimony is applied, very onen
the symptoms begin to disappear one
by ene until an entirely normal state
is noted once mere. The patients,
nrViA iicitoiiv tnkA the treatment in
pairs,-eover appetite, -regain a-nor
mal pulse beat ana occasionally uc
happily together forever anerwaxas,
IXHERITED PREJTO1CES.
Colonel Roosevelt, in his Auditorium
speech, accounted for one of his
many changes of opinion by explaining
that he had learned from the lessons
of life, and not from books, that .worn
an suffrage is all right. He sympa
thized more with the people as he
"got over . the prejudices which we
all inherited."
All this fairly opens to inquiry the
question as to the progress of ' the
Roosevelt mind from one opinion to
another, and the responsibility there
for of inherited prejudices. Let us
take reciprocity. Mr. Roosevelt, In
1911, had one view and expressed.lt.
In 1912, he had another view,- and
he indignantly denounced those wno
accepted the 1911 attitude. Let us
look at the plain record:
t-- r-anAdian recloroclty act was a Jug-
handled arrangement under which the farm-
nalit ,h fnkiirht Colonel ROOSCVelt at
the State Fair In St. Paul, August, 1D1Z. y
On April 25, 1912, the President of
the United States at Boston gave this
interesting testimony:
1 consulted him (Mr. Roosevelt) ten days
before I made the agreement, explainea to
him in full its probable terms, stated the
argumenta pro and con, especially the effect
of it on agricultural products, asked him
to confer with his colleagues of the Out
look as to )ts wisdom and public benefit,
and let me know his and their Judgment.
He (Mr. Roosevelt) replied approving the
agreement In the most enthusiastic terms
and complimenting me for having brought
It forward.
The President's statement is sup
ported by the following letter written
by Mr. Roosevelt, January 12, 1911:
Dear Mr. President: 1 at once took your
letter and went over it with the Outlook
editors. ... It seems to me that what
you propose to do with Canada Is admira
ble from every standpoint. - I firmly be
lieve In free trade with Canada for both
economic and political reasons. As you
say, labor cost - is substantially the same
In -the two countries, so that you are amply
Justified by the platform. Whether Canada
will accept such reciprocity I do not know.
but It Is greatly to your credit to make the
effort. It may damage the Republican
party for a while, but It will surely benefit
the party In the end, especially If you tackle
wool, cotton, etc., as you propose.
This letter Is signed, "Ever yours, Theo
dore Roosevelt."
Later (February 12, 1911), at Grand
Rapids, Mich., Colonel Roosevelt again
approved reciprocity in these words:
Here, friends In Michigan, right on the
northern frontier. 1 - have the peculiar
right to ssy a word of congratulation to you
and to all of us upon the likelihood that
wo shall soon have closer reciprocal rela
tions, tariff and trade regulations with the
great nation to the north of us.
But in Vermont, in 1912, and every
where, after he became a candidate for
President, Colonel Roosevelt de
nounced reciprocity and attacked the
Taft treaty.. ,
Is this "inherited prejudice," or In
herited inconsistency, born of inher
ited desire to seize and make the
most for -.himself of every personal or
political opportunity?
TIEE BORROWED IDEA.
The discussion of the Feds single-tax
amendment by Mi:. Henry E. Reed on
another page of The Oregonian today
Is not only enlightening, but straight
to the point. Mr. Reed has made an
exhaustive study of the graduated and
land tax system In operation In New
Zealand, and the authorities he quotes
are not to be questioned. The Fells
measure is an. adaptation of the New
Zealand law. New Zealand is fre
quently referred to in the alngle-tax
literature that burdens the . Oregon
malls, but what that country has ac
tually done in devising new tax meth
ods is now offered for the first time.
We ascertain from ' reading Mr.
Reed's article that some of the refer
ences by the Fels agents to New Zea
land are Inaccurate. One example Is
found In the negative argument writ
ten by W. G. Eggleston, W. S. ITRen
and others concerning the proposed
repeal of the county option tax amend,
ment. It is declared that home rule
in taxation is universal In New Zealand
and in more than half of Canada. Mr.
Reed shows that the local govern
ments of New Zealand have nothing
to do with the levy or collection of
taxes except those taxes that are ap
plied to local uses. Even the ordinary
tax rate Is limited by law to 4.1 mills.
Moreover, the values for graduated
tax purposes are under the supervision
of the government land department.
Properly speaking. New Zealand has
divorced state and local taxation. The
same thing Is true of British Colum
bia Still the Fels propagandists in
dorse by implication the methods of
these countries, but oppose in the state
pamphlet the Tax Commission's
amendment authorizing divorce of
state and local taxation in Oregon.
The figures given by Mr. Reed which
present the graduated tax rates In
New Zealand and those proposed for
Oregon should awaken the public to
the meaning of the amendment they
are asked to approve. New Zealand,
held back from development by land
monopoly such as Oregon never
dreamed of, is forcing the large land
holdings into use by the imposition of
a much lighter graduated land tax
than that proposed In Oregon. Consid
ering only the rates and the experience
of New Zealand, we might expect
the greater tax proposed in Oregon
effectually to break up individual land
tracts of large extent. But what would
be the result? The income from grad
uated taxes would then largely cease
and the promise that such taxes would
relieve the small property-owner would
lack fulfillment.
But more than rates must be con
sidered. One important essential is
the possibility of inforcing the grad
uated tax. Mr. Reed shows that In,
adopting the idea from New Zealand
the Oregoit'experimenters have failed
to profit . by that country's sixteen
years' experience in devising methods
of making the graduated tax collec
tions practicable'. There are loopholes
In the proposed amendment that the
large landowner can readily squeeze
through. Mr. Reed discloses them to
view in a convincing manner. It thus
follows that, workable or unworkable,
the graduated tax -feature, on which
the single-taxers base their appeal -to
the'voters, fails of Its purpose. ' If It
can be avoided, the natural conse
quence must be an increase of taxes on
airlands. If it cannot be avoided, it
will put land holdings having an un
improved value of more than 110,000
largely out of existence. The revenues
thus lost must fan on an iana. Tnere-
ln, no consideration In the matter oi
exemptions is to be shown the widow;
the orphan, the aged or the infirm, as
Is- done in, New Zealand. The land
in Oregon of such as these must pay
the tax Increase along with the in
crease imposed en the small home
maker and the average property-
owner.
Mornnvsr. New Zealand, whose tax
system receives implied indorsement
from the single-tax writers in the state
pamphlet." imposes an income tax
hich further relieves tne moderate
owner of land. British Columbia,
which is held up as a shining example
of the effect of single tax, also relieves
the burden on land by imposing an In-
some tax. - Tet-Mr. Fels-einployes, not
content with submitting an extrava
gant and preposterous land tax bur
den, oppose the income tax In Oregon.
In' one portion of the state pamphlet
they praise the tax systems of other
countries that do impose an Income
tax and In another portion of the
same book they oppose a constitutional
amendment authorizing the Income
tax In Oresron.- -
The whole device, supported as it is
bv thevconfllcting arguments of its
sponsors. Is' but another log-rolling
fraud of the type devised by the sin-
gle-taxers when they presented the
poll-tax amendment with its single-tax
Joker. Their whole and only purpose
is to place the entire tax burden on
land. This purpose even is admitted.
No better evidence of-the fraudulent
Intent of the graduated tax vote-catch-
iner device is needed than the state
ment of Alfred D. Cridge in the Single
Tax Review for August. Mr. Cridge,
who is a paid lobbyist for the grad
uated tax measure, thus writes: "Some
Eastern criticism of the graduated tax
measure has come to us. . . ' . The
measure is a distinct and positive step
toward the placing of all taxes on land
values.
This statement contemplates either
a failure of some portion of the Fels
amendment or its alteration at some
future time. It is not an honest, flat-
footed single-tax measure, but a
treacherous appeal to greed and envy,
with land confiscation as the ultimate
end.
FKNTHLETOX'9 BOCJfD-CP.
It Is hardly necessary to add the
word Pendleton when speaking of the
Round-Up, for the entire West has
rivon fhat Anternrisinsr nlace the copy
right, patent and fee-simple title to
the word and all It Implies, vinere
are no, other round-ups worth while.
All others are bogus, imitations, coun
terfeits, shams Snd frauds when com
pared with the Pendleton event. It
is generally conceded that Pendleton
to tha rnnnil.nn snd the rOUnd-UD is
Pendleton. The two words have come
to be synonymous of the best snow
now given in the West.
The Round-Up is as much one of the
civic possessions of Pendleton as the
school system, the street sidewalks and
ia ii-HatnnA9 ' While it Is not man
aged by city authorities, yet a band
of the leading citizens operate tne
Round-Up as a part of the municipal
monhinArv Pvprv dollar made eroea
for the betterment and beautiflcation
of the city. If real estate is acquired,
it Is deeded to the city. If buildings
av-A ArAr-teirl ihpv conseauentiy belong
to the city. The previous Round-Ups
have made some liny or sixty thou
sand dollars, all of which is invested
in the Round-UD buildings and
grounds, which stand in the name of
Pendleton. -
ciiy.i rtrMA n.nd civic loyalty
usually wins. Entertainments and
other public functions founded on such
a spirit usually win. In this case the
winnings have been so large as to set
the whole West thinking, and the
coming Round-Up to be held Septem
ber 26, 27 and 28 is Being talked of all
nvA,, thn r-nnntrv.
TniiiAtnn la not a lar?e place, but
all who go to the great show win nnu
accommodations. Kvery house in tne
mv -win V.A an annex to one or the
other of .the hotels, it Is urged. There
will be eating places by the score, ana
thero will be no extortion for bed or
hnnrrl if nnst exDerlence indicates
anything. The railroads are all plan
ning to run special trains ana me
attendance forecast this year is fixed at
from 40,000 to SO, 000 people.
GEOGRAPHY AND ' GEOGRAPHERS.
ThA .avantci frr,n-l mflTlV lands WhO
oi-a maklne- flrwron a DOSSlng visit
speak for a science whose work seems
to be almost flnlsnea. Apparently
there is but little more to learn about
the earth's surface and yet the
r-nonr-As are that here, as in so many
other instances, appearances are de
xAitfiii Onlv a few vears asro we were
told that there was nothing more of
much Importance tor learn in pnysics.
A wise man gave the world to under-
stand that the only task left for re
search in that science was "to cornect
figures in the fifth decimal place."
Not long after he had delivered his
oracle the Hertzian waves and the
Roentgen rays were discoverea ana
thAOA tremendous invasions of the
,a,im nt th a unknown were swiftly
followed by the investigation of ' ra
diant matter. The old notion mat
than la nnthlns? more to learn in
astronomy has become absurd in the
light of spectroscopy and stellar pnys
ics. We may, therefore, take It for
OTEint-Ari thnt when c-eoeraDhv has
completely mapped and described the
external features of the eartn s sur
face it will find interesting new sub
jects for research in the constitution
of soils, the influence of terrestrial en
vironment upon human development,
the mysterious connection between the
course of history and the economic
conditions of warring races. Geniuses
like Buckle and Talne have already
roruton jmin?fKtlvftIv about these top
ics of the coming time, but, of course.
they lacked adequate scientific aaia
to base conclusions upon.
whM vancmnhv turns its attention
from the externals of the earth to
more intimate investigations there win
be no want of ability to carry them
on Tha visitors to Oreiron represent
some, but by no means all, of the
great geographical societies or tne
wsM-M TJnnwRv. the country which
has earned- such glory by polar dis
coveries in recent years, senas rroicn
sor Werenskiold from the University
of Chrlstiania. From Holland, whose
mariners sailed every sea and con
quered a vast empire upon the ocean,
whlln their country was fighting a
life-and-death struggle with Spain,
come two representatives, tsotn oi
them hold chairs In the university of
TT.v, Tha three reoresentatlves
from the Magyar Geographical So
ciety, of Buda rest, win remum
Americans pleasantly of Professor
Vambery's account of his travels and
adventures in the East. Although but
one delegate. Dr. Francisco Sllva Telles,
comes from the Geographical Society
of Lisbon, the renown which Portugal
has earned by the voyages and dis
coveries of her sailors Is second to
that nf nA nfh pt Ttation. It was IClng
Henry, of Portugal, who revived, at
the beginning or the nrteemn century,
th fnr areosrraDhlcal discovery.
which had slept the sleep of death In
Europe ever since Greek science per
ished in the fall of Rome. The
Greeks were great geographers, as
they were great in all other lines of
Investigation. As early as 600-years
win tha rViristian era Thales. of
Miletus, one of the most original
thinkers of all time, divided tne eartn
Into the climatic zones which we mem-A-i-,a
in ar-hool todav. He also in
vented parallels of latitude and meri
dians of longitude ana discovered tnat
s earth s axis is inclined to tne plane
tha AP.Hrjtic How he could do all
this with the primitive instruments in ,
his possession, or indeed by the sheer
power of thought, lor' ne naa -no in
struments at all . in our sense of the
word, is one of . the miracles of his
tory. - -
The Greeks also knew perfectly well
that the earth is a globe. Pythagoras
taught this truth to his disciples as one
of the secrets of thedr Masonic lodges
some 700 years before the birth of
Jesus. Anaxagoras also knew it and
was persecuted for teaching it at Ath
ens. In Aristotle's day there was
scarcely any Greek of good intelli
gence who ' did not believe that the
earth was round. Two hundred years
before Christ Eratosthenes, librarian
at Alexandria, actually measured an
arc of the meridian in Egypt and com
puted the earth's circumference at 25,
000 miles. Alexandria produced three
geographers of the first eminence.
Eratosthenes, - was the first and, no
doubt, the best mathematician of them
all. He was suceeded by Strabo, who
wrote the first systematic treatise on
geography. It was published in sev
enteen volumes of which ten dealt
with Europe, four with Asia and one
with Africa. The others were In the
nature of an Introduction. This divi
sion represents fairly well the com
parative extent of geographical knowl
edge in those days. The southern half
of Europe had been explored pretty
thoroughly. Something was known
about Britain and more was learned
later before darkness began to descend
on the Roman world. Of course Scan
dinavia was in the outernight and so
were the Shetland Isles, the Thule of
Carthaginian sailors, where Gretchen's
King afterward lived and reigned, that
King "gar treu bis an das Grab,"
whom his love gave a golden cup when
she was dying. Strabo also knew a
good deal about Western Asia and the
northern rim of Africa, but the desert
was a land of mystery and south of
the cataracts the Nile was a complete
enigma.
After Strabo came Ptolemy, who
published an Atlas of the world, which
was the best and only authority In Eu
rope for 1200 years. Of course its
maps were tinkered more or less as
time passed, but his work continued to
be the foundation of geography, as
Aristotle's was of metaphysics. Mer
cator published his famous atlas in
15 95, containing the system of pro
jection which is still most commonly
used In text books. It represents the
spherical earth on a flat surface and
naturally distorts the polar regions,
but It depicts the equatorial portion
with fair accuracy and Is valuable In
pedagogy since it correctly Indicates
the relative situation of the various
countries. During the Middle Ages
about all the Greeks had known of
geography was forgotten In the Chris
tian world, which was far more inter
ested in the exploratlop of the New
Jerusalem than of any terrestrial
lands. Had It not been for the Arabs
the work of Ptolemy and Eratosthenes
would perhaps have been lost alto
gether. These ardent students of sci
ence translated the Greek books and
kept the torch of geographical knowl
edge burning until the reign of Prince
Henry, the Navigator, King of Portu
gal, under whom maritime discovery
began a new and glorious career.
Within 32 years after Prince Henry's
death America was rediscovered by
Columbus, who repeated the achieve
ment of the Norse sailors, and the his
tory of the modern world began.
arExicAifs Aifb theib grievances.
Pascual Orozco, Jr., head of one of
several thriving revolutions in Mex
ico, has lately prepared an explanation
of the causes of foment In Mexico. His
explanation, which Is stamped with the
official seal of his militant headquar
ters, is presented through the medium
of tha New York Sun. In It Orozco
goes eloquently into the grievances he
and his followers have against the
present administration. He says plain,
ly that the Madero regime has all the
shortcomings and iniquities of the Diaz
redgn, without any of the Diaz advan
tages. He puts Madero down as a
traitor to Mexico, bent on despoiling its
people, and ' designates the Madero
government as nothing more than a
tyrannical system of nepotism, a rank
order of family oligarchy beside which
the patriarchal dictatorship of Diaz
was mild lPdeed.
What Mexicans want, Orozco says,
Is an opportunity to effect social and
industrial readjustment. They want
an end to that concentration of power
and wealth which is contrary to the
laws and, purposes of the republic.
Just how this change might be effect
ed he does not bother to explain, nor
does he say that these results might
not have been achieved through the
ballot.- His entire article is built in
flimsy fashion about the simple theme
that Mexico needs a change for the
benefit of her people, and that, with
the tyrant Diaz overthrown, Madero
has failed to help bring ahout the
change.
Tet there is a great deal in what
Orozco says. It Is clear that the Ma
dero government has made exploita
tion rather than reform Its chief aim.
As to the charges of gross nepotism,
the simple fact that three of Madero's
relatives serve in his cabinet Is proof
enough. That the present revolution,
or series of revolutions, will ultimately
result in the downfall of Madero may
likewise be conceded.
But Mexico has made it clear that
revolution is largely a matter of tem
perament rather than the product of
well-considered principle. Through
the genius of Diaz the Mexican gov
ernment attained an eminence that re
flected the few rather than the many,
even as it exploited the many for the
benefit . of the few. Mexicans have
dropped behind in the march of civili
zation and the fact was made apparent
and significant to the world when the
genius of Diaz was removed.
It is altogether probable, in the light
of the world's history, that Mexico
might eventually, out of strife and
chaos, right herself. In the course of
a few generations her troublesome
temperament might become more
substantial and her adjustment to the
ways of civilization complete itself.
But whether civilization will have the
patience to wait, when a firm, helping
hand would so obviously hasten the
process. Is a question of doubt- It de
pends largely upon the attitude which
tha Mexican people maintain toward
foreigners and foreign Interests in
Mexico. If there is a persistent tend
ency toward general anarchy and
chaos, without hopeful symptoms of
early, improvement, civilization will
Intervene. By a succession of circum
stances it must then fall to the lot of
the United States to act as agent and
instrument of civilizaion in lifting a
forlorn people out of dark habits and
unstable state of mind.
Wn. the Innsr-faithful Dallas Item
izes: followed the fashion and bolted ?
It is supporting some unknown named
Thomas J. Marshall ror v lce-r-resi-Aant
Tha rAsrular Democratic nom
inee is T. R. Marshall. We suppose ,
the Itemlzer doesn't like the Mar
shall initials.-
FRTTTS OF HflrSTRY AJT THRIFT.
In these days when so many people
are trying to solve the problem of
clearing logged-off lands in Western
Oregon and Western Washington it Is
refreshing and encouraging occasion
ally to run across a practical success
achieved merely by hard work. At
the Clark County Fair this week the
first prize In what was called the indi
vidual farmer's contest was won by
Mrs. A. Farin, of Felida, Wash., her
exhibit being tha best of fourteen. A
prize of J 350 was divided between
tha first three. The dispatches say
that Mrs. Farln's display consisted of
samples of 125 different agricultural
products, and many of the specimens
of garden truck and fruit were about
as near perfect as one can often find
grown by experts. -
Mrs. Farin. ft is recorded, was born
in Italy, her parents being poor peas
ants. Twelve years ago she came to
this country with her parents, who
settled on a small tract of land on
the Portland & Astoria Railway. Six
years ago the daughter married a fellow-countryman,
Mr. A. Farin, and
the newly-wedded couple went to
Clark County and bought a ten-acre
tract of logged-off land and started
the task of making for themselvej a
home. The young couple had no
money to hire their land cleared, no
money to buy stump pullers or ex
plosives. They had to earn their way
as they went along, and to earn it
from the land. They did not put In
any time complaining about the Gov
ernment, the weather, the small possi
bilities for the poor. They did not
know they were being ground under
the iron heel of the capitalistic class,
as the oap-box orators put it. Theiy
went to work grubbing brush and dig
ging out stamps. The first few square
rods they got ready for the spade they
dug up and planted. As soon as they
got another small patch in arable con
dition they did more planting. They
kept at it, early and late, Winter and
Summer, in rain and in shine.
Just how rapidly the splendid soil
of that section responds to seeding
and cultivation only those who have
taken close observation know, but
none know better than the Farins, for
they were on the Job every minute,
striving to make" a little headway
aside from a living. Of course they
prospered from the very moment thedr
first little crop was ready to harvest
and market, and Just as soon as there
were a few dollars ahead a cow was
purchased, then a pig and poultry.
Soon a neat little barn was built, then
a house, then the other necessary
buildings. The brush fences gave way
to fences of a., permanent nature,
more cows were secured, more hogs
and always a little more clearing. To
day, a little over six years from the
beginning of the making of the new
home, the entire ten acree is cleared,
there Is a good house and other sub
stantial buildings, some money in the
bank and Mrs. Farin takes her prod
ucts to the county fair and wins the
first prizfi against strong competition.
Six years from ten acres of brush
and stumps to a splendid little farm,
and without any capital to begin with
excepting Industry, thrift, intelligence,
and more industry. The lesson of the
Farins is worth more to this section
than the Issuing of many booklets, the
preaching of endless exhortations, the
making- of many speecnes anent janu
clearing and the making of homes on
the land. It Is an object lesson for
the Industrious to emulate, an achieve
ment to set at naught the loud-,
mouthed profligates who tell us from
the street corners that there are no
longer any opportunities for the poor.
If people were not so tired of having po
litical questions propounded to them, It
might be pertinent to ask how many La
Follette votes the Colonel won by dubbing
Thomas McCusker a Judas. Eugene Regis
ter. What does Colonel Roosevelt care
for La Follette votes? He bever alludes
to La Follette and has evidently for
gotten hlrn
Provision that death of love, rather
t.an Aaoth nf sl contrar-tlnsT narty.
shall terminate the marriage contract
is made by a Los Angeles coupie,
which means that they may live to
gether somewhere between one hour
and a lifetime.
A Chicago clubman has been ar
rested on complaint of a society
matron who charges that he peered in
at her window for a whole hour.
Rightful Indignation. Still, she might
have drawn the blinds.
Now Italy and Turkey want our
good offices in settling their gory
dispute. The reputation of the Amer
ican Government for broad-minded
Justice and fair play is becoming
world-wide.
New York boasts of an innovation
in the way of backyard theaters. Why,
backyards have been used for the
staging of domestic melodrama since
Setl's great-grandfather was a boy.
The Portlander who wishes to buy
a drink for the repentant crook who
surreptitiously returned a JS00 dia
mond might do well not to wear the
stone on the occasion.
Hunting for a needle in a haystack
is a mild occupation compared with
that of San Francisco rainbow-chasers,
who will sound the Pacific for golden
treasure lost in 1864.
A Lebanon Socialist died of humil
iation when no one attended his meet
ing. A noted near-Socialist was se
riously perturbed by similar causes In
Portland lately.
Governor Wilson avers that IS is his
lucky number. It follows him wher
atrar Via a-oes. The fltrure 23 may also
come to have a particular significance
to him ere long
" Governor West complains that
liquor is being Bhlpped under the
nom de guerre of "birds." Would he
object-if the label were made to read
"snakes ?"
Heppner wants trains on time. The
rest of the world has bean wanting
the same thing ever since steam was
harnessed.'
Now the Colonel says he is sorely
taxed by overwork. Certainly is a
strenuous business trying to arouse
Bull Moose sentiment out this way.
Apple pie at Aunt Delia's today and
more Presidential pie at the polls No
vember 6.
About time to put by the horsehide
and get out the pigskin.
- Let 'er buck!
Scraps and Jingles
Leone Ca
Baer.
Beauty when unadored adores the
most.
see
See where the Agricultural College,
t..oK tha art of turning; cream into
butter. Second dairy education, as II
were.
e e
Flirts of a feather flock together, .
e e e
Little Llaxle. cholr-slnglst.
Washed her hair a brighter gold.
Did it up beore It dried well;
Thus she caught an awful cold. ;
With thermometers a-falltng i
She discovered to her cost. 1
That a singer who; "tarts daray
Is certain sura to be frost.
e
This season it is also hats of on4
feather flock together.
e e e
The coming man the suffragist,
e , a
Theodore's so mad
'Causa some mean crook
Swiped from him
A two-plunk book.
If It so had happened
That he'd caught the guy
He'd have oursed tha thief
With his "evil eye."
In your get-away.
Burglar of tha book.
Take no chance upon
Any backward look.
If you're nabbed cau but
Heave a gentle sigh.
Far we, too. have felt tha curse
Of his evil "L"
e e e .
Hotel Paradox: Lady named Sous
has a suite.
- e a e
Local Mrs. Malaprop says she is
mere siphon in the family.
see
VUL OB" THE) OPTIMIST. !
' I-
When Winter's past, and Spring cornel
at last.
And the merry blrdlets sing.
My heart cries out, "There is no doubt
I love best rose-laden Spring."
IX
When Spring has gone and sweet cornel
v on
The Summer of our West,
I dab on thick the freckle cream.
And say I love old Summer best.
III.
When Summer files, and golden sklei
Of Autumn's days are seen,
I howl and shout and Jump about.
And swear she Is 'my queen.
IV.' . .
And very soon when comes the croon
Of Wintry winds In treetops tall,
I'll hug the radiator warm
And say, "This season beats 'em all."
see
Woman named Shaw has written a
book on "Facts About the Sea." Now
we can call her Sea-Shaw.
When good-looking poverty ap
proaches the door femininity peeps out
of the window.
e e a
Readjustment of aa Old Rhyme,
Thirty days hath September,
April, June and November.
In February I flirt like sin,
Cause there's fewer days to flirt In.
But this Is leap year which Is prime,
Aa there's one mora day of flirting time,
e a e
Amended proverb: Age shouldn't
chink a full purse In a pretty woman's
ear.
"' V,
The tennis season Is j nearly over.
Suppose It got tired of the racquet,
.e a e
It is a rare Summer's ' outing whos
benefit compensates for the cost of Its
undertaking. This is not to laugh at
It's the truth.
see
Miss Calamity Step-and-Fetch-It,
the clever and near-cultured lady writ
er, contemplates moving from Kansas
(by request) Into the Willamette Val
ley. She Is busy Just now on a mesa
of Fall poems, which she calls "Auto
matic Tints." In the meantime she.
sends in a pretty thought called
Hot Biscuit Or Why the Butter-files.
L
Lovely grand butterflles out In the City
Park,
Hither and thither you flittered and
- fluttered
All the time your colors I marked.
And In my Joy this wish I uttered:
I wlsht you'd come in billions here
And my hand-painted eyes would cheer.
II
I wlsht you'd reside in each flower
Kissing Its petals as It slow uncloses
And I'll beg dear He to build a bower
And overrun It with Portland roses.
Where you can live all your lovely days
While He end I In adoration gase.
Ill
(N. B. That's what I wlsht last Spring.)
Oh, wasn't I foolish for around me now
Your children's grandchildren, a nasty lot
By billions creep and crawl on bud and
bough, '
Oh, butterflies, I Quite forgot
That ere you forth In beauty burst
Tou were a nasty caterpillar first.
When Teddy "Lost HI Wool."
When Teddy waked In Portland
On that bright September morn.
He ne'er had seen more beauteous
fltnua tha inv that he WE 8 born.
It seemed as If Dame Nature
Had donned her Bunuay pest.
And greeted him with brightest
smiles
The welcome of the West.
A million roses filled the air
With dainty, sweet perfume,
ui. rra t, lot wander where it wllL
Saw naught but gorgeous bloom.
A welcome III lor any King
Was ready for the "Bull,"
They'll never do the like again
For Teddy "lost his wool." '
He busted up their fine parade
He said he "needed air;"
The "darling children" look in vain
Their "Teddy" 'd turned a bear.
He let his naughty temper rise ,
He was one mad Moose Bull
And none in Portland will forget
The day he lost his wool.
He roasted the committee
The lancuora, tne notei;
He said, "dod gast it! and by gosh!"
. . ill,.. -1
Ana vuici luiuga aa ncit.
He turned his back on all his friends
K en tnose wno nave a puu.
The sun, it went behind a cloud
wnen xeaoy lost nis wooi.
At last they saw him as he la
Not what "the people say"
This little god of tin they saw
Has feet of yellow clay. .
King Humpty Dumpty's had a fall
And all his boastful men:
Hirum. Perkins nor the rest
Can place him back again.
He lOBt his wool, his self-respect
And that of thousands more:
Where he alone was "sore" at first;
Now thousands else are sore.
The loss Is total, 'nsurance none;
And still more sorrowful.
He lost about a million votes
When Ted , he lost his wool.
Walla walla union.